Umberto I of Italy

File: The children of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy.jpg, from left to right, Maria Pia, Oddone, Umberto, and Amadeo, {{circa|1850s}}]]

The son of Victor Emmanuel II and Archduchess Adelaide of Austria, Umberto was born in Turin, which was then capital of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, on 14 March 1844,{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Humbert, Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, King of Italy |volume=13 |pages=872–873 |first=Henry Wickham |last=Steed}} his father's 24th birthday. His education was entrusted to, among others, Massimo Taparelli, Marquess d'Azeglio, and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini. As Crown Prince, Umberto was distrusted by his father, who gave him no training in politics or constitutional government. Umberto was brought up with no affection or love.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=71| publisher=Yale University Press}} Instead, Umberto was taught to be obedient and loyal; he had to stand at attention whenever his father entered the room. When speaking to his father, Umberto had to get down on his knees to kiss his father's hand first. The fact that Umberto had to kiss his father's hand before being allowed to speak to him (both in public and in private) right up to his father's death contributed much to the tension between the two.

From March 1858, he had a military career in the Royal Sardinian Army, beginning with the rank of captain. Umberto took part in the Italian Wars of Independence. In the Second War of Italian Independence (1859), Umberto, who was only 14, was present at the battle of Solferino.{{Cite book |last=Newton |first=Michael |title=Famous Assassinations in World History [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-286-1 |location=New York |pages=589 |language=en}} In the Third War of Italian Independence (1866), Umberto commanded the XVI Division at the Villafranca battle that followed the Italian defeat at Custoza.

Because of the upheaval the House of Savoy caused to a number of other royal houses (all the Italian ones, and those related closely to them, such as the Bourbons of Spain and France) in 1859–60, only a minority of royal families in the 1860s were willing to establish relations with the newly founded Italian royal family. It proved difficult to find any royal bride for either of the sons of king Victor Emmanuel II (his younger son Amedeo, Umberto's brother, married a Piedmontese subject, princess Vittoria of Cisterna). Their conflict with the papacy did not help these matters.{{Cite journal |last=Scalise |first=Charles J. |date=2000 |title=Review of Teresa of Avila: The Progress of a Soul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3169354 |journal=Church History |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=890–892 |doi=10.2307/3169354 |issn=0009-6407|url-access=subscription }} Not many eligible Catholic royal brides were easily available for young Umberto.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

File: Umberto di Savoia (Principe di Piemonte).png, {{circa|1868}}]]

At first, Umberto was to marry Archduchess Mathilde of Austria, a scion of a remote sideline of the Austrian imperial house; however, she died as the result of an accident at the age of 18. On 21 April 1868, Umberto married his first cousin, Margherita Teresa Giovanna, Princess of Savoy. Their only son was Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples. While Umberto was to be described by a modern historian as "a colourless and physically unimpressive man, of limited intellect", Margherita's appearance, cultural interests and strong personality were to enhance the popularity of the monarchy.

{{cite book

| author = Christopher Duggan

| title = The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796

| date = 2007

| isbn = 978-0-713-99709-5

| page = 307

| publisher = Allen Lane

}} Umberto kept many mistresses on the side, and his favourite mistress, Eugenia, the wife of Duke Litta Visconti-Arese, lived with him at his court as his common-law wife. He forced Queen Margherita to accept Eugenia as a lady-in-waiting.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=72| publisher=Yale University Press}}

Image:Neurdein - Umberto I di Savoia come principe ereditario.jpg Umberto]]

{{Css Image Crop|Image = Italy 1891-R 100 Lira.jpg|bSize = 361|cWidth = 175|cHeight = 175|oTop = 5|oLeft = 4|Location = left|Description=Umberto I depicted on a 100 lira gold coin (1891)}}

In 1876, when the British Foreign Secretary, Lord Salisbury, visited Rome, he reported to London that King Victor Emmanuel II and Crown Prince Umberto were "at war with each other".{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=60| publisher=Yale University Press}} Upon taking the Crown, Umberto dismissed all of his father's friends from the court, sold off his father's racing horse collection (which numbered 1,000 horses) and cut down on extravagances to pay down the debts Victor Emmanuel II had run up. The British historian Denis Mack Smith commented that it was a sign of the great wealth of the House of Savoy that Umberto was able to pay off his father's debts without having to ask parliament for assistance.

