James Turrell

James Turrell was born in Los Angeles, California.Birthplace sometimes given as Los Angeles (for instance, see Adcock, Craig, James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space, Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p. 2). Pasadena is given in a biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, South Bank, London, UK.{{cite web|url=http://jamesturrell.com/about/biography/ |title=James Turrell |publisher=James Turrell |date=May 6, 1943 |access-date=April 7, 2017}} His father, Archibald Milton Turrell,Adcock, Craig, James Turrell: The Art of Light and Space, Berkeley/Los Angeles/Oxford : University of California Press, 1990, p. 2. was an aeronautical engineer and educator. His mother, Margaret Hodges Turrell, trained as a medical doctor and later worked in the Peace Corps. His parents were Quakers.

Turrell obtained a pilot's license when he was 16 years old. Later, registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War, he flew Buddhist monks out of Chinese-controlled Tibet.Finkel, Jori. "[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-roden-crater-james-turrell-20130512-story.html James Turrell Shapes Perceptions]. The Los Angeles Times. May 11, 2013. Some writers have suggested it was a CIA mission; Turrell called it "a humanitarian mission" — and that he found "some beautiful places to fly". For years he restored antique airplanes to support his "art habit".

He received a BA degree from Pomona College in perceptual psychology in 1965 (including the study of the Ganzfeld effect) and also studied mathematics, geology, and astronomy. The following year, Turrell enrolled in the graduate Studio Art program at the University of California, Irvine, where he began making work using light projections.Belcove, Julie L. [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/james-turrell-interview-0513 "Incredible Lightness"], Harpers Bazaar, April 19, 2013. His studies at Irvine were interrupted in 1966, when he was arrested for coaching young men to avoid the Vietnam draft. He spent about a year in jail.{{cite web |last1=Hylton |first1=Wil S. |title=How James Turrell Knocked the Art World Off Its Feet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/magazine/how-james-turrell-knocked-the-art-world-off-its-feet.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2022-01-17 |date=13 June 2013}} In 1973, he received a Master of Arts degree from Claremont Graduate University.Biographical note to the introductory leaflet for the 1993 exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, South Bank, London, UK

{{main|List of James Turrell artworks}}

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=210px | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akKpEgoMeNY James Turrell, Skyscape, The Way of Color], 4:40, Smarthistory{{cite web | title =James Turrell, Skyscape, The Way of Color | publisher =Smarthistory at Khan Academy | date = February 16, 2016| url =http://smarthistory.org/james-turrell-skyscape-the-way-of-color/ | access-date =February 20, 2016 }} }}

In 1966, Turrell began experimenting with light in his Santa Monica studio, the Mendota Hotel, at a time when the so-called Light and Space group of artists in Los Angeles, including Robert Irwin, Mary Corse and Doug Wheeler, was coming into prominence.[http://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/James/Turrell/Biography James Turrell] Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127173241/http://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/James/Turrell/Biography |date=November 27, 2010 }} By covering the windows and only allowing prescribed amounts of light from the street outside to come through the openings, Turrell created his first light projections.[http://www.griffinla.com/Default.aspx?tabid=117 James Turrell: Early Light Works, November 13, 2004 – February 12, 2005] William Griffin, Los Angeles. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116184635/http://www.griffinla.com/Default.aspx?tabid=117 |date=November 16, 2007 }} In Shallow Space Constructions (1968) he used screened partitions, allowing a radiant effusion of concealed light to create an artificially flattened effect within the given space.[http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=5981 James Turrell] MoMA Collection, New York. That same year, he participated in the Los Angeles County Museum's Art and Technology Program, investigating perceptual phenomena with the artist Robert Irwin and psychologist Edward Wortz.{{Cite book|last=Ratcliff, Carter. Zajonc, Arthur. Antonakos, Stephen, 1926–2013.|title=The magic of light|date=2002|publisher=Hudson River Museum|isbn=0-943651-31-X|oclc=48649814}}

