cuneiform
{{Short description|Writing system of the ancient Near East}}
{{Other uses}}
{{cleanup lang|date=March 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writing system
| altname =
| type = Logographic
| typedesc = and syllabary
| languages = Sumerian, Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian, Urartian, Palaic, Aramaic, Old Persian, Ugaritic
| direction = left-to-right
| region = Sumer
| time = {{circa|2900 BC}} – 100 AD
| fam1 = Proto-cuneiform (Proto-writing)
| children = None; influenced the shape of Ugaritic and {{nowrap|Old Persian glyphs}}
| unicode = {{plainlist|
- [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U12000.pdf U+12000 to U+123FF] Cuneiform
- [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U12400.pdf U+12400 to U+1247F] Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation}}
| iso15924 = Xsux
| sample = Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = A trilingual cuneiform inscription of Xerxes I at Van Fortress in Turkey, an Achaemenid royal inscription written in Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian forms of cuneiform
}}
{{contains special characters|cuneiform}}
Cuneiform{{NoteTag|{{IPAc-en|k|juː|ˈ|n|iː|.|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m}} {{respell|kew|NEE|ih|form}}, {{IPAc-en|k|juː|ˈ|n|eɪ|.|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m}}{{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cuneiform |title=Definition of cuneiform in English |website=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=July 30, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925193132/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cuneiform |archive-date=September 25, 2016}}{{cite AV media |date=June 4, 2014 |title=Cuneiform: Irving Finkel & Jonathan Taylor bring ancient inscriptions to life |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OC_kpFyfT0 |access-date=July 30, 2017 |publisher=The British Museum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017195607/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OC_kpFyfT0 |archive-date=October 17, 2015}} {{respell|kew|NAY|ih|form}}, or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|juː|n|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m}} {{respell|KEW|nih|form}}}} is a logo-syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East.{{cite thesis|last=Jagersma|first=Abraham Hendrik|date=2010|title=A descriptive grammar of Sumerian|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16107/Binnenwerk-jagersma.pdf?sequence=2|location=Leiden|publisher=Faculty of the Humanities, Leiden University|page=15|quote=In its fully developed form, the Sumerian script is based on a mixture of logographic and phonographic writing. There are basically two types of signs: word signs, or logograms, and sound signs, or phonograms.}} The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era.{{cite web|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10|title=Hittite Online|author=Sara E. Kimball|author2=Jonathan Slocum|website=The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center|series=Early Indo-European OnLine|at=2 The Cuneiform Syllabary |quote=Hittite is written in a form of the cuneiform syllabary, a writing system in use in Sumerian city-states in Mesopotamia by roughly 3100 B.C.E. and used to write a number of languages in the ancient Near East until the first century B.C.E. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107170048/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10 |archive-date= Nov 7, 2023 }} Cuneiform scripts are marked by and named for the characteristic wedge-shaped impressions (Latin: {{wikt-lang|la|cuneus}}) which form their signs. Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=David R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TyOC9nqEokC&pg=PA59 |title=The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy |last2=Torrance |first2=Nancy |date=16 February 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86220-2 |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=The origins of writing |url=https://www.bl.uk/history-of-writing/articles/where-did-writing-begin |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311085214/https://www.bl.uk/history-of-writing/articles/where-did-writing-begin |url-status=dead }} and was originally developed to write the Sumerian language of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq).
Over the course of its history, cuneiform was adapted to write a number of languages in addition to Sumerian. Akkadian texts are attested from the 24th century BC onward and make up the bulk of the cuneiform record.{{cite web|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10|title=Hittite Online|author=Sara E. Kimball|author2=Jonathan Slocum|website=The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center|series=Early Indo-European OnLine|at=2 The Cuneiform Syllabary |quote=...by approximately 2350 B.C.E. documents were written in cuneiform in Akkadian. Sumerian, a long extinct language, is related to no known language, ancient or modern, and its structure differed from that of Akkadian, which made it necessary to modify the writing system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107170048/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10 |archive-date= Nov 7, 2023 }}{{cite book|last=Huehnergard|first=John|author-link=John Huehnergard|date=2004|chapter=Akkadian and Eblaite|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/6933497|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=218|isbn=978-0-521-56256-0|quote=Connected Akkadian texts appear c. 2350 and continue more or less uninterrupted for the next two and a half millennia...}} Akkadian cuneiform was itself adapted to write the Hittite language in the early second millennium BC.{{cite web|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10|title=Hittite Online|author=Sara E. Kimball|author2=Jonathan Slocum|website=The University of Texas at Austin Linguistics Research Center|series=Early Indo-European OnLine|at=2 The Cuneiform Syllabary |quote=These modifications are important, because the Hittites borrowed them when they borrowed the writing system, probably from a north Syrian source, in the early second millennium B.C.E. In borrowing this system, the Hittites retained conventions established for writing Sumerian and Akkadian... |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107170048/https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/hitol/10 |archive-date= Nov 7, 2023 }}{{cite book|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|date=2015|chapter=How the Anitta text reached Hattusa|title=Saeculum: Gedenkschrift für Heinrich Otten anlässlich seines 100. Geburtstags|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/41457402|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-10365-7|quote=The existence of the Anitta text demonstrates that there was not a sudden and total interruption in writing but a phase of adaptation to a new writing.