Like his father, Umberto was a poorly educated man without intellectual or artistic interests, never read any books, and preferred to dictate rather than write letters. He found writing to be too mentally taxing. He was said to have been raised with no real plan and was even uncomfortable when writing his signature in front of onlookers.{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Frank Lorenz |title=Royal Heirs: Succession and the Future of Monarchy in Nineteenth-Century Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-316-51291-3 |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=123 |language=en}} After meeting him, Queen Victoria described Umberto as having his father's "gruff, abrupt manner of speaking", but without his "rough speech and manners". In contrast, Queen Margherita was widely read in all the classics of European literature, and kept up a salon of intellectuals. Although French was her first language, Margherita was often praised for her beautiful Italian in her letters and when speaking.

Ascending the throne on the death of his father (9 January 1878), Umberto adopted the title "Umberto I of Italy" rather than "Umberto IV" (of Savoy), ignoring his three ancestral namesakes, Umberto I, Umberto II, and Umberto III. He consented that the remains of his father should be interred at Rome in the Pantheon, rather than the royal mausoleum of the Basilica of Superga. While on a tour of the kingdom, accompanied by Queen Margherita and the Prime Minister Benedetto Cairoli, he was attacked with a dagger by an anarchist, Giovanni Passannante, during a parade in Naples on 17 November 1878. The King warded off the blow with his sabre, but Cairoli, in attempting to defend him, was severely wounded in the thigh. The would-be assassin was condemned to death, even though the law only allowed the death penalty if the King was killed. The King commuted the sentence to one of penal servitude for life, which was served in a cell only {{convert|1.4|meter}} high, without sanitation and with {{convert|18|kilogram}} of chains. Passannante would die three decades later in a psychiatric institution.Salvatore Merlino, «L'Italia così com'è», 1891 in "Al caffè", by Errico Malatesta, 1922

File:The Royal family of King Umberto I of Savoy.jpg

File:König Umberto I von Italien im Ornat des Hosenbandordens.png]]

In foreign policy, Umberto I approved the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and the German Empire, repeatedly visiting Vienna and Berlin. Many in Italy, however, viewed with hostility an alliance with their former Austrian enemies, who were still occupying areas claimed by Italy.{{Cite book |last=Ungari |first=Andrea |title=The Libyan War 1911–1912 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4438-4837-4 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |pages=23–24 |language=en}} The Alliance was later renewed with the addition of commercial treaties. A strong militarist, Umberto loved Prussian-German militarism. On his visits to Germany, his favourite activity was to review the Prussian Army and he was greatly honoured to be allowed to lead a Prussian hussar regiment on field manoeuvres outside of Frankfurt.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=109| publisher=Yale University Press}} Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany told him during one visit that he should strengthen the Regio Esercito to the point that he could abolish parliament and rule Italy as a dictator.

A major criticism of the policies carried out by the Prime Ministers appointed by Umberto was the continued power of organized crime in the Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy), with the Mafia dominating Sicily and the Camorra dominating Campania.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=164| publisher=Yale University Press}} Both the Mafia and the Camorra functioned as "parallel states" whose existence and power was tolerated by successive governments in Rome as both the Mafia and the Camorra engaged in electoral fraud and voter intimidation so effective that it was Mafia and Camorra bosses who decided who won elections.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| pages=164–165| publisher=Yale University Press}} As it was impossible to win elections in the Mezzogiorno without the support of organized crime, politicians cut deals with the bosses of the Camorra and Mafia to exchange toleration of their criminal activities for votes. The Mezzogiorno was the most backward region of Italy with high levels of poverty, emigration and an illiteracy rate estimated as high as 70%.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=165| publisher=Yale University Press}} The deputies from the Mezzogiorno always voted against more schools for the Mezzogiorno, thus perpetuating southern backwardness and poverty as both the Mafia and the Camorra were opposed to any sort of social reform that might threaten their power. However, the king preferred heavy military spending rather than engaging in social reforms and every year, the Italian state spent 10 times more money on the military than on education.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=101| publisher=Yale University Press}} Umberto, an aggressive proponent of militarism, once said that to accept cuts in the military budget would be "an abject scandal and we might as well give up politics altogether".{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=99| publisher=Yale University Press}} At least part of the reason why Umberto was so opposed to cutting the military budget was because he personally promised Emperor Wilhelm II that Italy would send five army corps to Germany in the event of a war with France, a promise that the king did not see fit to share with his prime ministers.