In 1969, he made sky drawings with Sam Francis, using colored skywriting smoke and cloud seeding materials.[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=James%20Turrell&page=1&f=Name&cr=1 James Turrell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829044529/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/bio/?artist_name=James%20Turrell&page=1&f=Name&cr=1 |date=August 29, 2012 }} Guggenheim Collection. A pivotal environment Turrell developed from 1969 to 1974, The Mendota Stoppages, used several rooms in the former Mendota Hotel in Santa Monica which were sealed off, with the window apertures controlled by the artist to allow natural and artificial light to enter the darkened spaces in specific ways.Christopher Knight (May 28, 2013), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-0527-knight-turrell-review-20130528,0,3751286.story Art review: The light through James Turrell's eyes] Los Angeles Times.

{{main article|Roden Crater}}

File:Roden.jpg, the site of an epic artwork in progress by James Turrell outside Flagstaff, Arizona]]

In 1979 Turrell acquired an extinct cinder cone volcano located outside Flagstaff, Arizona. Since then he has spent decades moving tons of dirt and building tunnels and apertures to turn this crater into a massive naked-eye observatory for experiencing celestial phenomena.

A completion date for the Crater has been announced and pushed back several times since the 1990s. The last time Turrell or his team went on record talking about a completion date, the goal was 2011; but according to a 2013 article in the Los Angeles Times, "nobody volunteers a date any more".Finkel, Jori. "[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-roden-crater-james-turrell-20130512-story.html James Turrell Shapes Perceptions]. The Los Angeles Times. May 11, 2013. Roden Crater has been long shrouded in secrecy and access limited to friends of the artist, although fans have sneaked in without the artist's permission.Finkel, Jori. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/arts/design/25fink.html?_r=0 Shhh, It's a Secret Kind of Outside Art]," The New York Times, November 25, 2007 More recently,{{when|date=October 2020}} a program was established by which devoted fans can gain sanctioned access by completing the "Turrell Tour", which involves seeing a Turrell in 23 countries worldwide, and during May 2015, Roden Crater was open to a select group of 80 people at a cost of $6,500 per person.{{cite news|last1=H. Miller|first1=M.|title=James Turrell Allowing Limited Visitors to Roden Crater for $6,500 a Person|url=http://www.artnews.com/2015/02/19/james-turrell-allowing-limited-visitors-to-roden-crater-for-6500-a-person/|access-date=January 27, 2016|publisher=ARTnews|date=February 19, 2015}}

Although he works in the American desert, Turrell does not consider himself an earthworks artist like Robert Smithson or Michael Heizer. "You could say I'm a mound builder," he said. "I make things that take you up into the sky. But it's not about the landforms. I'm working to bring celestial objects like the sun and moon into the spaces that we inhabit." He added: "I apprehend light—I make events that shape or contain light."

In 2019, Turrell partnered with the Arizona State University Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts to collaborate on the project, changing the name to the "ASU-Roden Crater Project."{{cite news |last1=Faller |first1=Mary Beth |title=Letting in the light: ASU, artist James Turrell to partner on masterwork in the desert |url=https://news.asu.edu/20190114-creativity-asu-artist-james-turrell-partner-masterwork-roden-crater |access-date=20 August 2023 |agency=ASU News |publisher=Arizona State University |date=14 January 2019}}{{cite web |title=ASU-Roden Crater Project |url=https://herbergerinstitute.asu.edu/research-and-initiatives/roden-crater |website=Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts |publisher=Arizona State University |access-date=20 August 2023}} This collaboration hopes to employ the interdisciplinary resources of ASU to better use and maintain the project. ASU has already begun including the facilities into course curriculum, including one class titled "Indigenous Stories and Sky Science" taught by Professor Dalla Costa.