}} The other languages with significant cuneiform corpora are Eblaite, Elamite, Hurrian, Luwian, and Urartian. The Old Persian and Ugaritic alphabets feature cuneiform-style signs; however, they are unrelated to the cuneiform logo-syllabary proper. The latest known cuneiform tablet dates to 75 AD.{{cite journal|last1=Westenholz|first1=Aage|date=December 18, 2007|title=The Graeco-Babyloniaca Once Again|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/zava/97/2/article-p262.xml|journal=Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie|volume=97|issue=2|page=294|doi=10.1515/ZA.2007.014|s2cid=161908528|quote=The latest datable cuneiform tablet that we have today concerns astronomical events of 75 AD and comes from Babylon. It provides a terminus post quem, at least for Babylon.}}
Cuneiform was rediscovered in modern times in the early 17th century with the publication of the trilingual Achaemenid royal inscriptions at Persepolis; these were first deciphered in the early 19th century. The modern study of cuneiform belongs to the ambiguously named{{cite book | last=Hommel | first=Fritz|authorlink=Fritz Hommel | title=The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as Illustrated by the Monuments | publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MgNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 | pages=29|quote= It is necessary here to remark, that the application of the term "Assyriology," as it is now generally used, to the study of the cuneiform inscriptions, is not quite correct; indeed it is actually misleading.}}
{{cite book | last=Meade | first= Carroll Wade | title=Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology | publisher=Brill | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03858-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 | pages=1–2|quote= The term Assyriology is derived from these people, but it is very misleading.}}
{{cite book | last=Daneshmand | first=Parsa | title=Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies | chapter=Chapter 14 Assyriology in Iran? | publisher=Penn State University Press | date=2020-07-31 | doi=10.1515/9781646020898-015|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781646020898-015/pdf|page=266| isbn=9781646020898 | s2cid=236813488 |quote= The term "Assyriology" is itself problematic because it covers a broad range of topics.}}
{{cite book | last=Charpin | first=Dominique | title=Comment peut-on être assyriologue ? | chapter=Comment peut-on être assyriologue ? : Leçon inaugurale prononcée le jeudi 2 octobre 2014 | website=OpenEdition Books | series=Leçons inaugurales | date=2018-11-06 | publisher=Collège de France | isbn=9782722604230 | url= https://books.openedition.org/cdf/4176 | quote= Dès lors, le terme assyriologue est devenu ambigu : dans son acception large, il désigne toute personne qui étudie des textes notés dans l'écriture cunéiforme.}} field of Assyriology, as the earliest excavations of cuneiform libraries – in the mid-19th century – were in the area of ancient Assyria.{{cite book | last=Kramer | first=Samuel Noah |authorlink=
Samuel Noah Kramer|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character | year=1963 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41X652K0LBgC | quote= His numerous treatises, text editions, and polemics helped to consolidate the new science, now generally becoming known as Assyriology— based on the fact that the earliest excavations were conducted in northern Iraq, the home of the Assyrian people...}} An estimated half a million tablets are held in museums across the world, but comparatively few of these are published. The largest collections belong to the British Museum ({{abbr|approx.|approximately}} 130,000 tablets), the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, the Louvre, the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, the National Museum of Iraq, the Yale Babylonian Collection ({{abbr|approx.|approximately}} 40,000 tablets), and the Penn Museum.{{cite book|first=Michael P.|last=Streck|chapter=Großes Fach Altorientalistik. Der Umfang des keilschriftlichen Textkorpus|title=Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft 142|date=2010|pages=57–58|url=https://www.orient-gesellschaft.de/repositorium/MDOG/MDOG_142.pdf}}
History
{{see also|History of writing}}
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=450|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Accounting tokens
| image3=Pre-cuneiform tags, Sumer.jpg
| caption3=Pre-cuneiform tags, with drawing of goat or sheep and number (probably "10"), Al-Hasakah, 3300–3100 BC, Uruk culture{{cite web |title=Image gallery: tablet / cast |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?assetId=232611001&objectId=327223&partId=1 |website=British Museum}}{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. B. F. |title=Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06115-6 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPHj37r09EMC&pg=PA9 |language=en}}
| image1 = Accountancy clay envelope Louvre Sb1932.jpg
| caption1 = Clay bulla and tokens, 4000–3100 BC, Susa
| image2 = Numerical tablet Khafaje OIM A21310.jpg
| caption2 = Numerical tablet, 3500–3350 BC (Uruk V phase), Khafajah
| footer=
}}
File:Cuneiform evolution from archaic script.jpg