File: Italian Royal Family.jpg at Rome, from left to right, Isabella of Bavaria, Duchess of Genoa, Prince Amadeo, Duke of Aosta, Princess Elisabeth of Saxony, Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont, Queen Margherita, Prince Henry of Prussia, Wilhelm II, Prince Tommaso, Duke of Genoa, Maria Letizia Bonaparte, Duchess of Aosta, and Umberto I, October 1888]]

Umberto was also favourably disposed towards the policy of colonial expansion inaugurated in 1885 by the occupation of Massawa in Eritrea. Italy expanded into Somalia in the 1880s as well. Umberto's preferred solution to the problems of Italy was to conquer Ethiopia, regardless of overwhelming public opposition. He supported the ultra-imperialist Prime Minister Francesco Crispi who in May 1895 spoke of "the absolute impossibility of continuing to govern through Parliament."{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=115| publisher=Yale University Press}} In December 1893, Umberto appointed Crispi prime minister despite his "shattered reputation" due to his involvement in the Banca Romana scandal together with numerous other scandals that the king himself called "sordid".{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=106| publisher=Yale University Press}} As Crispi was heavily in debt, the king secretly agreed to pay off his debts in exchange for Crispi following the king's advice.

Umberto openly called Parliament a "bad joke" and refused to allow Parliament to meet again lest Crispi faced difficult questions about the Banca Romana scandal. Crispi only avoided indictment because of his parliamentary immunity. When the king was warned that it was dangerous for the crown to support someone like Crispi, Umberto replied that "Crispi is a pig, but a necessary pig", who despite his corruption, had to stay in power for "the national interest, which is the only thing that matters". With the support of the king, Crispi governed in an authoritarian manner, preferring to pass legislation by having the king issue royal decrees as opposed to getting bills passed by Parliament. On 25 June 1895 Crispi refused to allow a parliamentary inquiry into the bank scandal, saying that as a prime minister, he was above the law because he had "served Italy for 53 years".{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=116| publisher=Yale University Press}} Umberto I was suspected of aspiring to a vast empire in northeast Africa, a suspicion which tended somewhat to diminish his popularity after the disastrous Battle of Adwa in Ethiopia on 1 March 1896. After the Battle of Adwa, public frustration with the deeply unpopular war with Ethiopia came to the fore, and demonstrations broke out in Rome with people shouting "death to the king!" and "long live the republic!".{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=122| publisher=Yale University Press}}

File:Adoua 1.jpg's victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa]]

File:Gartered arms of Umberto I, King of Italy.png]]

Despite the defeat at Adwa, Umberto still harboured imperialistic ambitions towards Ethiopia, saying: "I am what they call a warmonger and my personal wish would be to strike back at Menelik and avenge our defeat."{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| pages=134–135| publisher=Yale University Press}} In 1897, the prime minister, Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì tried to sell Eritrea to Belgium on the grounds that Eritrea was too expensive to hold onto, but was overruled by the king who insisted that Eritrea must stay Italian.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=129| publisher=Yale University Press}} Rudinì attempted to reduce military spending, citing a study showing that since 1861 military spending constituted over half the budget every year, but was again blocked by the king. In 1899, Foreign Minister Felice Napoleone Canevaro dispatched a Regia Marina squadron to China with an ultimatum demanding that the Chinese government hand over a coastal city to be ruled as an Italian concession in the same manner as other Western imperial powers in China.{{cite book| author=Denis Mack Smith| title=Italy and Its Monarchy| date=1989| isbn=0300051328| page=135| publisher=Yale University Press}} Prime Minister Luigi Pelloux and his fellow cabinet ministers stated that Canevaro had acted without informing them, and it was widely believed that the king was the one who had given Canevaro the orders to acquire a concession in China. After the Chinese government refused, Canevaro threatened war, but was forced to back down. He settled for breaking diplomatic relations with China.