{{Main|Skyspace}}

In the 1970s, Turrell began his series of "skyspaces" enclosed spaces open to the sky through an aperture in the roof. A Skyspace is an enclosed room large enough for roughly 15 people. Inside, the viewers sit on benches along the edge to view the sky through an opening in the roof.{{Cite news|last=Thompson|first=Henrietta|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/art/james-turrell-light-chamber-ultimate-at-home-art-installation/|title=Why a James Turrell 'light chamber' is the ultimate at-home art installation|date=February 11, 2020|work=The Telegraph|access-date=March 27, 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}} As a lifelong Quaker, Turrell designed the Live Oak Meeting House for the Society of Friends, with an opening or skyhole in the roof, wherein the notion of light takes on a decidedly religious connotation. (See PBS documentary). His work Meeting (1986) at P.S. 1, which consists of a square room with a rectangular opening cut directly into the ceiling, is a recreation of such a meeting house.[http://ps1.org/exhibitions/view/170 James Turrell: Meeting, 1986] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925100328/http://ps1.org/exhibitions/view/170 |date=September 25, 2011 }} P.S.1, New York. In 2013, Turrell created another Quaker skyspace, Greet the Light, at the newly rebuilt Chestnut Hill Friends Meeting in Philadelphia.{{cite web | url = http://chestnuthillskyspace.org/about/ | title = The Skyspace| publisher = Chestnut Hill Friends Meeting | access-date = August 28, 2014}}

File:James Turrel - space that sees.jpg, Jerusalem]]

In a New York Times article on L.A. collectors building skyspaces in their backyards, Jori Finkel describes a skyspace as a "celestial viewing room designed to create the rather magical illusion that the sky is within reach – stretched like a canvas across an opening in the ceiling".Finkel, Jori. [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/arts/design/five-bedrooms-pool-and-custombuilt-skyspace.html "Five Bedrooms, Pool and Custom-Built Skyspace.]" The New York Times. April 24, 2005

In 1992, Turrell's Irish Sky Garden opened at the Liss Ard Estate,{{cite web | url = http://www.lissardestate.com | title = The Estate| publisher = Liss Ard Estate | access-date = July 18, 2013}} Skibbereen, Co Cork, Ireland. The giant earth and stoneworks has a crater at its center. A visitor enters through a doorway in the perimeter of the rim, walks through a passage and climbs stairs to enter,{{cite web|url=http://www.lissardestate.com/liss-ard-gardens.html |title=Gardens |publisher=Liss Ard Estate |access-date=July 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530041356/http://www.lissardestate.com/liss-ard-gardens.html |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }} then lies on the central plinth and looks upwards to experience the sky framed by the rim of the crater. "The most important thing is that inside turns into outside and the other way around, in the sense that relationships between the Irish landscape and sky changes" (James Turrell).{{cite web

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In 2001, Turrell made a “sky room” and pool for Nora and Norman Stone in Napa Valley, in which visitors swim through a tunnel into the outdoor pool, where an aperture in the roof displays a perfect slice of sky.{{Cite news |date=2020-09-18 |title=Why swimming pools are making a splash in the art world |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0a048094-ab64-4d62-b7cb-a6c8d157f8c8 |access-date=2023-03-09}}

Since 2009, Turrell's Third Breath, 2005 is part of the permanent exhibition of the Centre for International Light Art (CILA) in Unna, Germany. It is a camera obscura, consisting of two rooms: In the lower, cubic room (Camera Obscura Space), the visitor sees an image of the sky which is being reflected through a lens on the ground. In the upper, cylindrical room (Sky Space), the sky can be seen directly through a hole in the ceiling.

Three Gems (2005) at the de Young Museum is Turrell's first Skyspace to adopt the stupa form.[http://deyoung.famsf.org/about/james-turrell-three-gems-2005 James Turrell: Three Gems, 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522223153/http://deyoung.famsf.org/about/james-turrell-three-gems-2005 |date=May 22, 2013 }} de Young Museum, San Francisco. At Houghton Hall in Norfolk, the Marquess of Cholmondeley commissioned a folly to the east of the great house. Turrell's Skyspace presents itself from the exterior as an oak-clad building raised on stilts. From the inside of the structure, the viewer's point of view is focused upwards and inevitably lured into contemplating the sky as framed by the open roof.Donald, Caroline. [http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/article3889802.ece "The new garden at Houghton Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk,"]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The Times (London). May 11, 2008.

