James Paine (architect)

{{Infobox architect

| name = James Paine

| image = James Paine senior and junior Reynolds.jpg

| alt = James Paine senior and junior Reynolds

| caption = James Paine father and son, portrait by Joshua Reynolds

| spouse = 1. Sarah Jennings

2. Charlotte Beaumont

| birth_date = late 1717

| birth_place = Andover, Hampshire, Kingdom of Great Britain

| death_date = Autumn {{Death year and age|1789|1717}}

| death_place = Kingdom of France

| children = James Paine
Charlotte Charlton
Mary "Polly" Kettle

| practice =

| significant_buildings = Heath House Nostell Priory
Kedleston Hall
Doncaster Mansion House
Chatsworth House
Worksop Manor
Hickleton Hall

| significant_projects =

}}

James Paine (1717–1789) was an English architect. He worked on number of country houses such as Chatsworth House, Thorndon Hall and Kedleston Hall.

Early life

James Paine was probably baptised 9 October 1717 at Andover, Hampshire, the youngest of the five children of John Paine (d. 1727), carpenter, of Andover, and his wife, Jane Head (bap. 1684).{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-21131|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - James Paine|date=2009|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/21131 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |last1=Leach |first1=Peter }}

Whilst facts about Paine's early life are sparse, it is thought that he studied at the St Martin's Lane Academy, London, founded by William Hogarth in 1735 to allow artists to practise life drawing. Here he came into contact with many innovative architects, artists designers, including architect Isaac Ware.

Career

It is thought that Ware introduced him to Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his circle of friends. Paine’s first professional job, aged only nineteen, was as the Clerk of Works supervising the building of Nostell Priory, Yorkshire (c.1737–1750), designed by Colonel James Moyser, a friend of Lord Burlington. Essentially a Palladian, Paine was to work on many other projects in the area including Heath House in the village of Heath in between Nostell Priory and Wakefield.

Paine lived in Pontefract whilst working at Nostell Priory, and whilst working on that project, he was also commissioned to design the Mansion House, Doncaster, Yorkshire between 1745 and 1748.

From the 1750s, he had his own practice, and designed many villas, usually consisting of a central building, often with a fine staircase, and two symmetrical wings. The most important house which he was involved with was Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire where he succeeded Matthew Brettingham from 1759 to 1760 and suggested the colonnaded hall, but he was himself displaced by Robert Adam, who altered his designs.

At around the same time, he designed the very grand stables at Chatsworth House in the same county. He was a favourite architect of the powerful Catholic families of the time. In the 1760s he was commissioned to rebuild Worksop Manor for Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk as well as the new Thorndon Hall (1764–70) in Essex for Robert Petre, 9th Baron Petre and his house on Park Lane, London. From 1770 to 1776, he built New Wardour Castle in Wiltshire (which featured as the Royal Ballet School in the film Billy Elliot).

Paine held various posts, some sinecures, in the Office of Works culminating in appointment as one of the two Architects of the Works in 1780 but lost the post in a reorganisation in 1782. He was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey for 1783.

His practice declined in his later years as he refused to participate in the Neoclassical fashions established by the Adam brothers. He published much of his own work in his two volumes of Plans, elevations and sections of Noblemen and Gentlemen's Houses (1767 and 1783).

In 1789, Paine retired to France, where he died in the autumn.

Personal life

Paine married twice. His first wife was Sarah Jennings, daughter and coheir of George Jennings of Pontefract. They married in March 1741 and had a son, the architect, sculptor, and topographical watercolourist James Paine (1745–1829).'Paine, James', in Robert Gunnis, ed., Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851

After Sarah's death, Paine married Charlotte Beaumont (1722–1766), youngest daughter of Richard Beaumont of Whitley Beaumont, near Huddersfield. They were married by June 1748 and had two daughters, Charlotte (1751 – 31 October 1814) and Mary, known as 'Polly' (1753-1798). Charlotte married St John Charlton on 22 December 1781, who later became High Sheriff of Shropshire in 1790 and the couple lived at Apley Castle. Mary married artist Tilly Kettle, with a dowry of £5,000.{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/709308|title=The Misses Paine (after Reynolds), Charlotte Beaumont, Mrs James Paine (d.1766) and her Daughters Charlotte Paine, later Mrs St John Charlton (b.1751) and Mary 'Polly' Paine, later Mrs Tilly Kettle (1753-1798) 709308|last=Ltd|first=e3 Media|access-date=2018-08-25|language=en}}

