Jafar Kashif

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| name = Jafar Kashif

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| birth_date = 1894

| birth_place = Mamaghan

| death_date = 1946 or 1947

| death_place = Tabriz, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran or Tehran, Tehran Province, Iran

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| occupation = poet

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Jafar Kashif or Jafar Muhammadzadeh (1894, Mamagan – 1946 or 1947, Tabriz or Tehran) — Azerbaijani poet. He was a participant in the 21 Azer movement and a member of the Board of the Azerbaijani Society of Poets and Writers. After the fall of the National Government of Azerbaijan, he was killed by the Shah's forces.

Life

Jafar Muhammadzadeh was born in 1893 in the town of Mamaghan.{{sfn|Mərəndli|2017|p=321}}{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası|1988|p=46}} He lived in Tbilisi for a long time and published his poems in the press.{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası|1988|p=46}}{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı tarixi|2013|p=185}} In 1938, he was exiled to Iran.{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı tarixi|2013|p=185}}

In 1945, he joined the 21 Azer movement.{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası|1988|p=46}} On November 20, the Azerbaijani People's Congress began its activities at the Ark Theater in Tabriz.{{sfn|Atabaki|2000|p=113}}{{sfn|Həsənli|1998|p=269}}{{sfn|Həsənov|2004|p=132}} Jafar Kashif also participated as a delegate in the Azerbaijani People's Congress.{{Cite web |title=Təbrizdə keçirilmiş Xalq Konqresinə seçilmiş nümayəndələrin siyahısı |url=https://azerbaycan-ruznamesi.org/2022/10/25/20-noyabr-1945-ci-ild%C9%99-t%C9%99brizd%C9%99-kecirilmis-az%C9%99rbaycan-xalq-konqresin%C9%99-axk-secilmis-numay%C9%99nd%C9%99l%C9%99rin-siyahisi/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=azerbaycan-ruznamesi.org}}{{sfn|"Azərbaycan" qəzeti I|2022|p=541}} He became known for his poems such as "To the Fairy of Freedom," "Leave Off," and others, which were published in the press.{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=214}} After the establishment of the National Government of Azerbaijan, he became a member of the Board of the Azerbaijani Society of Poets and Writers.{{sfn|Mərəndli|2017|p=321}}{{sfn|Çeşmazər|1986|p=115}}

On December 5, 1946, the Shah's forces attacking in the direction of Miyaneh were stopped by the fedais led by Ghulam Yahya.{{Cite web |last=Rəhmanifər |first=Məhəmməd |date=2015-01-04 |title=Güney Azərbaycanda Milli Hökumətin süqutundan sonra nələr yaşandı? |url=https://apa.az/guney-azerbaycan/guney-azerbaycanda-milli-hokumetin-suqutundan-sonra-neler-yasandi-arasdirma-883307 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Apa.az |language=az |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104092154/https://apa.az/guney-azerbaycan/guney-azerbaycanda-milli-hokumetin-suqutundan-sonra-neler-yasandi-arasdirma-883307 |url-status=live }}{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=437}} People from various regions of Azerbaijan were appealing to the National Government to arm themselves and fight against the Shah's forces.{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=438}} After that, under the leadership of Ja'far Pishevari, a Defense Committee was established.{{Cite book |last=Rəhimli |first=Əkrəm |url=http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_460/N_191.pdf |title=Güney Azərbaycan: tarixi, siyasi və kulturoloji müstəvidə. / S.C.Pişəvəri gənclik illərində |publisher=Azərnəşr |year=2010 |isbn= |location=Baku |pages=83 |language=az |access-date=2025-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708055159/http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_460/N_191.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-08 |url-status=live}}{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=366}} The committee's first action was to declare martial law in Tabriz and to form volunteer units called "Babak."{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=438}}{{sfn|Atabaki|2000|p=172}}{{sfn|Sultanlı|2010|p=83}} In the first stage, these volunteer units had 600 members.{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=366}}{{sfn|Rəhimli|2003|p=143}} After that, Pishevari once again appealed to the Soviet Union for military support.{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=438}}{{Cite book |last=Rəhimli |first=Əkrəm |url=http://web2.anl.az:81/read/page.php?bibid=514144&pno=213 |title=Pişəvəri S.C. Məqalə və çıxışlarından seçmələr (Təbriz 1945-1946-cı illər) |publisher=Nurlar nəşriyyatı |year=2016 |isbn= |location=Bakı |pages=415 |language=az}} However, this request remained unanswered.{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=441}}