Turrell's Dividing the Light (2007) incorporates both water and landscaping. This Skyspace is an open-air pavilion, with a canopy structure and aperture, lighting program, pool, and landscaping, situated in the Draper Courtyard at Pomona College.{{cite news |last1=Gopnik |first1=Blake |title=James Turrell Makes the Sky Look Like a Pantone Chip |url=https://news.artnet.com/opinion/turrell-pomona-890429 |access-date=October 17, 2020 |publisher=ArtnetNews |date=March 14, 2017}} The {{convert|16|sqft|adj=on}} canopy aperture mirrors the continuous pool below, which is surrounded by granite seating and landscaping. At its opening, David Pagel of the Los Angeles Times called it "one of the best works of public art in recent memory".{{Cite web|title=Turn on the light|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-oct-21-ca-turrell21-story.html|last=Pagel|first=David|date=October 21, 2007|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 25, 2020}}

His 2007 Deer Shelter Skyspace at Yorkshire Sculpture Park in England, commissioned by The Art Fund, was awarded that year's 2007 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.{{cite web |title=Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture |url=https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402135402/https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |publisher=Marsh Christian Trust |access-date=April 2, 2019}}{{cite web |title=James Turrell – Deer Shelter Skyspace |url=https://ysp.org.uk/openair/jamesturrell/deershelterskyspace |access-date=April 2, 2019 |language=en}}

Other Skyspaces include the Kielder Skyspace (2000) on Cat Cairn in Kielder, Northumberland, England; Knight Rise (2001) at the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art; SkySpace at Earl Neal Plaza (2004) at the University of Illinois at Chicago; https://cada.uic.edu/schedule/james-turrell-in-light/Sky Pesher (2005) at the Walker Art Center;{{Cite web | url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/sky-pesher-2005 | title=James Turrell - Sky Pesher | year=2005}} Second Wind (2005) in Vejer de la Frontera, Spain; the Sky-Space (2006) in Salzburg, Austria; The other Horizon (2004) in Vienna, Austria (MAK-Branch Geymüllerschlössel);{{Cite web|url=https://www.mak.at/en/maklitereloaded?event_id=1542957245546|title=James Turrell: MAKlite Reloaded – MAK Museum Vienna|website=www.mak.at|language=en|access-date=June 7, 2019}} Within Without (2010) at the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra;{{cite web |title=James Turrell - Within without |url=https://searchthecollection.nga.gov.au/object/200287 |publisher=National Gallery of Australia |access-date=24 December 2024 |language=en}} La Brea Sky (2013) at Kayne Griffin Corcoran;Steffie Nelson (28 May 13), [https://www.wmagazine.com/story/james-turrells-skyspace Seeing The Light at Kayne Griffin Corcoran] W.Su Wu (17 November 2015), [https://www.wallpaper.com/art/seeing-the-light-james-turrell-unveils-new-work-at-kayne-griffin-cocoran-in-los-angeles Seeing the light: James Turrell unveils new work at Kayne Griffin Corcoran in LA] Wallpaper. Hardanger Skyspace (2016) in Oystese (Norway), located by the Hardangerfjord and a part of The Art Centre Kabuso; the Skyspace Lech (2018) in Oberlech in Vorarlberg (Austria);{{Cite web|url=https://www.skyspace-lech.com/about/?lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928032744/https://www.skyspace-lech.com/about/?lang=en|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 28, 2020|title=About • Skyspace Lech|website=Skyspace Lech|language=en-US|access-date=April 9, 2019}} the Ta Khut Skyspace (2021) in José Ignacio, Uruguay;Zachary Weiss (2 December 2021), [https://www.vogue.com/article/posada-ayana-jose-ignacio-uruguay-james-turrell-tha-khut-skyspace-opening In Uruguay, James Turrell Debuts His Latest Shrine to Light at Posada Ayana] Vogue. the [https://greenboxarts.org/skyspace/ Green Mountain Falls Skyspace] (2022) in Green Mountain Falls, Colorado, USA; and at Friends Seminary (2023).Wallace Ludel (25 August 2022), [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/25/manhattan-private-school-to-unveil-james-turrell-work Manhattan private school to unveil James Turrell work] The Art Newspaper.