Writing began after pottery was invented, during the Neolithic, when clay tokens were used to record specific amounts of livestock or commodities. In recent years a contrarian view has arisen on the tokens being the precursor of writing.[https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2979651/view] Bennison-Chapman, Lucy E. "Reconsidering 'Tokens': The Neolithic Origins of Accounting or Multifunctional, Utilitarian Tools?." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29.2 (2019): 233–259. These tokens were initially impressed on the surface of round clay envelopes (clay bullae) and then stored in them. The tokens were then progressively replaced by flat tablets, on which signs were recorded with a stylus. Writing is first recorded in Uruk, at the end of the 4th millennium BC, and soon after in various parts of the Near-East."Beginning in the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, clay tokens are widely attested as a system of counting and identifying specific amounts of specified livestock or commodities. The tokens, enclosed in clay envelopes after being impressed on their rounded surface, were gradually replaced by impressions on flat or plano-convex tablets, and these in turn by more or less conventionalized pictures of the tokens incised on the clay with a reed stylus. The transition to writing was complete {{cite book|title=The Ancient Near East|author1=W. Hallo|author2=W. Simpson|publisher=New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich|year=1971|page=25}}
An ancient Mesopotamian poem gives the first known story of the invention of writing:
{{Blockquote|Because the messenger's mouth was heavy and he couldn't repeat [the message], the Lord of Kulaba patted some clay and put words on it, like a tablet. Until then, there had been no putting words on clay.|Sumerian epic poem Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta. {{Circa|1800 BC}}.{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Peter T. |title=The World's Writing Systems |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Boudreau |first1=Vincent |title=The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-83861-0 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA71 |language=en}}}}
The cuneiform writing system was in use for more than three millennia, through several stages of development, from the 31st century BC down to the second century AD.Adkins 2003, p. 47. The latest firmly dateable tablet, from Uruk, dates to 79/80 AD.Hunger, Hermann, and Teije de Jong, "Almanac W22340a from Uruk: The latest datable cuneiform tablet.", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 104.2, pp. 182–194, 2014 Ultimately, it was completely replaced by alphabetic writing, in the general sense, in the course of the Roman era, and there are no cuneiform systems in current use. It had to be deciphered as a completely unknown writing system in 19th-century Assyriology. It was successfully deciphered by 1857.
|
| The cuneiform script changed considerably over more than 2,000 years. The image below shows the development of the sign SAĜ "head" (Borger nr. 184, U+12295 {{Cuneiform|𒊕}}). {{clear}} Stages:
|
=Sumerian pictographs (c. 3300 BC)<span class="anchor" id="Pictograms"></span>=
{{see also|Proto-cuneiform}}
File:P1150884 Louvre Uruk III tablette écriture précunéiforme AO19936 rwk.jpg. This is thought to be a list of slaves' names, the hand in the upper left corner representing the owner.{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Lawrence S. |last2=Reich |first2=John J. |last3=Fichner-Rathus |first3=Lois |title=Culture and Values: A Survey of the Western Humanities, Volume 1 |date=2014 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-45818-2 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-AbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |language=en}}]]
The cuneiform script was developed from pictographic proto-writing in the late 4th millennium BC, stemming from the near eastern token system used for accounting. The meaning and usage of these tokens is still a matter of debate.Overmann, Karenleigh A. The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, New Jersey, US: Gorgias Press, 2019 These tokens were in use from the 9th millennium BC and remained in occasional use even late in the 2nd millenniumBC.Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing." Syro Mesopotamian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–32, 1977 Early tokens with pictographic shapes of animals, associated with numbers, were discovered in Tell Brak, and date to the mid-4th millennium BC.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15 7]-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} It has been suggested that the token shapes were the original basis for some of the Sumerian pictographs.Denise Schmandt-Besserat, An Archaic Recording System in the Uruk-Jemdet Nasr Period, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 19–48, (Jan. 1979)
Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans roughly the 35th to 32nd centuries BC. The first unequivocal written documents start with the Uruk IV period, from circa 3,300 BC, followed by tablets found in Uruk III, Jemdet Nasr, Early Dynastic I Ur and Susa (in Proto-Elamite) dating to the period until circa 2,900 BC.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n23 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}}
Originally, pictographs were either drawn on clay tablets in vertical columns with a sharpened reed stylus or incised in stone. This early style lacked the characteristic wedge shape of the strokes.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15 7] |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} Most Proto-Cuneiform records from this period were of an accounting nature.[https://cdli.ucla.edu/staff/englund/publications/englund2004a.pdf] Robert K. Englund, "Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals", in Michael
Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch, eds., Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping,
Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East (CDL
Press: Bethesda, Maryland, USA) pp. 23–46, 2004 The proto-cuneiform sign list has grown, as new texts are discovered, and shrunk, as variant signs are combined. The current sign list is 705 elements long with 42 being numeric and four considered pre-proto-Elamite.Green, M. and H. J. Nissen (1987). Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk. ATU 2. BerlinEnglund, R. K. (1998). "Texts from the Late Uruk Period". In: Mesopotamien: Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdy-
nastische Zeit (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 160/1). Ed. by P. Attinger and M. Wäfler. Fribourg, Switzerland / Göttingen, 15–217[https://cdli.ucla.edu/file/publications/cdlb2021_006.pdf] Born, L., & Kelley, K. (2021). A Quantitative Analysis of Proto-Cuneiform Sign Use in Archaic Tribute. Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin, 006
Certain signs to indicate names of gods, countries, cities, vessels, birds, trees, etc., are known as determinatives and were the Sumerian signs of the terms in question, added as a guide for the reader. Proper names continued to be usually written in purely "logographic" fashion.