In the summer of 1900, Italian forces were part of the Eight-Nation Alliance which participated in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in Imperial China. Through the Boxer Protocol, signed after Umberto's death, the Kingdom of Italy gained a concession territory in Tientsin.

Umberto's attitude towards the Holy See was uncompromising. In an 1886 telegram, he declared Rome "untouchable" and affirmed the permanence of the Italian possession of the "Eternal City".

File: Umberto I of Italy in his old age.jpg

The reign of Umberto I was a time of social upheaval, though it was later claimed to have been a tranquil Belle Époque.{{By whom|date=April 2024}} Social tensions mounted as a consequence of the relatively recent occupation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the spread of socialist ideas, public hostility to the colonialist plans of the various governments, especially Crispi's, and the numerous crackdowns on civil liberties. The protesters included the young Benito Mussolini, then a member of the socialist party. On 22 April 1897, Umberto I was attacked again, by an unemployed ironsmith, Pietro Acciarito, who tried to stab him near Rome.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

{{Main|Bava Beccaris massacre}}

During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on 7 May 1898, the city of Milan was put under military rule by General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris, who ordered rifle-fire and artillery against the demonstrators. As a result, 82 people were killed according to the authorities, with opposition sources claiming that the death toll was 400 dead with 2,000 wounded.BBC History Magazine, October 2013, p. 91 King Umberto sent a telegram to congratulate Bava Beccaris on the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion.

Image:Gaetano Bresci.jpg, killer of Umberto I]]

Image:Pantheon, Rome, grave of Umberto I, 2013-03-07.jpg

On the evening of 29 July 1900, Italian-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci assassinated Umberto in Monza by shooting him four times. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the riots of May 1898.{{cite book| author=Christopher Duggan| title=The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796| date=2007| isbn=978-0-713-99709-5| page=349| publisher=Allen Lane}}

Umberto was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of his father Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August 1900. He was the last Savoy to be buried there, as his son and successor Victor Emmanuel III died in exile and was buried in Egypt until his remains were transferred to Vicoforte near Cuneo in 2017.

American anarchist Leon F. Czolgosz claimed that the assassination of Umberto I was his inspiration to kill President William McKinley in September 1901.{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Kemp|chapter=The Cook, the Blacksmith, the King and the Weaver |title=Bombs, Bullets and Bread: The Politics of Anarchist Terrorism Worldwide, 1866–1926|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7VqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|year=2018|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-3211-7|page=62}}

• Knight of the Annunciation, 30 January 1859;{{Cite book|title=Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&pg=PA116|publisher=Eredi Botta|date=1869|access-date=4 March 2019|language=it|first=Luigi|surname=Cibrario|page=116}} Grand Master, 9 January 1878Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1900) [https://archive.org/details/almanachdegotha00unse_81/page/46 p. 47]
• Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 30 January 1859; Grand Master, 9 January 1878
• Gold Medal of Military Valour, 1866[http://www.quirinale.it/onorificenze/insigniti/12319 "Umberto Ranieri di Savoia"] (in Italian), Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
• Grand Master of the Military Order of Savoy
• Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy
• Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy
• Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars
• Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy

