James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn (21 January 1811 – 31 October 1885), styled Viscount Hamilton from 1814 to 1818 and The Marquess of Abercorn from 1818 to 1868, was a Conservative statesman who twice served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Background and education

Born into an Anglo-Irish (or rather Scottish) aristocratic family at Seymour Place, Mayfair, on 21 January 1811, Abercorn was the son of James, Viscount Hamilton, himself the eldest son of The 1st Marquess of Abercorn. His mother, Harriet, was the second daughter of The Hon. John Douglas, himself the son of The 14th Earl of Morton. His father died when Abercorn was only three. In 1818, aged seven, he succeeded his grandfather in his titles and estates.{{cite book | last = Dod | first = Robert P. | title = The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1860 | publisher = Whitaker and Co. | location = London | pages = 80 }} He was educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford,{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=8}} where he matriculated on 2 July 1829.{{alox2|title=Hamilton, James (6)}}

Political career

File:James Hamilton 1st Duke, Lock & Whitfield woodburytype, 1876-84.jpg.]]

Lord Abercorn was first appointed a deputy lieutenant of County Tyrone,{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} where he had a family seat at Baronscourt. On 13 November 1844, Lord Abercorn was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Donegal.{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=8}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} The next month, on 12 December 1844, he was made a Knight of the Garter at the relatively young age of 33.{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=9}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}}

Abercorn was appointed Groom of the Stole to Prince Albert on 8 February 1846, and shortly thereafter, on 25 February 1846, was made a Privy Counsellor. He served as Groom of the Stole until June 1859,{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} and remained a prominent figure in the royal court for the next two decades. He received two honorary degrees during this period, becoming an LL.D. of Cambridge on 5 July 1847,{{acad|HMLN847J|name=Hamilton, James, Marquess of Abercorn}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} a DCL of Oxford on 4 June 1856. From 11 April 1855 to 22 September 1860, he was Honorary Colonel of the Prince of Wales's Own Donegal Militia, and on 18 February 1860, was commissioned as a Captain in the newly raised London Scottish Rifle Volunteers.{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}}

On 6 July 1866, he was appointed Viceroy of Ireland,{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=9}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} under the third ministry of Lord Derby. He retained the post after Derby resigned in February 1868 and Benjamin Disraeli took the reins of the ministry. On 10 August 1868, he was created Marquess of Hamilton and Duke of Abercorn in the Peerage of Ireland. Around this time, he received his third honorary degree, an LL.D. from Trinity College, Dublin.{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=9}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} After Gladstone and the Liberals won the 1868 general election, Abercorn resigned the Lord-Lieutenancy on 14 December.{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=9}}{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}}

Abercorn, his wife and one of his daughters appeared, thinly disguised, in Disraeli's 1870 novel Lothair.Kerry, p.29

After the formation of the second Disraeli ministry, Abercorn was again appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on 2 March 1874,{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} and was also chosen Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ireland, a post he held until his death.{{cite book | last = Waite | first = Arthur Edward | publisher = Cosimo, Inc. | title = A New Encyclopedia of Freemasonry | volume = I | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-60206-641-0 | pages = 400 }} He resigned the Lord-Lieutenancy again on 6 December 1876,{{sfn|Doyle|1886|p=2}} partly on account of his wife's ill health.

Abercorn was Envoy-Extraordinary for the investiture of King Umberto I of Italy with the Order of the Garter on 2 March 1878. He was elected Chancellor of the University of Ireland in 1881, and died four years later at his home of Baronscourt, County Tyrone on 31 October 1885.{{sfn|Cokayne|1910|p=9}} He is buried in the cemetery at Baronscourt Parish Church, the traditional burial place of the Dukes of Abercorn and their families.[http://fredrickhervey4thearlofbristol.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/baronscourt-parish-church.html Baronscourt Parish Church]