{{clear}}
=Archaic cuneiform (c. 2900 BC)=
{{Further|Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen}}
File:Cuneiform pictographic signs (vertical).jpg
The first inscribed tablets were purely pictographic, which makes it technically difficult to know in which language they were written. Different languages have been proposed, though usually Sumerian is assumed.Monaco, Salvatore F. "PROTO-CUNEIFORM AND SUMERIANS." Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, vol. 87, no. 1/4, 2014, pp. 277–82 Later tablets dating after {{circa|2900 BC}} start to use syllabic elements, which clearly show a language structure typical of the agglutinative Sumerian language.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n12 12] |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} The first tablets using syllabic elements date to the Early Dynastic I–II periods {{circa|2800 BC}}, and they are agreed to be clearly in Sumerian.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |pages=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n11 11]-12 |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}}
This is the time when some pictographic element started to be used for their phonetic value, permitting the recording of abstract ideas or personal names. Many pictographs began to lose their original function, and a given sign could have various meanings depending on context. The sign inventory was reduced from some 1,500 signs to some 600 signs, and writing became increasingly phonological. Determinative signs were re-introduced to avoid ambiguity. Cuneiform writing proper thus arises from the more primitive system of pictographs at about that time, labeled the Early Bronze Age II epoch by historians.
The earliest known Sumerian king, whose name appears on contemporary cuneiform tablets, is Enmebaragesi of Kish (fl. {{circa|2600 BC}}).{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n13 13]|url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} Surviving records became less fragmentary for following reigns and by the arrival of Sargon, it had become standard practice for each major city-state to date documents by year-names, commemorating the exploits of its king.
{{clear}}
File:Precuneiform tablet-AO 29561-IMG 9151-gradient.jpg|A proto-cuneiform tablet, end of the 4th millennium BC.
File:Archaic cuneiform tablet E.A. Hoffman.jpg|A proto-cuneiform tablet, Jemdet Nasr period, {{circa|3100–2900 BC}}.
File:Cuneiform tablet- administrative account of barley distribution with cylinder seal impression of a male figure, hunting dogs, and boars MET DT847.jpg|A proto-cuneiform tablet, Jemdet Nasr period, c. 3100–2900 BC. A dog on a leash is visible in the background of the lower panel.{{cite web|title=Proto-cuneiform tablet|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329081|website=www.metmuseum.org}}
File:Blau Monument British Museum 86260.jpg|The Blau Monuments combine proto-cuneiform characters and illustrations, 3100–2700 BC. British Museum.
File:Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh.jpg|The newly discovered Tablet V of the Epic of Gilgamesh. It dates back to the old Babylonian period, 2003–1595 BC, and is currently housed in the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
==Cuneiforms and hieroglyphs==
Geoffrey Sampson stated that Egyptian hieroglyphs "came into existence a little after Sumerian script, and, probably, [were] invented under the influence of the latter",{{cite book|author=Geoffrey Sampson|title=Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVcdNRvwoDkC&pg=PA78|access-date=October 31, 2011|date=January 1, 1990|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1756-4|page=78}} and that it is "probable that the general idea of expressing words of a language in writing was brought to Egypt from Sumerian Mesopotamia".{{cite book|author=Geoffrey W. Bromiley|title=The international standard Bible encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA1150|access-date=October 31, 2011|date=June 1995|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3784-4|page=1150}}Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards, et al., The Cambridge Ancient History (3rd ed. 1970) pp. 43–44. There are many instances of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations at the time of the invention of writing, and standard reconstructions of the development of writing generally place the development of the Sumerian proto-cuneiform script before the development of Egyptian hieroglyphs, with the suggestion the former influenced the latter.{{cite book |last1=Barraclough |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Stone |first2=Norman |title=The Times Atlas of World History |date=1989 |publisher=Hammond Incorporated |isbn=978-0-7230-0304-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780723003045/page/53 53] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780723003045 |url-access=registration}} But given the lack of direct evidence for the transfer of writing, "no definitive determination has been made as to the origin of hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt".{{cite book|author1=Robert E. Krebs|author2=Carolyn A. Krebs|title=Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0H0fjBeseVEC&pg=PA91|access-date=31 October 2011|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31342-4|page=91}}
=Early Dynastic cuneiform (c. 2500 BC)=
{{Further|List of cuneiform signs|Sumerian language}}
Early cuneiform inscriptions were made by using a pointed stylus, sometimes called "linear cuneiform".{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Peter T. |last2=Bright |first2=William |title=The World's Writing Systems |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |language=en}} Many of the early dynastic inscriptions, particularly those made on stone, continued to use the linear style as late as circa 2000 BC.
