James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

File:Coat of Arms of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin.svg

Lord Elgin was born in London on 20 July 1811, the son of the 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine and his second wife, Elizabeth Oswald. He shared his birthday, 20 July, with his father. He had six brothers and sisters, and three half-sisters and one half-brother from his father's first marriage.Checkland, Olive. "Bruce, James, eighth earl of Elgin and twelfth earl of Kincardine (1811–1863)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.). Oxford University Press. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/3737}}. Retrieved 14 August 2016. Lord Elgin's father was reportedly impoverished by his acquisition of the Elgin Marbles; it had cost him a large amount of money to transport them, and he sold them to the British government at a significant loss.

James Bruce was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with William Ewart Gladstone.

He was elected at the 1841 general election as a Member of Parliament for Southampton, but the election was declared void on petition. He did not stand in the resulting by-election.{{cite book|last=Craig|first=F. W. S.|author-link=F. W. S. Craig|title=British parliamentary election results 1832–1885|orig-year=1977|edition=2nd|year=1989|publisher=Parliamentary Research Services|location=Chichester|isbn=0-900178-26-4|page=279}} In November 1841, on the death of his father, he succeeded as 8th Earl of Elgin.

James Bruce became Governor of Jamaica in 1842,{{cite book

| last1 = Sargeaunt

| first1 = William C.

| last2 = Birch

| first2 = Arthur N.

| title = The Colonial Office List for 1862

| publisher = Edward Stanford

| year = 1862

| location = London, UK

| pages = 128

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GtANAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA128

}} During an administration of four years he succeeded in winning the respect of all{{citation-needed|date=October 2022}}. He improved the condition of the Afro-Caribbean workers, and conciliated the white planters by working through them.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Elgin and Kincardine, Earls of|display=Elgin and Kincardine, Earls of s.v. James Bruce|volume=9|page=268}}

File:James Bruce Lord Elgin.JPG in Quebec]]

In 1847 he was appointed Governor General of the Province of Canada by the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey, in the administration of Lord John Russell.{{cite book

| last = Gough

| first = Barry M.

| title = Historical Dictionary of Canada

| publisher = Scarecrow Press

| year = 2011

| location = Lanham, MD

| pages = 163

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA163

| isbn = 978-0-8108-7504-3

}} Under Lord Elgin, the first real attempts began at establishing responsible government in Canada. Lord Elgin became the first Governor General to distance himself from the affairs of the legislature. Since then, the Governor-General has had a largely symbolic role with regards to the political affairs of the country. As Governor-General, he wrestled with the costs of receiving high levels of immigration in the Canadas, a major issue in the constant debate about immigration during the 19th century. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

In 1849 the Baldwin-Lafontaine government passed the Rebellion Losses Bill, compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the Rebellions of 1837. {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} Lord Elgin granted royal assent to the bill despite heated Tory opposition and his own misgivings over how his action would be received in England. The decision sparked the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an English-speaking mob. Elgin was assaulted. Instead of calling in the military, he withdrew his family to their country residence and allowed civil authorities to restore order. Due to his relations with the United States, his support of the self-government and defence of the colony, and his settlement of the free-trade and fishery questions, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Elgin in 1849.

Also in 1849, the Stony Monday Riot took place in Bytown on Monday 17 September. Tories and Reformists clashed over the planned visit of Lord Elgin, one man was killed and many sustained injuries. Two days later, the two political factions, armed with cannon, muskets and pistols faced off on the Sappers Bridge. Although the conflict was defused in time by the military, a general support for the Crown's representative, triumphed in Bytown (renamed Ottawa by Queen Victoria in 1854). In 1854, Lord Elgin negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economy. Later that year, he granted royal assent to the law that abolished the seigneurial system in Quebec, and then resigned as Governor-General.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

Elgin supported the Bagot Report, which was published in 1847 by Governor General Charles Bagot, and which is seen as the foundational document for the Canadian Indian residential school system.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/aec/pdfs/egerton%20ryerson_fullstatement.pdf |title=Egerton Ryerson, the Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation |date=August 2010 |publisher=Ryerson University |access-date=28 June 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429103311/http://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/aec/pdfs/egerton%20ryerson_fullstatement.pdf |archivedate=29 April 2016 }} Elgin had been impressed by industrial schools he had seen while in the West Indies.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSGmglyxgzkC&pg=PP1 |title=A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System 1879–1986 |date=1999 |publisher=University of Manitoba Press. |isbn=9780887553035 |access-date=8 June 2021}}{{rp|15}}

Soon after his return to England in 1854, Lord Palmerston offered him a seat in the cabinet as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, which he declined.

File:The State Entry of Lord Elgin into Peking.jpg

In 1857, Lord Elgin was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. During the Second Opium War, he led the bombardment of Canton (Guangzhou).