{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|

• {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1874}} Austria-Hungary:
• Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1869{{cite web|url=http://www.antiquesatoz.com/sgfleece/knights5.htm |title=Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or – Knights of the Golden Fleece |last= Boettger|first=T. F.|website=La Confrérie Amicale|access-date=25 June 2019}}
• Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1875[http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm "A Szent István Rend tagjai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}
• {{flag|Baden}}:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1873), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 60, 74
• Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1864
• Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, November 1865
• {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of St. Hubert, 1869Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11038226?page=38 10]
• {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), 17 May 1868{{cite book|title=Almanach royal officiel: 1869|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqFCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA53|year=1869|page=53|author1 = Belgien}}
• {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Elephant, 19 August 1863{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=466}}
• {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1869[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00244601/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_497472023_497472813_1884_8_0073.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00483785 Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha] (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 31
• {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, January 1859[http://augusto.agid.gov.it/gazzette/index/download/id/1900176_PM Gazzette]
• {{flag|Kingdom of Hawaii}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1878{{cite web|url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha|title=The Royal Order of Kamehameha|website=crownofhawaii.com|publisher=Official website of the Royal Family of Hawaii|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013523/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kamehameha|url-status=dead}}
• {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 7 May 1880{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=143}}
• {{flagicon image|Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg}} Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, October 1866
• {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}: Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class, August 1862
• {{flagicon image|Flag of Tunisia.svg}} Beylik of Tunis: Grand Cordon of the Order of Glory, November 1862
• {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}:
• Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, September 1862
• Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword, September 1862
• {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} Kingdom of Prussia:
• Pour le Mérite (military), 29 May 1872{{cite book|last1=Lehmann|first1=Gustaf|title=Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913|year=1913|trans-title=The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite|language=de|url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN135808618|page=535|volume=2|location=Berlin|publisher=Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn}}
• Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar, 29 March 1897
• Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 29 March 1897
• {{flag|Russian Empire}}:
• Knight of St. Andrew
• Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
• {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1885[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif |date=6 September 2020 }} (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
• {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1872{{cite book|title=Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1873|year=1873|publisher=Heinrich|page=[http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/9530888/ft/bsb11041169?page=26 4]}}
• {{Flagicon|Thailand|1855}} Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 15 July 1891
• {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}:
• Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 22 August 1871{{cite book|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=156}}
• Grand Cross of the Military Order of St. Ferdinand{{cite book|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros Grandes Cruces Real y Militar Orden de San Fernando|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=387}}
• {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 14 March 1862{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1877|page=368|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0392.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}
• {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 16 March 1878Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up p. 65]
• {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1878[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pc5CAAAAYAAJ/page/n63 Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg] (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28

}}

{{unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;

| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;

| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;

| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;

| 1 = 1. Umberto I of Italy

| 2 = 2. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

| 3 = 3. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria

| 4 = 4. Charles Albert of Sardinia

| 5 = 5. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria

| 6 = 6. Archduke Rainer of Austria

| 7 = 7. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy

| 8 = 8. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano

| 9 = 9. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony

| 10 = 10. Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany

| 11 = 11. Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily

| 12 = 12. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

| 13 = 13. Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain

| 14 = 14. Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano (= 8)

| 15 = 15. Princess Maria Christina of Saxony (= 9)

}}

{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I}}

• [http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy]

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou|House of Savoy|14 March|1844|29 July|1900}}

{{S-reg}}

{{S-bef|before=Victor Emmanuel II}}

{{S-ttl|title=King of Italy

|years=1878–1900}}

{{S-aft|after=Victor Emmanuel III}}

{{s-end}}

{{Kings of Italy (1861–1946)}}

{{Princes of Piedmont}}

{{Princes of Savoy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umberto 01 Of Italy}}

Category:1844 births

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Category:People murdered in 1900

Category:19th-century kings of Italy

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Category:Nobility from Turin

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Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)

Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter

Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria

Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

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Category:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand

Category:Italian people of Polish descent

Category:Claimant kings of Jerusalem

Category:Deaths by firearm in Italy

Category:Kings of Italy (1861–1946)

Category:Grand masters of the Gold Medal of Military Valor

Category:Burials at the Pantheon, Rome

Category:Children of Victor Emmanuel II

Category:People of the Second Italian War of Independence

Category:People of the Third Italian War of Independence

Category:Italian people of the First Italo-Ethiopian War

Category:People murdered in Lombardy

Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1900s