Jalili syndrome

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| synonyms = Cone rod dystrophy-amelogenesis imperfecta syndrome

| name = Jalili syndrome

| image = Autosomal recessive - en.svg

| caption = Jalili syndrome is inherited via an autosomal recessive manner

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Jalili syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of cone-rod dystrophy of the retina and amelogenesis imperfecta.{{cite journal |pages=738–40 |pmc=1051576 |doi=10.1136/jmg.25.11.738 |title=A progressive cone-rod dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta: A new syndrome |year=1988 |last1=Jalili |first1=I K |last2=Smith |first2=N J |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=25 |issue=11 |pmid=3236352}} It was characterized in 1988 by Dr. I. K. Jalili and Dr. N. J. D. Smith, following the examination of 29 members of an inbred Arab family living within the Gaza Strip.

Presentation

Affected individuals commonly suffer from photophobia, nystagmus and achromatopsia. Other symptoms affecting vision may include night vision difficulties;{{cite journal |pages=468–73 |pmc=1735797 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2003.015792 |title=An autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy associated with amelogenesis imperfecta |year=2004 |last1=Michaelides |first1=M |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=41 |issue=6 |pmid=15173235 |last2=Bloch-Zupan |first2=A |last3=Holder |first3=GE |last4=Hunt |first4=DM |last5=Moore |first5=AT}} optic disc pallor; narrow vessels; macular atrophy with pigment mottling; peripheral deep white dot deposits or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations in the inferonasal retina; decreased foveal and retinal thickness; attenuation of retinal lamination; hyperreflectivity in the choroids (due to RPE and choriocapillaris atrophy);{{cite journal |pages=259–65 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.01.006 |pmc=2668018 |title=Mutations in CNNM4 Cause Recessive Cone-Rod Dystrophy with Amelogenesis Imperfecta |year=2009 |last1=Polok |first1=Bozena |last2=Escher |first2=Pascal |last3=Ambresin |first3=Aude |last4=Chouery |first4=Eliane |last5=Bolay |first5=Sylvain |last6=Meunier |first6=Isabelle |last7=Nan |first7=Francis |last8=Hamel |first8=Christian |last9=Munier |first9=Francis L. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=84 |issue=2 |pmid=19200527 }} impairment of color vision; and progressive loss of vision with advancing age.{{cite journal |pages=266–73 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.01.009 |pmc=2668026 |title=Mutations in CNNM4 Cause Jalili Syndrome, Consisting of Autosomal-Recessive Cone-Rod Dystrophy and Amelogenesis Imperfecta |year=2009 |last1=Parry |first1=David A. |last2=Mighell |first2=Alan J. |last3=El-Sayed |first3=Walid |last4=Shore |first4=Roger C. |last5=Jalili |first5=Ismail K. |last6=Dollfus |first6=Hélène |last7=Bloch-Zupan |first7=Agnes |last8=Carlos |first8=Roman |last9=Carr |first9=Ian M. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=84 |issue=2 |pmid=19200525 }}

In line with ameleogenesis imperfecta, affected members may display teeth yellow-brown in colour, dysplastic, presenting numerous caries; reduced enamel layer prone to posteruptive failure; and abnormality of morphology involving dentine.

Genetics

The Jalili syndrome is caused by different mutations all with a linkage at the achromatopsia locus 2q11 on the metal transporter gene, CNNM4. Sequence analysis of this gene within Jalili syndrome sufferers has identified homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for several different mutations in the CNNM4 gene.{{Cite web|url=http://omim.org/entry/607805#0001|title=OMIM Entry - * 607805 - CYCLIN M4; CNNM4}}{{Cite web|url=http://omim.org/entry/607805#0002|title=OMIM Entry - * 607805 - CYCLIN M4; CNNM4}}{{Cite web|url=http://omim.org/entry/607805#0003|title=OMIM Entry - * 607805 - CYCLIN M4; CNNM4}}{{Cite web|url=http://omim.org/entry/607805#0007|title=OMIM Entry - * 607805 - CYCLIN M4; CNNM4}}

Management

Epidemiology

The distribution of Jalili syndrome sufferers is varied. Instances, beyond the Gaza strip patients who characterized the syndrome, include a two generation family from Kosovo who presented in the first few years of life with autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy and the hypoplastic/hypomineralized variant of amelogenesis imperfecta, a sister and brother from Kosovo who presented at ages 14 and 7 respectively with dysplastic and discoloured decidual and permanent teeth, and a five generation Lebanese family with two sisters and a male cousin presenting ocular and dental phenotypes akin to the Kosovan siblings.

In 2009, new examinations of the original Palestinian and Kosovan families reported by Jalili and Smith in 1988 and Michaelides et al. in 2004, led to the discovery of five additional cases displayed across genetically unconnected families from varying ethnicities, leading to the proposal of the term "Jalili syndrome" by Parry et al. A small cluster of eight individuals has been documented among the Amish in rural west-central Wisconsin. {{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2019/11/29/wisconsin-rural-doctor-treats-amish-studies-rare-genetic-diseases/3995625002/|title = In a Wisconsin village, the doctor makes house calls — and sees the rarest diseases on Earth|website = USA Today| date=29 November 2019 }}

References

External links

{{Medical resources

| DiseasesDB =

| ICD10 = H35.5

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| OMIM = 217080

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| Orphanet = 1873

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[http://omim.org/entry/217080 OMIM Database (Jalili Syndrome)]

Category:Rare syndromes

Category:Autosomal recessive disorders

Category:Syndromes affecting the retina