Jar of Xerxes I

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| caption2 = Detail of the inscription in Egyptian: "The great king Xerxes".

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The Jar of Xerxes I is a jar in calcite or alabaster, an alabastron, with the quadrilingual signature of Achaemenid ruler Xerxes I (ruled 486–465 BC), which was discovered in the ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in Caria, modern Turkey, at the foot of the western staircase.{{cite book |title=Cambridge Ancient History |date=1924 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521228046 |page=282-283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA283 |language=en}} It is now in the British Museum, though not currently on display.Room 15, display case 3 (G15/dc3) {{cite web |title=alabastron British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1857-1220-1 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}

Description

The jar contains the same short inscription in Old Persian, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Elamite:{{cite book |title=A Jar with the Name of King Xerxes - Livius |url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a-jar-with-the-name-of-king-xerxes/}}{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Charles Thomas |title=A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae |date=1863 |publisher=Day & Son |page=667 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLxLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA667 |language=en}}

{{Quotation|

𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠 𐏐 𐏋 𐏐 𐎺𐏀𐎼𐎣

(Xšayāršā : XŠ : vazraka)

"Xerxes : The Great King."

|Old Persian inscription on the Jar of Xerxes, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.}}

The function of this jar is not well known. It may have contained some of the water from the Nile, received as a symbol of submission. A few other examples of broadly similar jars are known throughout the Achaemenid Empire, including jar from Darius I. The jar may have been part of the collection of the Carian Satrap, and testifies to the close contacts between Carian rulers and the Achaemenid Empire.

The vases, of Egyptian origin, were very precious to the Achaemenids, and may therefore have been offered by Xerxes to Carian rulers, and then kept as a precious object. In particular, the precious jar may have been offered by Xerxes to the Carian dynast Artemisia I, who had acted with merit as his only female Admiral during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and particularly at the Battle of Salamis.{{cite book |last1=Mayor |first1=Adrienne |title=The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400865130 |page=315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rboWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |language=en}}

The Jar is located in the British Museum.{{cite book |title=British Museum Xerxes Alabastron |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=282569&partId=1&images=true}} Its height is 28.8 centimetres, its diameter 12.8 centimetres at the rim. It was excavated by Charles Thomas Newton in 1857.

File:Jar of Xerxes I 1862.jpg|The Jar of Xerxes I, at time of discovery.

File:Jar of Xerxes I Egyptian inscription 1862.jpg|Hieroglyphic inscription on the jar: "The great king Xerxes".

File:Jar of Xerxes I inscriptions 1862.jpg|Cuneiform inscriptions on the jar ("The great king Xerxes" in three languages, Old Persian first).

Alabaster vase in the name of Xerxes I, British Museum.jpg|The jar in the British Museum (side)

Similar jars

A few similar alabaster jar exist, from the time of Darius I to Xerxes, and to some later Achaemenid rulers, especially Artaxerxes I.

File:Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions.jpg|Egyptian alabaster vase of Darius I with quadrilingual hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions

File:Caylus_vase_1762.jpg|The Caylus vase, acquired circa 1760, was key in the decipherment of cuneiform.

File:Alabaster jar with inscription in four languages- Cuneiform- Persian, Elamitic, Babylonian; Hieroglyphs- Egyptian.jpeg|Another jar of Xerxes I, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.{{cite book|title=Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543949}}

File:Jar with the name of Xerxes the Great MET hb14 2 8.jpg|The same jar in black and white photography.{{cite book|title=Metropolitan Museum of Art|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543949}}

File:Egypte louvre 036 fragment.jpg|Fragment of a jar of Xerxes I. Louvre Museum

File:Xerxes I Vase Year 2.jpg|Jar of Xerxes I, year 2. Louvre Museum

File:Quadrilingual inscription of Artaxerxes on an Egyptian alabaster vase.jpg|Quadrilingual inscription of Artaxerxes I on an Egyptian alabaster vase.{{cite book|title=Revue archéologique|date=1844|publisher=Leleux|page=444-450|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA444|language=fr}}The vase is now in the Reza-Abbasi Museum in Teheran ([https://antiquitebnf.hypotheses.org/11185 inv. 53]). [https://antiquitebnf.hypotheses.org/11185/fig_9-a image] [https://antiquitebnf.hypotheses.org/11185/fig_9-b inscription]