The Walker Art Center restored its 2005 Sky Pesher work in 2023 and worked with Turrell to convert the original cold cathode tubes, which were becoming impossible to replace, with LED lights.{{Cite web |last=King |first=Joe |date=December 26, 2023 |title=How Do You Care for an Artwork that Has No Physical Form? A Conversation on Media and Time-Based Works in the Walker's Collections |url=http://walkerart.org/magazine/how-do-you-care-for-an-artwork-that-has-no-physical-form-a-conversation-on-media-and-time-based-works-in-the-walkers-collections |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=Walker Art Center}} The change allowed for a wider range of colors compared to the original that was "shades of tinted white" at sunrise and sunset; now the lighting program is multicolored. The seats in this installation are heated.

Completed in 2008, Turrell devised an indoor pool in Connecticut for collectors Lisa and Richard Baker, which creates the sensation of swimming in a mirrored light box.

In 2009 the first museum worldwide dedicated to Turrell's work was opened in the province of Salta, Argentina. It is part of the Hess Collection at Colome. The light art pieces represent five decades of the artist's career, like a time tunnel, and are exhibited in a progression of nine rooms within a {{convert|1700|m2|adj=on}} space. The experience concludes with a remarkable example of Turrell's exhibited sky spaces, created within the inner courtyard of the museum, which reaches maximum intensity in the views of the Andean sky at dawn and sunset.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Turrell is also known for his light tunnels and light projections that create shapes that seem to have mass and weight, though they are created with only light. Three such works by Turrell (Danaë, Catso Red, and Pleiades) are permanent installations at the Mattress Factory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.{{cite web |title=Archive |url=https://mattress.org/archive/?artist=James%20Turrell |website=Mattress Factory |access-date=2022-01-17}} Turrell's 1968 projection of a suspended luminous pink pyramid, Raethro Pink, was acquired by the Welsh National Museum of Art.{{cite web|title=Raethro Pink by James Turrell|url=https://www.artfund.org/supporting-museums/art-weve-helped-buy/artwork/10087/raethro-pink|publisher=Art Fund|access-date=January 19, 2018}} His work Acton is a very popular exhibit at the Indianapolis Museum of Art. It consists of a room that appears to have a blank canvas on display, but the "canvas" is actually a rectangular hole in the wall, illuminated to look otherwise. Security guards are known to come up to unsuspecting visitors and say "Touch it! Touch it!"

Turrell's works defy the "accelerated" habits of many people, especially when looking at art. He feels that viewers spend so little time with the art that this makes it hard to appreciate.

{{blockquote|1=I feel my work is made for one being, one individual. You could say that's me, but that's not really true. It's for an idealized viewer. Sometimes I'm kind of cranky coming to see something. I saw the Mona Lisa when it was in L.A., saw it for 13 seconds and had to move on. But, you know, there's this slow-food movement right now. Maybe we could also have a slow-art movement, and take an hour.{{citation | title= In Their Words: James Turrell and Andy Goldsworthy | author=Sarah Douglas | publisher=BLOUINARTINFO | date= October 24, 2005 | url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/1365/in-their-words-james-turrell-and-andy-goldsworthy/ | access-date=April 21, 2008 }}}}

Art critic John McDonald writes that Turrell's works are "dull to describe but magical to experience".{{Cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/james-turrell-a-retrospective--a-sculptor-in-light-20150203-133v21.html|title=James Turrell – a sculptor in light|last=McDonald|first=John|date=February 6, 2015|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=September 6, 2017}}

File:James Turrell At the Guggenheim 2013 NYC Shankbone.jpg

Turrell was given his first solo show at the Pasadena Art Museum in 1967. Solo exhibitions have since included the Stedelijk Museum (1976); Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1980); Israel Museum (1982); Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (1984); MAK, Vienna (1998–1999); Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh (2002–2003).

