Italian ironclad Lepanto

{{main|Italia-class ironclad}}

The Italia class, designed by Benedetto Brin, was ordered in the mid-1870s as part of a naval construction program aimed at countering the Austro-Hungarian Navy.{{sfn|Greene & Massignani|p=394}}{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=50}} They were based on the preceding Italian design, the {{sclass|Duilio|ironclad|4}}, though they incorporated several significant improvements. These included more powerful main guns, higher freeboard, and greater speed. Their speed came at the expense of armor protection, and their hulls carried only light deck plating.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=49}}

File:Lepanto Brassey's.png

Lepanto was {{convert|124.7|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|22.34|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and an average draft of {{convert|9.39|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{convert|13336|LT|lk=on}} normally and up to {{convert|15649|LT|sp=us|abbr=on}} at full load. She had a crew of 37 officers and 656 enlisted men.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=51}}

Her propulsion system consisted of four compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by eight coal-fired, oval boilers and sixteen fire-tube boilers. Her engines produced a top speed of {{convert|18.4|kn|lk=in}} at {{convert|15797|ihp|lk=in}}. She could steam for {{convert|5000|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|pp=51, 61}}

Lepanto was armed with a main battery of four {{convert|17|in|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} 27-caliber guns, mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette. She carried a secondary battery of eight Cannon 152/32 Model 1887 32-caliber guns and four {{convert|4.7|in|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} 32-caliber guns. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she carried four {{convert|14|in|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} torpedo tubes in the hull above the waterline, two per broadside.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|pp=51, 59}}

Unlike other ships built at the time, Lepanto dispensed with vertical belt armor. Brin believed that contemporary steel alloys could not effectively defeat armor-piercing shells of the day, and so he discarded it completely. Lepanto was instead protected by an armored deck that was {{cvt|3|to|4|in|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} thick. Her conning tower was armored with {{cvt|300|mm|1}} of compound armor plate on the sides. The barbette had {{cvt|19|in|order=flip}} of compound armor.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=51}}

File:Livorno - Corazzata Lepanto - Cantiere Orlando (XIX Century).JPG

Lepanto, named for the Battle of Lepanto of 1571,{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} was under construction for nearly 11 years.{{efn|In comparison, the preceding ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Duilio||2}} took only seven years to build, and the subsequent ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Ruggiero di Lauria||2}} took less than six and a half years.{{sfn|Gardiner|pp=340–342}}}} She was laid down at the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando shipyard at Livorno on 4 November 1876, ten months after her sister Italia. She spent nearly six-and-a-half years on the building ways and was not launched until 17 March 1883, two-and-a-half years after Italia. Lepanto was not completed for another four-and-a-half years, her construction finally being finished on 16 August 1887, twenty-two months after the completion of Italia.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}} She thereafter conducted sea trials through May 1888.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=61}}

On 14 May 1888, Lepanto was assigned to the Permanent Squadron ({{lang|it|Squadra Permaente}}),{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} in time to take part in the annual fleet maneuvers, along with the ironclads Duilio, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Italia||2}}, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Enrico Dandolo||2}}, and {{ship|Italian ironclad|San Martino||2}}, a protected cruiser, four torpedo cruisers, and numerous smaller vessels. The maneuvers consisted of close-order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia. Later that year, the ship was present during a naval review held for the German Kaiser Wilhelm II during a visit to Italy.{{sfn|Brassey 1889|p=453}} She remained in the unit for the next two years.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} In 1890, Lepanto participated in the annual fleet maneuvers in the First Squadron, along with the protected cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Piemonte||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Dogali||2}} and several torpedo boats. The exercises were conducted in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the First Squadron was tasked with defending against an attacking "hostile" squadron.{{sfn|"The Naval Maneuvers of 1890"|p=268}}

In 1891, she was placed in reserve, where she remained until being recommissioned in April 1892. The ship served as the flagship of Permanent Squadron in 1893, flying the flag of Vice Admiral Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa. On 27 April, Lepanto hosted King Umberto I of Italy and Kaiser Wilhelm II during the latter's visit to Italy.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} She took part in that year's maneuvers along with the ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Ruggiero di Lauria||2}}, the torpedo cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Euridice||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Monzambano||2}}, and four torpedo boats. During the maneuvers, which lasted from 6 August to 5 September, the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet.{{sfn|Clarke & Thursfield|pp=202–203}} Lepanto nearly collided with her sister ship Italia during the exercises.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} Beginning on 14 October 1894, the Italian fleet, including Lepanto, assembled in Genoa for a naval review held in honor of King Umberto I at the commissioning of the new ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Re Umberto||2}}. The festivities lasted three days.{{sfn|Garbett 1894|p=1295}}

File:Italian battleship Lepanto in Mediterranean.jpg in the late 1880s]]