In the mid-3rd millennium BC, a new wedge-tipped stylus was introduced which was pushed into the clay, producing wedge-shaped cuneiform. This development made writing quicker and easier, especially when writing on soft clay. By adjusting the relative position of the stylus to the tablet, the writer could use a single tool to make a variety of impressions. For numbers, a round-tipped stylus was initially used, until the wedge-tipped stylus was generalized. The direction of writing was from top-to-bottom and right-to-left. Cuneiform clay tablets could be fired in kilns to bake them hard, and so provide a permanent record, or they could be left moist and recycled if permanence was not needed. Most surviving cuneiform tablets were of the latter kind, accidentally preserved when fires destroyed the tablets' storage place and effectively baked them, unintentionally ensuring their longevity.
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=170|caption_align=center
| align = left
| direction =vertical
| header=From linear to angular
| image1 = Calame-1.jpg
| caption1 = Wedge-tipped stylus for cuneiform writing on clay tablets
| image2 = Lugaldalu name archaic and early cuneiform.jpg
| caption2 = The regnal name "Lugal-dalu" in archaic linear script circa 2500 BC, and the same name stylized with standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform ({{cuneiform|𒈗𒁕𒇻}}).
}}
The script was widely used on commemorative stelae and carved reliefs to record the achievements of the ruler in whose honor the monument had been erected. The spoken language included many homophones and near-homophones, and in the beginning, similar-sounding words such as "life" [til] and "arrow" [ti] were written with the same symbol (𒋾). As a result, many signs gradually changed from being logograms to also functioning as syllabograms, so that for example, the sign for the word "arrow" would become the sign for the sound "ti".{{cite book |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |first=Daniel A. |last=Foxvog |title=Introduction to Sumerian grammar |pages=12 |postscript=none |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191548/http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2017 }}
Syllabograms were used in Sumerian writing especially to express grammatical elements, and their use was further developed and modified in the writing of the Akkadian language to express its sounds.{{cite book |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |first=Daniel A. |last=Foxvog |title=Introduction to Sumerian grammar |pages=12 |postscript=none |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191548/http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2017 }} Often, words that had a similar meaning but very different sounds were written with the same symbol. For instance the Sumerian words 'tooth' [zu], 'mouth' [ka] and 'voice' [gu] were all written with the original pictogram for mouth (𒅗).
File:Sales contract Shuruppak Louvre AO3766.jpg, circa 2600 BC.]]
Words that sounded alike would have different signs; for instance, the syllable [ɡu] had fourteen different symbols.
The inventory of signs was expanded by the combination of existing signs into compound signs. They could either derive their meaning from a combination of the meanings of both original signs (e.g. 𒅗 ka 'mouth' and 𒀀 a 'water' were combined to form the sign for 𒅘 nag̃ 'drink', formally KA×A; cf. [[Chinese character classification#Phono-semantic compounds|
Chinese compound ideographs]]), or one sign could suggest the meaning and the other the pronunciation (e.g. 𒅗 ka 'mouth' was combined with the sign 𒉣 nun 'prince' to express the word 𒅻 nundum, meaning 'lip', formally KA×NUN; cf. [[Chinese character classification#Phono-semantic compounds|
Another way of expressing words that had no sign of their own was by so-called 'Diri compounds' – sign sequences that have, in combination, a reading different from the sum of the individual constituent signs (for example, the compound IGI.A (𒅆𒀀) – "eye" + "water" – has the reading imhur, meaning "foam").{{cite book |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |first=Daniel A. |last=Foxvog |title=Introduction to Sumerian grammar |pages=13 |postscript=none |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191548/http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlp/cdlp0002_20160104.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2017 }} (about phonemes g̃ and ř and their representation using cuneiform signs).
Several symbols had too many meanings to permit clarity. Therefore, symbols were put together to indicate both the sound and the meaning of a symbol. For instance, the word 'raven' (UGA) had the same logogram (𒉀) as the word 'soap' (NAGA), the name of a city (EREŠ), and the patron goddess of Eresh (NISABA). To disambiguate and identify the word more precisely, two phonetic complements were added – Ú (𒌑) for the syllable [u] in front of the symbol and GA (𒂵) for the syllable [ga] behind. Finally, the symbol for 'bird', MUŠEN (𒄷) was added to ensure proper interpretation. As a result, the whole word could be spelt 𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷, i.e. Ú.NAGA.GAmušen (among the many variant spellings that the word could have).