In 1773 Paine bought the lease to Sayes Court, a country estate near Chertsey in Surrey.{{Cite web|url=http://chertseymuseum-interactive.org.gridhosted.co.uk/places/sayes-court/|title=Sayes Court {{!}} Chertsey Museum|website=chertseymuseum-interactive.org.gridhosted.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-25|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102170657/http://chertseymuseum-interactive.org.gridhosted.co.uk/places/sayes-court/|url-status=dead}} He became a justice of the peace for Middlesex in December 1776 and for Surrey in June 1777, and served as High Sheriff of Surrey in 1785.

Portraits by Joshua Reynolds

Paine was a friend of artist Joshua Reynolds and had designed a large gallery and painting room, with an elaborate chimney piece, for Reynolds’ home in Leicester Fields, now Leicester Square, London. In 1764, Reynolds painted a joint portrait of James Paine father and son pictured above (now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). The following year Reynolds painted a matching portrait of Charlotte and her two daughters, Charlotte and Mary "Polly", possibly in exchange for in exchange for some of Paine’s architectural work at his home. This portrait is now in Lady Lever Art Gallery, Liverpool. The portraits were intended to be hung so that the father and son faced mother and daughters.{{Cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/displayPicture.aspx?id=357|title=Artwork details, Liverpool museums|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-08-25}} Reynolds’s appointment book records an entry for their sittings:

'17 July 1765 Mrs Pain {{sic}}, Miss Pain and Miss Polly Pain.' Then, on 25 July, 'Mrs Paine etc.' on 2 August 'Miss Paine' sat alone, and 'Mrs Paine' sat three days later. On 3 October the entry read: 'Mrs Paine & Co'. There were further appointments on 27 September, 27 November and 2 December, for 'Dog.'

The portrait Mrs James Paine, and Her Daughters Charlotte Paine, b.1751, Later Mrs St John Charlton and Mary 'Polly' Paine, 1753–1798, Later Mrs Tilly Kettle) was exhibited twice in Yorkshire in late nineteenth century, and copies were made. It was eventually acquired by the art dealer C.J Wertheimer but when it was shown at Burlington House in 1908, it was catalogued as Portraits of the Misses Paine, their mother Charlotte having been painted out to increase its sale value. William Hesketh Lever paid £4520. 5s for in 1918. In 1935, the Lady Lever Art Gallery Trustees took the decision to remove the over painting and restored Mrs Paine to her rightful place.{{Clarify|date=December 2024|reason=What place is that?}}

Legacy

In 2017, the Friends of Mansion House, Doncaster led on the James Paine Festival, celebrating his life and work on the 300th anniversary of his birth.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mansionhousedoncaster.com/james-paine-festival-2017/|title=James Paine Festival 2017|date=24 August 2016 }}