In February 1895, Italia and Lepanto were assigned to the Reserve Squadron, along with the ironclads Ruggiero di Lauria and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Re Umberto||2}}.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}}{{sfn|Brassey 1896|p=65}} That year, unrest in the Ottoman Empire that killed hundreds of foreign nationals prompted several of the European great powers to send an international fleet to pressure the Ottomans into compensating the victims.{{cite news|title=Sultan Continues to Defy the Menaces of the Powers|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=27 November 1895|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1895/11/27/page/4/article/foreign-news|access-date=31 May 2016}} In November 1895, a small Italian squadron sent to Smyrna to join the fleet in there; Lepanto was mobilized as part of a larger force in Naples that consisted of the ironclads {{ship|Italian ironclad|Francesco Morosini||2}}, and Ruggiero di Lauria, the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Elba||2}}, the torpedo cruisers {{ship|Italian cruiser|Calatafimi||2}} and {{ship|Italian cruiser|Folgore||2}}, and five torpedo boats. This second squadron was stocked with coal and ammunition in the event that it would need to reinforce the squadron at Smryna.{{sfn|"The Fleets in the Levant"|p=16664}}

Lepanto operated as a training ship for bridge personnel from 26 March to 20 July 1896. In June 1897, Lepanto steamed to Britain to represent Italy at the Fleet Review for Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.{{sfn|Vinogradov|pp=64–65}} For the periodic fleet maneuvers later that year, Lepanto was assigned to the First Division of the Reserve Squadron, which also included the ironclads Duilio and Ruggiero di Lauria and the protected cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Lombardia||2}}.{{sfn|Garbett 1897|p=789}} The following year, the Reserve Squadron consisted of Lepanto, Ruggiero di Lauria, Francesco Morosini, and five cruisers.{{sfn|Garbett 1898|p=200}} In 1899, Lepanto, Re Umberto, {{ship|Italian ironclad|Sicilia||2}}, and the three {{sclass|Ruggiero di Lauria|ironclad|1}}s served in the Active Squadron, which was kept in service for eight months of the year, with the remainder spent with reduced crews.{{sfn|Brassey 1899|p=72}}

In the early 1890s, the Italian Navy had considered rebuilding Lepanto along the same lines as Enrico Dandolo, which had received new, quick-firing {{cvt|10|in|order=flip}} guns in place of her slow 432 mm guns. Lepanto and her sister were to have their guns replaced with new {{cvt|13.4|in|order=flip}} guns,{{sfn|Gardiner|pp=340–341}}{{sfn|"Italy"|p=46}} but by 1902 this plan had been abandoned as too costly.{{sfn|Garbett 1902|p=1076}} Lepanto was instead withdrawn from front-line service in March that year and she became a gunnery training ship based in La Spezia. By that time, her armament consisted of her original 432 mm guns and four of her 119 mm guns; to these, nine {{convert|57|mm|abbr=on|2}} 40-caliber guns, six {{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}} 25-caliber guns, and two machine guns had been added. Her torpedo tubes had been removed by this time.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=255}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=65}} Lepanto was assigned to the Training Squadron in 1904, along with the old ironclads {{ship|Italian ironclad|Castelfidardo||2}} and {{ship|Italian ironclad|Affondatore||2}} and the screw corvettes {{ship|Italian corvette|Flavio Gioia||2}} and {{ship|Italian corvette|Caracciolo|1869|2}}.{{sfn|Garbett 1904|p=1430}} During the annual fleet maneuvers in September and October 1907, Lepanto was present to carry observers of the exercises, though she did not directly take part in the training.{{sfn|Brassey 1908|p=78}}

Lepanto served in as a gunnery training vessel until 16 October 1910, when she was reduced to a barracks ship.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=65}} At the start of the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, Lepanto was assigned to the 5th Division of the Italian fleet, along with her sister Italia and the ironclad Enrico Dandolo.{{sfn|Beehler|p=10}} In December 1911, Italia and Lepanto were prepared to be sent to Tripoli, to replace the three {{sclass|Re Umberto|ironclad|1}}s. There, they were to support the Italian garrison that had captured the city. The Italian Navy planned to send the two ships in large part because it had a large stockpile of 432 mm shells,{{sfn|Beehler|p=47}} but the plan was never actually carried out.{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=64}} Lepanto was struck from the naval register on 26 May 1912, but was reinstated on 21 January 1913 as a first-class auxiliary ship. During this period, she was used to train apprentices and various specialists at La Spezia. She was stricken a second time on 1 January 1914, sold for scrap on 27 March 1915, and subsequently broken up.{{sfn|Gardiner|p=341}}{{sfn|Gardiner & Gray|p=255}}{{sfn|Vinogradov|p=65}}

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{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.marina.difesa.it/noi-siamo-la-marina/mezzi/mezzi-storici/Pagine/LMNO/lepanto.aspx Lepanto (1883)] Marina Militare website

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Category:1883 ships

Category:Italia-class battleships

Category:Ships built in Livorno