For unknown reasons, cuneiform pictographs, until then written vertically, were rotated 90° counterclockwise, in effect putting them on their side. This change first occurred slightly before the Akkadian period, at the time of the Uruk ruler Lugalzagesi (r. c. 2294–2270 BC).{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading the Past: Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n28 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} The vertical style remained for monumental purposes on stone stelas until the middle of the 2nd millennium.
Written Sumerian was used as a scribal language until the first century AD. The spoken language died out between about 2100 and 1700 BC.
{{anchor|Akkadian cuneiform}}
=Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform{{anchor|Summero-Akkadian cuneiform|comment=Was at this spelling formerly}}=
{{Further|Akkadian language}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary
(circa 2200 BC)
| image1 = Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary.jpg
| image2 = Inscription of Naram-Sin.jpg
| footer=Left: Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform syllabary, used by early Akkadian rulers.{{cite book |last1=Krejci |first1=Jaroslav |title=Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East |date=1990 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0168-2 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M88CVW8RkCcC&pg=PA34 |language=en}} Right: Seal of Akkadian Empire ruler Naram-Sin (reversed for readability), c. 2250 BC. The name of Naram-Sin ({{langx|akk|𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪}}: DNa-ra-am DSîn, Sîn being written 𒂗𒍪 EN.ZU), appears vertically in the right column.{{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1900 |publisher=Mission archéologique en Iran |page=[https://archive.org/details/mmoires02franuoft/page/53 53] |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires02franuoft}} British Museum. These are some of the more important signs: the complete Sumero-Akkadian list of characters actually numbers about 600, with many more "values", or pronunciation possibilities.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past: Cuneiform |pages=16–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15/mode/2up |language=en}}
}}
The archaic cuneiform script was adopted by the Akkadian Empire from the 23rd century BC (short chronology). The Akkadian language being East Semitic, its structure was completely different from Sumerian.{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=C. |title=Reading The Past Cuneiform |date=1987 |publisher=British Museum |page=[https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15 16]|url=https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform |language=en}} The Akkadians found a practical solution in writing their language phonetically, using the corresponding Sumerian phonetic signs. Still, many of the Sumerian characters were retained for their logographic value as well: for example the character for "sheep" was retained, but was now pronounced immerum, rather than the Sumerian udu. Such retained individual signs or, sometimes, entire sign combinations with logographic value are known as Sumerograms, a type of heterogram.
The East Semitic languages employed equivalents for many signs that were distorted or abbreviated to represent new values because the syllabic nature of the script as refined by the Sumerians was not intuitive to Semitic speakers. From the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (20th century BC), the script evolved to accommodate the various dialects of Akkadian: Old Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian. At this stage, the former pictograms were reduced to a high level of abstraction, and were composed of only five basic wedge shapes: horizontal, vertical, two diagonals and the Winkelhaken impressed vertically by the tip of the stylus. The signs exemplary of these basic wedges are:
- AŠ (B001, U+12038) {{Cuneiform|𒀸}}: horizontal;
- DIŠ (B748, U+12079) {{Cuneiform|𒁹}}: vertical;
- GE23, DIŠ tenû (B575, U+12039) {{Cuneiform|𒀹}}: downward diagonal;
- GE22 (B647, U+1203A) {{Cuneiform|𒀺}}: upward diagonal;
- U (B661, U+1230B) {{Cuneiform|𒌋}}: the Winkelhaken.
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=2nd millennium BC cuneiforms
| image1 = Votive monument to Hammurabi BM 22454 n01.jpg
| caption1 = The Babylonian king Hammurabi still used vertical cuneiform circa 1750 BC.
| image2 = Babylonian tablet (time of Hammurabi, circa 1800 BCE).jpg
| caption2 = Babylonian tablets of the time of Hammurabi (circa 1750 BC).
| footer= Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, either in inscriptions or on clay tablets, continued to be in use throughout the 2nd millennium BC.
| footer_align = center
}}
Except for the Winkelhaken, which has no tail, the length of the wedges' tails could vary as required for sign composition.
Signs tilted by about 45 degrees are called tenû in Akkadian, thus DIŠ is a vertical wedge and DIŠ tenû a diagonal one. If a sign is modified with additional wedges, this is called gunû or "gunification"; if signs are cross-hatched with additional Winkelhaken, they are called šešig; if signs are modified by the removal of a wedge or wedges, they are called nutillu.
"Typical" signs have about five to ten wedges, while complex ligatures can consist of twenty or more (although it is not always clear if a ligature should be considered a single sign or two collated, but distinct signs); the ligature KAxGUR7 consists of 31 strokes.
Most later adaptations of Sumerian cuneiform preserved at least some aspects of the Sumerian script. Written Akkadian included phonetic symbols from the Sumerian syllabary, together with logograms that were read as whole words. Many signs in the script were polyvalent, having both a syllabic and logographic meaning. The complexity of the system bears a resemblance to Old Japanese, written in a Chinese-derived script, where some of these Sinograms were used as logograms and others as phonetic characters.