List of architectural works

Axwell House, Blaydon, County Durham (1758){{Cite web |title=AXWELL PARK AND STEPS AND BALUSTRADES TO SOUTH, Non Civil Parish - 1025206 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1025206?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Coxhoe Hall, Coxhoe, County Durham (c. 1754, additions later demolished){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Gibside Hall, County Durham (1773-1776, chapel and renovation){{Cite web |title=Gibside Hall, 17th to 19th century country house, Non Civil Parish - 1017224 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1017224?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Hardwick Hall and gardens, Sedgefield, County Durham (c. 1754–1757){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Raby Castle, Staindrop, County Durham (c. 1753–1760, remodelled and additions made){{Cite web |title=RABY CASTLE, Raby with Keverstone - 1338625 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1338625?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Chatsworth House, Bakewell, Derbyshire (1756–1767, new wing and outbuildings){{Cite web |title=CHATSWORTH HOUSE, Chatsworth - 1373871 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1373871?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Stoke Hall, Grindleford, Derbyshire (1757){{Cite web |last=Life |first=Country |date=2008-10-16 |title=Stately home in Derbyshire for sale |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/property/country-houses-for-sale-and-property-news/stately-home-in-derbyshire-for-sale-32072 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Country Life |language=en}}
Kedleston Hall, Kedleston, Derbyshire (1758–1763){{Cite web |title=KEDLESTON HALL, Kedleston - 1311507 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1311507?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Cowick Hall, Cowick, East Riding of Yorkshire (1752–1760, alterations){{Cite web |title=COWICK HALL, Snaith and Cowick - 1083323 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1083323?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Thorndon Hall, Ingrave, Essex (1764–1770){{Cite web |title=THORNDON HALL, Herongate and Ingrave - 1297212 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1297212?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Northumberland House, City of London, Greater London (c. 1753–1757, picture gallery){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Lumley House, South Audley Street, Mayfair, Greater London (1766, alterations){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
47 Leicester Square, Westminster, Greater London (1760–61, painting room){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
79 Pall Mall, Westminster, Greater London (1769–71, since demolished){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
17 & 19 St. James Square, Westminster, Greater London (c. 1754–1760, remodelling){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
76 St Martin's Lane, Westminster, Greater London (1752-1754, Paine's own home since demolished)
Dover House, Whitehall, Greater London (1755–1758){{Cite web |title=DOVER HOUSE SCOTTISH OFFICE, Non Civil Parish - 1066101 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1066101?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
14 Downing Street, Whitehall, Greater London (c. 1763–1766, alterations){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
St Paul's Walden Bury, St Paul's Walden, Hertfordshire (1767, north range)
Brocket Hall, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire (c. 1760–1775, rebuilt house and grounds buildings){{Cite web |title=BROCKET HALL, Hatfield - 1100987 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1100987?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Cavendish Bridge, Castle Donington, Leicestershire (1758-1761)
Gopsall Hall, Gopsall, Leicestershire (c. 1764, garden temple){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Ormsby Hall, South Ormsby, Lincolnshire (1752–1755, re-build){{Cite web |title=SOUTH ORMSBY HALL, South Ormsby cum Ketsby - 1168647 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1168647 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Wilsford Manor, Wilsford, Lincolnshire, (additions 1749, since demolished){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Felbrigg Hall, Felbrigg, Norfolk (1751–1756, new wing and decoration){{Cite web |title=FELBRIGG HALL, Felbrigg - 1373644 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1373644?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Alnwick Castle, Alnwick, Northumberland (c. 1754–1768, interior and keep){{Cite web |title=THE CASTLE, STABLE COURT AND COVERED RIDING SCHOOL INCLUDING WEST WALL OF RIDING SCHOOL, Alnwick - 1371308 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1371308?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Belford Hall, Belford, Northumberland (c. 1754–1756){{Cite web |title=BELFORD HALL, Belford - 1233314 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1233314?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Bywell Hall, Bywell, Northumberland (c. 1760){{Cite web |title=BYWELL HALL, Bywell - 1370556 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1370556?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Blagdon Hall, Cramlington, Northumberland (1752, second floor installed){{Cite web |title=BLAGDON HALL, Stannington - 1042662 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1042662?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Gosforth House, Gosforth, Northumberland (1755–1764){{Cite web |title=GOSFORTH HOUSE, NOW BRANDLING HOUSE, PART OF HIGH GOSFORTH PARK CLUB, North Gosforth - 1121859 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1121859?