The Wolfsburg Project at the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Turrell's largest exhibition in Germany to date, opened in October 2009 and continued through October 2010. Amongst the works featured in the Wolfsburg Project was a "Ganzfeld" work, which is a light installation that covers 700 square meters in area and 12 meters in height.Baker, Tamzin."[http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/32954/james-turrell-the-wolfsburg-project/ James Turrell / The Wolfsburg Project]." Modern Painters, November 2009. Also in 2009, the opening of the artwork Third Breath, 2005 at the Centre for International Light Art in Unna, Germany,{{cite web|title = James Turrell: Third Breath, 2005/2009|url = http://www.lichtkunst-unna.de/en/collection/turrell-james-2009.html|website = Center for International Light Art Unna|access-date = January 19, 2016}} was accompanied by the four-month exhibition James Turrell – Geometry of Light.

James Turrell: A Retrospective, a major exhibition spanning the artist's 50-year career, was exhibited from May 26, 2013, to April 6, 2014, at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and travelled to the National Gallery of Australia.{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/art/exhibition/james-turrell-retrospective|title=James Turrell: A Retrospective at LACMA|publisher=LACMA|access-date=October 24, 2018}}

From June to September 2013 the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum presented James Turrell,{{cite web|url=http://web.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/turrell/ |title=James Turrell |publisher=Web.guggenheim.org |date=July 6, 2004 |access-date=April 7, 2017}} the artist's first exhibition in a New York museum since 1980. The exhibition focused on the artist's explorations of perception, light, color and space. A new project, Aten Reign (2013),{{cite web|url=http://blogs.guggenheim.org/checklist/how-the-guggenheim-installed-james-turrells-aten-reign/ |title=How the Guggenheim Installed James Turrell's Aten Reign |publisher=Blogs.guggenheim.org |access-date=April 7, 2017}} recast the Guggenheim rotunda as an enormous volume filled with shifting artificial and natural light.{{cite web|title=James Turrell: June 21 – September 25, 2013|url=http://web.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/turrell/|website=guggenheim.org|publisher=© 2013 The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation (SRGF). All rights reserved.|access-date=May 8, 2015}}

In early 2017, his work was featured in the solo exhibition, Immersive Light, at the West Bund Long Museum Shanghai.{{cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/features/Art-Art_reviews/42417/A-tour-through-James-Turrells-epic-Immersive-Light-exhibition.html |title=A tour through James Turrell's epic Immersive Light exhibition – Art |publisher=Time Out Shanghai |access-date=April 7, 2017}}{{cite web |url=http://thelongmuseum.org/en/page/detailed/038do |title=Long Museum |publisher=Long Museum |date=December 18, 2012 |access-date=April 7, 2017 |archive-date=January 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124163820/http://thelongmuseum.org/en/page/detailed/038do |url-status=dead }} Into the Light, an installation of nine Turrell works, is on view at MASS MoCA from 2017 until at least 2025.{{cite web|url=https://massmoca.org/event/james-turrell/|title=James Turrell: Into The Light|website=MASS MoCA|date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2021}}

James Turrell's work has been exhibited at public art spaces as well as commercial galleries around the world. He is represented by Häusler Contemporary in Zűrich, Kayne Griffin Corcoran, Los Angeles, Pace Gallery, New York, Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, Almine Rech Gallery, Paris, and Gagosian Gallery, New YorkJames Turrell Studio, personal communication, January 28, 2019.