Sporting interests

Abercorn was the shooting tenant of Ewen Macpherson of Cluny at Loch Ericht and Benalder in the Central Highlands of Scotland. In 1836, William Mitchell (1756 - c.1839), one of Badenoch's biggest farmers, was obliged to surrender his Benalder sheep walk to accommodatate the Marquess's shooting interests. In 1839 Abercorn built a large shooting lodge at Ardverikie on the south side of Loch Laggan, where the painter Sir Edwin Landseer was one of the shooting guests.Taylor, David (2022), The People Are Not There: The Transformation of Badenoch 1800 - 1863, John Donald, Edinburgh, pp.104, 106 & 108 {{isbn|9781910900987}}

Family and children

Abercorn married Lady Louisa, second daughter of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, in 1832. They had fourteen children, thirteen of whom survived infancy, among them seven daughters, all of whom were ordered to marry into the peerage and no one beneath the rank of an earl:{{cite book|last1=Balsan|first1=Consuelo Vanderbilt|title=The glitter and the gold|date=2011|publisher=Hodder|location=London|isbn=978-1444730982}}

Lady Harriet Georgiana Louisa Hamilton (1834–1913), married in 1855 to Thomas George Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield. They had eight sons and five daughters.
Lady Beatrix Frances Hamilton (1835–1871), married in 1854 to George Frederick D'Arcy Lambton, 2nd Earl of Durham
Lady Louisa Jane Hamilton (1836–1912), married in 1859 to William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch
James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (1838–1913)
Lady Katherine Elizabeth Hamilton (1840–1874), married in 1858 to William Henry Edgcumbe, 4th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe
Lady Georgiana Susan Hamilton (1841–1913), married in 1882 to Edward Turnour, 5th Earl Winterton
Lord Claud Hamilton (1843–1925)
Lord George Hamilton (1845–1927)
Lady Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton (1847–1932), married in 1869 to George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough. The marriage was annulled in 1883.
Lord Ronald Douglas Hamilton (1849–1867)
Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton (1850–1932), married in 1869 to Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne
Lord Cosmo Hamilton (1853–1853, on the same day)
Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton (1856–1928)
Lord Ernest Hamilton (1858–1939)

Abercorn died in October 1885, aged 74, and was succeeded by his eldest son, James. The Duchess of Abercorn died in March 1905, aged 92.

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel

|collapsed=yes |align=center

|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;

|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;

|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;

|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;

|1= 1. James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn

|2= 2. James Hamilton, Viscount Hamilton

|3= 3. Harriet Douglas

|4= 4. John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn

|5= 5. Catherine Copley

|6= 6. The Hon. John Douglas

|7= 7. Lady Frances Lascelles

|8= 8. Captain The Hon. John Hamilton

|9= 9. Harriet Craggs

|10= 10. Sir Joseph Copley, 1st Baronet, of Sprotbrough

|11= 11. Mary Buller

|12= 12. James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton

|13= 13. Bridget Heathcote

|14= 14. Edward Lascelles, 1st Earl of Harewood

|15= 15. Anne Chaloner

}}

Notes

References

{{cite book | last=Cokayne | first=George E. | authorlink=George Cokayne |editor-last=Gibbs |editor-first=Vicary |editor-link=Vicary Gibbs (St Albans MP) | title=The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant | volume=I, Ab-Adam to Basing | publisher=St. Catherine Press | location=London | year=1910 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015066332571 }}
{{cite book | last=Doyle | first=James William Edmund | authorlink=James William Edmund Doyle | title=The Official Baronage of England, v. 1 | place=London | publisher=Longmans, Green | year=1886 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-kIAAAAIAAJ }}
Dictionary of National Biography
{{cite Men of the Time|name=Abercorn (Duke of), James Hamilton|page=4}}
Kerry, Simon. Lansdowne: The Last Great Whig (2018), {{ISBN|9781910787953}}, {{OCLC|1043014305}}, scholarly biography of the 5th Marquess. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/lansdowne-review-noble-aspirations-11545868772 Online review] (Wall Street Journal).