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Wallington Bridge, Wallington Demesne, Northumberland (1755){{Cite web |title=Wallington Bridge, Wallington Demesne - 1002903 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1002903?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Stockeld Park, Spofforth, North Yorkshire (1758–63){{Cite web |title=STOCKELD PARK HOUSE, Spofforth with Stockeld - 1149986 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1149986?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Serlby Hall, Blyth, Nottinghamshire (1751–1777){{Cite web |title=SERLBY HALL, Blyth - 1045126 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1045126?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Worksop Manor, Worksop, Nottinghamshire (1761–1767, since demolished)
Cusworth Hall, Cusworth, South Yorkshire (1749–1753, wings added){{Cite web |last=Stuff |first=Good |title=Cusworth Hall, Sprotbrough and Cusworth, Doncaster |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101192735-cusworth-hall-sprotbrough-and-cusworth |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk}}
Dinnington Hall, Dinnington, South Yorkshire (c. 1751–1757, alterations){{Cite web |title=DINNINGTON HALL, Dinnington St. John's - 1314652 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1314652?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Mansion House, Doncaster, South Yorkshire (1745–48){{Cite web |title=The Mansion House and attached railings, Non Civil Parish - 1151426 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151426?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Hickleton Hall, Hickleton, South Yorkshire (1745–1749, house and stables){{Cite web |title=HICKLETON HALL WITH ATTACHED QUADRANT WALLS AND WALLS EXTENDED TO ENCLOSE ENTRACE FRONT GARDEN HAVING ASSOCIATED GATE PIERS AND TWO STATUES, ALSO LINKING WALL TO GATE PIER AT SOUTH EAST CORNER, Hickleton - 1286810 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1286810?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
High Melton Hall, High Melton, South Yorkshire (c. 1750){{Cite web |title=HIGH MELTON HALL, High Melton - 1314790 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1314790?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Sandbeck Park, Maltby, South Yorkshire (c. 1763–1768){{Cite web |title=SANDBECK PARK (HOUSE), Maltby - 1314665 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1314665?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Sprotbrough Hall, Sprotbrough, South Yorkshire (c. 1750){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Wadworth Hall, Wadworth, South Yorkshire (c. 1749–1750){{Cite web |title=WADWORTH HALL AND ATTACHED WING WALLS, Wadworth - 1314863 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1314863?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Chillington Hall, Brewood, Staffordshire bridge (c. 1770, bridge and temples, 1772–1773){{Cite web |title=Chillington Hall, Brewood and Coven - 1060191 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1060191 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Weston Park, Weston-under-Lizard, Staffordshire (c. 1760, temple and bridge){{Cite web |title=BRIDGE AT SJ 813104, Blymhill and Weston-under-Lizard - 1039268 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1039268?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=TEMPLE OF DIANA AT SJ 811104, Blymhill and Weston-under-Lizard - 1188135 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1188135?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Shrubland Park, Coddenham, Suffolk (c. 1770–1772){{Cite web |title=SHRUBLAND HALL, INCLUDING ATTACHED SCREEN WALLING ON EAST SIDE, AND TERRACES AND BALUSTRADING ON SOUTH AND WEST SIDES, Barham - 1033252 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1033252?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Bagshot Park, Bagshot, Surrey (1770–1772, remodelled interiors){{Cite web |title=BAGSHOT PARK, Winkfield - 1001381 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1001381?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Bramham Park, Bramham, West Yorkshire (c. 1760){{Cite web |title=BRAMHAM PARK, Bramham cum Oglethorpe - 1135635 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135635?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
The Biggin, Bramham cum Oglethorpe, West Yorkshire (1750–1756, alterations){{Cite web |title=BRAMHAM BIGGIN, Bramham cum Oglethorpe - 1135632 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1135632?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Kirkstall Grange, Headingley, West Yorkshire (1752){{Cite web |title=THE GRANGE, Non Civil Parish - 1256304 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1256304?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
Milnsbridge Hall, Milnsbridge, West Yorkshire (c. 1750){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Nostell Priory, Nostell, West Yorkshire (c. 1737 – 1750, interiors){{Cite web |title=NOSTELL PRIORY, Huntwick with Foulby and Nostell - 1262071 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1262071?section=official-list-entry |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}
17, Cornmarket, Pontefract, West Yorkshire (c. 1745–1750){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
5 Market Place, Pontefract, Yorkshire (c. 1750–1755){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
Old Heath Hall, Warmfield cum Heath, West Yorkshire (1744–1745){{Cite web |title=HEATH HALL, Warmfield cum Heath - 1200238 {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1200238 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}