In February 2020, the Pace Gallery in London held a Turrell exhibition to demonstrate the "culmination of Turrell's lifelong pursuit".{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=James Turrell|url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/james-turrell-9/|access-date=|website=pacegallery}}

On April 22, 2009, the James Turrell Museum opened in Colomé, Province of Salta, in Argentina. It was designed by Turrell after Donald M. Hess, owner of the winery and several of Turrell's works, told him he wanted to dedicate a museum to his work. It contains nine light installations, including a skyspace (Unseen Blue, 2002) and some drawings and prints.{{cite web |url=http://www.bodegacolome.com/ |title=Colomé |publisher=Bodegacolome.com |access-date=October 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011084028/http://www.bodegacolome.com/ |archive-date=October 11, 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://hess-family.com/Press_Release_James_Turrell_Museum.pdf |title=Donald Hess opened the first museum for James Turrell in Argentina |access-date=January 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163900/http://hess-family.com/Press_Release_James_Turrell_Museum.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2011 }}

Turrell's work is represented in numerous public collections, including the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams;{{cite web|url=http://massmoca.org/event/james-turrell/|title=James Turrell: Into The Light|website=massmoca.org|date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=January 19, 2018}} the Ringling Museum, Sarasota;{{Cite web |title=Joseph's Coat Skyspace by James Turrell - EverGreene |url=https://evergreene.com/projects/ringling-turrell-skyspace-stainless-steel-cleaning/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=evergreene.com}} the Centre for International Light Art, Unna; the Mattress Factory, Pittsburgh; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; the Henry Art Gallery, Seattle; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; the de Young Museum, San Francisco; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis; the Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, Kansas; the National Gallery of Art, Washington,{{Cite web |title=Artist Info: James Turrell, Biography |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.12197.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=National Gallery of Art}} and the Academy Art Museum, Easton, Maryland.{{Cite web |title=James Turrell Perspectives |url=https://academyartmuseum.org/exhibition/james-turrell-perspectives/ |access-date=July 31, 2019 |website=Academy Art Museum |language=en}} Internationally, his works have been installed at the Tate Modern, London; the Israel Museum, Jerusalem; Magasin III Museum for Contemporary Art, Stockholm, Sweden;{{Cite web |title=Dawning |url=https://www.magasin3.com/en/artwork/dawning-2/ |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Magasin III |language=en-US}} the Museum SAN, Wonju; Panza Foundation, Varese; and the Welsh National Museum of Art, Cardiff.{{cite web|url=https://www.pacegallery.com/artists/473/james-turrell/documents/public_collections|title=James Turrell Public Collections|publisher=Pace Gallery|access-date=October 24, 2018}}

In Japan, Turrell's works are in the collections of several museums, including the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa{{cite web|url=https://www.kanazawa21.jp/data_list.php?g=30&d=4&lng=e|title=James Turrell at 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art|website=kanazawa21.jp|access-date=October 24, 2018}} and at the Chichu Art Museum at Benesse Art-Site in Naoshima, Kagawa. The Chichu Art Museum holds three works by Turrell, which are on permanent exhibition: the projection piece Afrum – Pale Blue (1968); Ganzfield work Open Field (2000); and skyspace Open Sky (2004).{{cite web|url=http://benesse-artsite.jp/en/art/chichu.html|title=James Turrell at Chichu Art Museum|website=bennesse-artsite.jp|access-date=October 24, 2018}} As part of the Chichu Art Museum's Art House Project, architect Tadao Ando designed a building named Minamidera ("Southern Temple") to accommodate a sensory-deprivation work by Turrell, Backside of the Moon, (1999).{{cite web|url=http://thepolitic.org/changing-perceptions-contemporary-art-on-naoshima-island/|title=Changing Perceptions: Contemporary Art on Naoshima Island|author=Willis, Jackson|date=October 15, 2016|website=thepolitic.org|access-date=October 24, 2018}} House of Light, (2000), which is a work commissioned for the first Echigo-Tsumari Art Field Triennial, is a building completely designed by Turrell that mixes traditional Japanese architecture with his signature light installations.{{cite web|url=https://matcha-jp.com/en/1387|title=The House Of Light – A Design Masterpiece by James Turrell in Niigata|author=Mitsumoto, Mickey|date=August 15, 2016|website=matcha-jp.com|access-date=October 24, 2018}} House of Light also has a skyspace, whose view of the sunrise has been described as "the almost imperceptible change into deep blue was incredibly moving".Rawlings, Ashley.[http://pingmag.jp/2006/08/21/staying-in-james-turrells-house-of-light/ "Staying in James Turrel's House of Light."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512232843/http://pingmag.jp/2006/08/21/staying-in-james-turrells-house-of-light/ |date=May 12, 2013 }} PingMag (Tokyo). August 21, 2006