On December 11, 1946, the Azerbaijani Provincial Assembly, in order to prevent bloodshed, decided that the Qizilbash People's Forces and the fedai forces should not resist the Shah's forces and should leave the battlefields.{{sfn|Rossow|1956|p=30}}{{sfn|Rəhimli|2003|p=149}}{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=370}} From that day on, before the Iranian army entered major cities, bandit groups of landlords and plainclothes gendarmes began massacres in these cities.{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=373}}{{sfn|Balayev|2018|p=36}} These groups were called "Iranian patriots" by Tehran radio.{{sfn|Balayev|2018|p=36}} The main goal of these groups was to destroy the democrats and ensure the entry of the Shah's forces into the cities.{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=373}}{{sfn|Balayev|2018|p=36}} Tabriz and other cities of Azerbaijan were subjected to plunder and massacres.{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=373}}{{Cite book |last=Duqlas |first=Vilyam |url=http://web2.anl.az:81/read/page.php?bibid=223661&pno=33 |title=Strange lands and friendly people |publisher=Harper & Brothers Publishers |year=1951 |location=Nyu-York |pages=45 |language=en}} The National Government of Azerbaijan collapsed.{{Cite journal |last=Lenczowski |first=George |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/anname/v401y1972i1p45-55.html |title=United States' Support for Iran's Independence and Integrity, 1945–1959 |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |year=1972 |volume=401 |pages=49 |language=en |doi=10.1177/000271627240100106 |issn=0002-7162}}{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=445}} On December 14, 1946, the Iranian army, supported by the United States and Great Britain, entered Tabriz.{{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=448}}{{Cite book |last1=McEvoy |first1=Joanne |url=https://archive.org/details/powersharinginde0000unse |title=Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places |last2=O'Leary |first2=Brendan |date=2013 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812245011 |location=Filadelfiya |pages=[https://archive.org/details/powersharinginde0000unse/page/n200 191]}} After that, the massacres and looting continued. {{sfn|Həsənli|2006|p=448}} Thousands of people were arrested and exiled.{{sfn|Hasanli|2006|p=375}} During these massacres, members of the ADF, fedais, as well as well-known poets such as Ali Fitrat, Sadi Yuzbendi, and Mohammadbaqir Niknam were killed.{{sfn|Balayev|2018|p=137}}{{sfn|Əmirov|2000|p=51}}{{sfn|Əliqızı|2001|p=24}} Jafar Kashif was also killed during these events.{{sfn|Balayev|2018|p=137}}{{sfn|Əliqızı|2001|p=22}} There are different opinions regarding his death. According to some authors, he was killed in 1946 at Nazmiyeh Square in Tabriz;{{sfn|Mərəndli|2017|p=321}}{{sfn|Əmirov|2000|p=51}} according to others, he was killed in 1947 in Tehran.{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası|1988|p=46}}{{sfn|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı tarixi|2013|p=185}} According to Ali Tudeh, a member of the Azerbaijani Writers' Union and founder of the Tabriz National Philharmonic, Jafar Kashif was killed in front of his house.{{sfn|Tudə XVII|2020|p=52}}

References

{{Reflist}}

= Literature=

{{refbegin|40em}}

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  • {{Cite book |url=https://ebooks.az/az/book/chtilmu |title="Azərbaycan" qəzeti I. Azərbaycan Demokrat Firqəsi Mərkəzi Komitəsinin orqanı: 1945-1946-cı illər, Təbriz. |volume=I |publisher=Elm nəşriyyatı |year=2022 |isbn=978-9952-556-47-6 |location=Baku |page=928 |language=az |ref={{SfnRef|"Azərbaycan" qəzeti I|2022}}}}
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  • {{Cite book |url=https://www.kitabxana.net/files/books/file/1474606671.pdf |title=Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası |publisher=Sabah nəşriyyatı |year=1988 |volume=III |location=Baku |page=554 |language=az |ref={{SfnRef|Cənubi Azərbaycan Ədəbiyyatı Antologiyası|1988}} |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417230007/https://www.kitabxana.net/files/books/file/1474606671.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-17 |url-status=live}}
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{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashif, Jafar}}

Category:Azerbaijani Democratic Party politicians

Category:Iranian poets

Category:1947 deaths

Category:1946 deaths

Category:1894 births