In 1858, while passing through Nanjing, Lord Elgin was presented a poetic message by Hong Xiuquan, in which the self-styled Heavenly King referred to him as "our foreign younger brother of the Western Seas." Hong invited Lord Elgin to join his rebellion: "Let us together serve God and our Elder Brother, and destroy the hateful insects." Lord Elgin saw the invitation as a "strange document," and furthermore it would "be awkward for me to have any intercourse with the rebel chiefs," he did not land.{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Jonathan D. |title=God's Chinese son: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan |date=1997 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31556-1 |edition=1. publ. as a Norton paperback |location=New York |pages=262-267}}

Lord Elgin oversaw the end of the Second Opium War by signing the Treaty of Tientsin (Tianjin) on 26 June 1858.

File:Earl of Elgin's entrance into Peking.jpg

In 1859 Chinese troops continued to attack, and Lord Russell sent out Lord Elgin as ambassador extraordinary to demand an apology for the attack, the execution of the treaty, and an indemnity for the military and naval expenditure. In June 1860, Lord Elgin arrived in China to assist with additional attacks, which were initially led by his brother. On 18 October 1860, not having received the Chinese surrender and wishing to spare the imperial capital of Peking (Beijing), he ordered the complete destruction of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanming Yuan) outside the city in retaliation for the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, including two British envoys and The Times journalist Thomas Bowlby. The Old Summer Palace was a complex of palaces and gardens eight kilometres northwest of the walls of Beijing; it had been built during the 18th and early 19th centuries, and was where the emperors of the Qing dynasty resided and handled government affairs. An alternative account says that Lord Elgin had initially considered the destruction of the Forbidden City. However, fearing that this act might interfere with the signing of the Convention of Peking, which was where it was being negotiated, he opted for the destruction of the Old Summer Palace instead.Harris, David. Van Slyke, Lyman P. (2000)

File:Presentation of Her Majesty's Yacht Emperor to the Emperor of Japan at Yeddo, on the 26th of August 1858 - RMG PY8738.tiff

The Old Summer Palace was set ablaze by a force of Anglo-French troops. The troops hurriedly looted the imperial collections in the palace before it finished burning. Attacks on the nearby Summer Palace (Qingyi Yuan) were also made, but the extent of destruction was not as great as to the Old Summer Palace. On 24 October 1860, Lord Elgin signed the Convention of Peking, which stipulated that China was to cede part of Kowloon Peninsula and Hong Kong in perpetuity to Britain.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} According to historian Olive Checkland, Lord Elgin "was ambivalent about the British imperial policy of forcing trade on the peoples in China and Japan. He deplored what he called the 'commercial ruffianism' which effectively determined British policy responses." In a letter to his wife, in regard to the bombing of Canton, he wrote, "I never felt so ashamed of myself in my life."

In between Lord Elgin's two trips to China, he had visited Japan. In August 1858, he signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, whose negotiation was much eased by the recent Harris Treaty between Japan and the United States. He would also present the Tokugawa administration the HMY Emperor, a modern and luxuriously appointed steam powered yacht as a present for the Emperor from Queen Victoria to commemorate the signing of the treaty.{{cite book |last1=Oliphant |first1=Laurence |title=Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan 1857-1859 |date=1859 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |isbn=9780275027216 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofearlo02olip/page/240/mode/1up?view=theater}}

{{multiple image|footer =Grave memorial at St. John in the Wilderness church in Dharamsala|width=160|image1 =Lord Elgin's Tomb 01.JPG|image2=Lord Elgin grave.JPG}}

Within a month of Elgin's return to England, Lord Palmerston selected him to be viceroy and governor-general of India. He became viceroy in 1862, the first viceroy directly appointed by the Crown, and as subject to the Secretary of State for India. Elgin tried to hold the Dutch in Sumatra in check, and marched a force to the Peshawar border to enforce earlier treaties.

He was the first to use Peterhoff, Shimla as the official residence of the Viceroy. In 1863, he was travelling from there to Sialkot, an arduous journey at a high elevation which exhausted him. He died in 1863 of a heart attack while crossing a swinging rope and wood bridge over the river Chadly, on the lap between Kullu and Lahul.Raaja Bhasin, Shimla - The Summer Capital of British India He was buried in the churchyard of St. John in the Wilderness in Dharamshala.

Elgin married Elizabeth Mary Cumming-Bruce, the only child of MP Charles Lennox Cumming-Bruce, on 22 April 1841. The marriage was short lived, his wife dying shortly after the birth of their second daughter on 7 June 1843 in Jamaica. They had, along with another daughter:{{cite book |title= Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |editor= Mosley, Charles |editor-link= Charles Mosley (genealogist) |edition=107 |year= 2003 |pages=1296–1297 |ref=Burke |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}

• Lady Elma Bruce (1842–1923), married in 1864 the 5th Baron Thurlow.