Turrell has received numerous awards in the arts, including a Guggenheim Fellowship{{Cite web

| url = https://www.gf.org/fellows/james-a-turrell/

| title = James A. Turrell - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation

| website = www.gf.org

| access-date = 2024-05-30 }} for Fine Arts, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1984 and the National Medal of Arts in 2013.{{cite web|last1=Hoye|first1=Matthew|title=Obama admits boyhood crush on Linda Ronstadt|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/28/obama-admits-boyhood-crush-on-linda-ronstadt/?hpt=hp_t2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729223404/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2014/07/28/obama-admits-boyhood-crush-on-linda-ronstadt/?hpt=hp_t2|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2014|website=cnn.com/|access-date=July 29, 2014}}

In 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Haverford College.

• Adcock, Craig: (1990) James Turrell: the art of light and space Berkeley: University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06728-2}} {{ISBN|0-520-06728-2}}
• De Rosa, Agostino: (2007) James Turrell: Geometrie di luce. Roden Crater Project Milan: Electa, {{ISBN|978-88-370-5363-5}}
• Didi-Huberman, Georges: L'homme qui marchait dans la couleur (The Man Who Walked in Colour) {{ISBN|978-2-7073-1736-0}}
• Turrell, James: (1999) Eclipse (Documents The Elliptic Ecliptic and Arcus, two temporary installations accompanying the last total eclipse of the 20th century), Ostfildern-Ruit [Germany]: Michael Hue-Williams Fine Art, London in association with Hatje Cantz {{ISBN|3-7757-0898-7}}
• Turrell, James: (2001) mit Beiträgen von Daniel Birnbaum et al., herausgegeben von Peter Noever The Other Horizon, An overview of Turrell's development from 1967 to 2001 Ostfildern-Ruit: Cantz {{ISBN|3-7757-9062-4}}
• {{cite book|year=2011|title=A Companion Guide to the Welsh National Museum of Art|location=Cardiff|publisher=National Museum Wales Books|isbn=978-0-72-000613-1}}
• Govan, Michael and Christine Y. Kim: (2013) James Turrell: A Retrospective Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Prestel, US, {{ISBN|3-7913-5263-6}}

• Passageways DVD first published by Centre Pompidou 2006 then published by C.A. Productions 2017 Paris : a presentation of James Turrell's work and the Roden Crater project{{cite web|url=http://www.passageways.film|title=Passageways|publisher=Centre Pompidou}}
• Art 21: James Turrell, Live Oak Friends Meeting house, PBS Documentary, Biography in text and online clip.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/turrell/clip2.html |title=ART21 | PBS Programs |publisher=PBS |access-date=April 7, 2017}}

• Stuck Red/Stuck Blue (1970)

{{reflist}}

• Nancy Marmer, "James Turrell: The Art of Deception", Art in America, May 1981, pp. 90–99.
• Wolfgang Metzger, "Optische Untersuchungen am Ganzfeld" Psychologische Forschung 13 (1930) : 6–29. (the first psychophysiological study with regard to Ganzfelds)

• [https://www.thecollector.com/james-turrell-skyspace-art/ James Turrell Aims To Reach The Sublime By Conquering Heaven]
• [http://www.conversations.org/story.php?sid=32 works + conversations interview of James Turrell]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406135607/http://home.sprynet.com/~mindweb/page44.htm Article from ARK Finnish Architectural Review]
• [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/egg/215/turrell/interview_content_1.html EGG interview with James Turrell]
• [http://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag02/nov02/turrell/turrell.shtml Into The Light: A Conversation with James Turrell] by Elaine A. King
• [http://www.eyestorm.com/Pages/Browse.aspx/Artist/James_Turrell/109 works + profile of James Turrell]

{{James Turrell}}

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