On 7 November 1846, Elgin married Lady Mary Louisa Lambton, daughter of the 1st Earl of Durham, a prominent author of the Report on the Affairs of British North America (1839) (as well as Governor General of the Canadas), and niece of the Colonial Secretary the 3rd Earl Grey (who was uncle to Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, later Governor General of Canada). They had four sons and a daughter:

• Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin (1849–1917)
• Hon. Robert Preston Bruce (1851–1893), MP for Fife and W. Fife
• Hon. Frederick John Bruce (1854–1920), Page of Honour to Queen Victoria 1869–71, married in 1879 Katherine Bruce Fernie, and had four sons and four daughters.
• Lady Louisa Elizabeth Bruce (1856–1902), unmarried

In Ontario, the towns of Kincardine, Port Elgin, and Bruce Mines, along with Bruce County and Elgin County are named for the 8th Earl. The long Bruce Peninsula into Lake Huron, and the communities of Elgin, New Brunswick, and Elgin, Nova Scotia, are also named for him. There are numerous Elgin Roads and Elgin Streets in Canada and in India.

The Elgin Bridge in Singapore, and Elgin Street, Carlton, State of Victoria, and Elgin Street, Hong Kong, are also named for Bruce, as is the Lord Elgin Hotel in Ottawa.

{{cite web|url=http://www.lordelginhotel.ca/hotel_information/history.aspx |title=Lord Elgin Hotel - Ottawa Resort Information - History |publisher=Lordelginhotel.ca |access-date=2012-06-14}}

Elgin's legacy in Canada was the subject of a National Film Board of Canada short docudrama, Lord Elgin: Voice of the People (1959), directed by Julian Biggs.{{cite web|last=Biggs|first=Julian|title=Lord Elgin: Voice of the People|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/lord_elgin_voice_of_people/ |work=Online film|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=13 January 2012}}

While China has opened up to French relations, the sale of Chinese art and artifacts in British auctions remains a point of tension between London and Beijing.{{cite news |date=February 2015 |title=The palace of shame that makes China angry |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30810596}} However, all zodiac animal heads from the Summer Palace that have been found have been returned to the Beijing Poly Museum.{{Cite news|title=IMPORTANT FROM CHINA.; Official Dispatches from Lord Elgin and Mr. Bruce.|newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 January 1861 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1861/01/29/archives/important-from-china-official-dispatches-from-lord-elgin-and-mr.html}}

• Anglo-Chinese relations
• Anglo-Japanese relations

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan, 1857-8-9 (2 volumes), Laurence Oliphant, 1859 (reprinted by Oxford University Press, 1970) {No ISBN}
• {{cite book|last=Checkland|first=S.G.|title=The Elgins 1766-1917: A Tale of Aristocrats, Proconsuls and Their Wives|url=https://archive.org/details/elgins17661917ta1988chec|url-access=registration|place=Aberdeen|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|date=1988|isbn=0-08-036395-4}}
• {{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=David|last2=Van Slyke|first2=Lyman P.|date=2000|title=Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-89951-100-7}}
• {{cite book|first=James L.|last=Hevia|title=English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China|place=Durham|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2003}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153536/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2112.02-e.html "Moving Here, Staying Here:" The Canadian Immigrant Experience], Library and Archives Canada, A letter from Lord Elgin, Governor General of the Canadas, to the Colonial Office
• {{cite book|last=Morison|first=John Lyle|title=The Eighth Earl of Elgin : A Chapter in Nineteenth-century Imperial History|url=https://archive.org/details/eighthearlofelgi0000mori_z1y6|url-access=registration|place=London|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|date=1928}}
• {{cite DCB |last=Morton |first=W. L. |title=Bruce, James, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine |volume=9 |url=https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bruce_james_9E.html}}
• {{cite journal|first=John|last=Newsinger|title=Elgin in China|journal=The New Left Review|date=June 2002|ref=pp. 119–40}}
• {{cite book|last=Wrong|first=George M.|title=The Earl of Elgin|url=https://archive.org/details/wrongearlofelgin00wronuoft|place=Toronto|publisher=G.N. Morangi|date=1906}} Also digitized by Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions, 2003.

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Hansard-contribs|lord-bruce|the Earl of Elgin }}
• {{Gutenberg author |id=3600}}
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=James Bruce}}
• {{Internet Archive author |search=("Earl of Elgin" OR "Lord Elgin") |dname=Earl of Elgin}}
• [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/large.php?accessnumber=M22464&Lang=1&imageID=165915 Painting: James Bruce, Earl of Elgin, circa 1855. McCord Museum]
• {{acad|id=ELGN861J|name=Elgin and Kincardine, James, Earl of}}
• Archives of James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin [https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105594&lang=eng (James Bruce, Earl of Elgi and Kingardine, and family fonds, R977)] are held ar Library and Archives Canada

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| title = Member of Parliament for Southampton

| with = Charles Cecil Martyn

| years = 1841–1842

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| before = Thomas Bruce

| title = Earl of Elgin
Earl of Kincardine

| years = 1841–1863

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{{s-ttl|title=Baron Elgin|years=1849–1863}}

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Category:1811 births

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Category:People educated at Eton College

Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford

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Category:British people of the Second Opium War

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