This "mixed" method of writing continued through the end of the Babylonian and Assyrian empires, although there were periods when "purism" was in fashion and there was a more marked tendency to spell out the words laboriously, in preference to using signs with a phonetic complement.{{clarify|date=March 2024}} Yet even in those days, the Babylonian syllabary remained a mixture of logographic and phonemic writing.
=Elamite cuneiform=
{{main|Elamite cuneiform}}
Elamite cuneiform was a simplified form of the Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, used to write the Elamite language in the area that corresponds to modern Iran from the 3rd millennium BC to the 4th century BC. Elamite cuneiform at times competed with other local scripts, Proto-Elamite and Linear Elamite. The earliest known Elamite cuneiform text is a treaty between Akkadians and the Elamites that dates back to 2200 BC.{{cite book |last1=Khačikjan |first1=Margaret |title=The Elamite language (1998) |page=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheElamiteLanguage1998/page/n9/mode/2up?q=naramsin}} Some believe it might have been in use since 2500 BC.Peter Daniels and William Bright (1996) The tablets are poorly preserved, so only limited parts can be read, but it is understood that the text is a treaty between the Akkad king Nāramsîn and Elamite ruler Hita, as indicated by frequent references like "Nāramsîn's friend is my friend, Nāramsîn's enemy is my enemy".
The most famous Elamite scriptures and the ones that ultimately led to its decipherment are the ones found in the trilingual Behistun inscriptions, commissioned by the Achaemenid kings.Reiner, Erica (2005) The inscriptions, similar to that of the Rosetta Stone's, were written in three different writing systems. The first was Old Persian, which was deciphered in 1802 by Georg Friedrich Grotefend. The second, Babylonian cuneiform, was deciphered shortly after the Old Persian text. Because Elamite is unlike its neighboring Semitic languages, the script's decipherment was delayed until the 1840s.{{cite book |last1=Khačikjan |first1=Margaret |title=The Elamite language (1998) |pages=2–3 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheElamiteLanguage1998/page/n9/mode/2up?q=naramsin}}
Elamite cuneiform appears to have used far fewer signs than its Akkadian prototype and initially relied primarily on syllabograms, but logograms became more common in later texts. Many signs soon acquired highly distinctive local shape variants that are often difficult to recognise as related to their Akkadian prototypes.{{Cite journal |last1=Козлова |first1=Н.В. |last2=Касьян |first2=А.С. |last3=Коряков |first3=Ю.Б. |date=2010 |title=Клинопись |journal=Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии |pages=197–222}}
=Hittite cuneiform=
Hittite cuneiform is an adaptation of the Old Assyrian cuneiform of c. 1800 BC to the Hittite language and was used from the 17th until approximately the 13th century BC. More or less the same system was used by the scribes of the Hittite Empire for two other Anatolian languages, namely Luwian (alongside the native Anatolian hieroglyphics) and Palaic, as well as for the isolate Hattic language. When the cuneiform script was adapted to writing Hittite, a layer of Akkadian logographic spellings, also known as Akkadograms, was added to the script, in addition to the Sumerian logograms, or Sumerograms, which were already inherent in the Akkadian writing system and which Hittite also kept. Thus the pronunciations of many Hittite words which were conventionally written by logograms are now unknown.
= Hurrian and Urartian cuneiform =
The Hurrian language (attested 2300–1000 BC) and Urartian language (attested 9th–6th century BC) were also written in adapted versions of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. Although the two languages are related, their writing systems seem to have been developed separately. For Hurrian, there were even different systems in different polities (in Mitanni, in Mari, in the Hittite Empire). The Hurrian orthographies were generally characterised by more extensive use of syllabograms and more limited use of logograms than Akkadian. Urartian, in comparison, retained a more significant role for logograms.
=Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian cuneiform=
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Neo-Assyrian cuneiform syllabary
(circa 650 BC)
| image1 = Akkadian syllabary.svg
| image2 = Mesopotamian palace paving slab REM.JPG
| footer= Left: Simplified cuneiform syllabary, in use during the Neo-Assyrian period.{{cite book |last1=Krejci |first1=Jaroslav |title=Before the European Challenge: The Great Civilizations of Asia and the Middle East |date=1990 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-0168-2 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M88CVW8RkCcC&pg=PA34 |language=en}} The "C" before and after vowels stands for "Consonant". Right: Mesopotamian palace paving slab, c. 600 BC
}}
In the Iron Age (c. 10th to 6th centuries BC), Assyrian cuneiform was further simplified. The characters remained the same as those of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiforms, but the graphic design of each character relied more heavily on wedges and square angles, making them significantly more abstract:
File:Assurbanipal King of Assyria (Sumero-Akkadian and Neo-Babylonian scripts).jpg|
Aššur-bani-habal šar mat Aššur KI
Same characters, in the classical Sumero-Akkadian script of circa 2000 BC (top), and in the Neo-Assyrian script of the Rassam cylinder, 643 BC (bottom).For the original inscription: {{cite book |last1=Rawlinson |first1=H.C. |title=Cuneiform inscriptions of Western Asia |page=3, column 2, line 98 |url=http://www.etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/20376.pdf}} For the transliteration in Sumerian an-szar2-du3-a man kur_ an-szar2{ki}: {{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P421807 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}} For the translation: {{cite book |last1=Luckenbill |first1=David |title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume II |page=297 |url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria2.pdf}} For the Assyrian pronunciation: {{cite journal |last1=Quentin |first1=A. |title=Inscription Inédite du Roi Assurbanipal: Copiée Au Musée Britannique le 24 Avril 1886 |journal=Revue Biblique (1892-1940) |date=1895 |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=554 |jstor=44100170 |issn=1240-3032}}
File:Rassam cylinder with translation of the First Assyrian Conquest of Egypt, 643 BCE.jpg|The Rassam cylinder with translation of a segment about the Assyrian conquest of Egypt by Ashurbanipal against "Black Pharaoh" Taharqa, 643 BC
Babylonian cuneiform was simplified along similar lines during that period, albeit to a lesser extent and in a slightly different way. From the 6th century, the Akkadian language was marginalized by Aramaic, written in the Aramaic alphabet, but Akkadian cuneiform remained in use in the literary tradition well into the times of the Parthian Empire (250 BC–226 AD).{{cite web |last1=Frye |first1=Richard N. |title=History of Mesopotamia – Mesopotamia from c. 320 bce to c. 620 ce |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mesopotamia-historical-region-Asia/Mesopotamia-from-c-320-bce-to-c-620-ce |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=December 11, 2020 |language=en |quote=The use of cuneiform in government documents ceased sometime during the Achaemenian period, but it continued in religious texts until the 1st century of the Common era.}} The last known cuneiform inscription, an astronomical text, was written in 75 AD.{{cite journal |first=Marckham |last=Geller |s2cid=161968187 |title=The Last Wedge |journal=Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie |volume=87 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=43–95 |doi=10.1515/zava.1997.87.1.43 }} The ability to read cuneiform may have persisted until the third century AD.{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Michałowski |first=Piotr |editor-last1=Dorleijn |editor-first1=Gillis J. |editor-last2=Vanstiphout |editor-first2=Herman L. J. |title=The Libraries of Babel: Text, Authority, and Tradition in Ancient Mesopotamia |encyclopedia=Cultural Repertoires: Structure, Function, and Dynamics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpda9JwwAPYC&pg=PA108 |access-date=August 20, 2019 |year=2003 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |location=Leuven, Paris, Dudley |isbn=978-90-429-1299-1 |page=108}}{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Anderson |first1=Terence J. |last2=Twining |first2=William |editor-last1=Chapman |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Wylie |editor-first2=Alison |title=Law and archaeology: Modified Wigmorean Analysis |encyclopedia=Material Evidence: Learning from Archaeological Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zky2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT290 |access-date=August 20, 2019 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK; New York, NY |isbn=978-1-317-57622-8 |pages=290 }}
=Derived scripts=
==Old Persian cuneiform (5th century BC)==
{{main|Old Persian cuneiform}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Old Persian cuneiform syllabary
(circa 500 BC)
| image1 = Old Persian cuneiform.jpg
| image2 = Tomb of Darius I DNa inscription part II.jpg
| footer=Old Persian cuneiform syllabary (left), and the DNa inscription (part II) of Darius the Great (circa 490 BC), in the newly created Old Persian cuneiform.
}}
The complexity of cuneiforms prompted the development of a number of simplified versions of the script. Old Persian cuneiform was developed with an independent and unrelated set of simple cuneiform characters, by Darius the Great in the 5th century BC. Most scholars consider this writing system to be an independent invention because it has no obvious connections with other writing systems at the time, such as Elamite, Akkadian, Hurrian, and Hittite cuneiforms.Windfuhr, G. L.: "Notes on the old Persian signs", page 1. Indo-Iranian Journal, 1970.
It formed a semi-alphabetic syllabary, using far fewer wedge strokes than Assyrian used, together with a handful of logograms for frequently occurring words like "god" ({{Script|Xpeo|𐏎}}), "king" ({{Script|Xpeo|𐏋}}) or "country" ({{Script|Xpeo|𐏌}}). This almost purely alphabetical form of the cuneiform script (36 phonetic characters and 8 logograms), was specially designed and used by the early Achaemenid rulers from the 6th century BC down to the 4th century BC.{{citation|last=Schmitt|first=R.|chapter=Old Persian|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|editor=Roger D. Woodard|edition=illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-68494-1|pages=77}}
Because of its simplicity and logical structure, the Old Persian cuneiform script was the first to be deciphered by modern scholars, starting with the accomplishments of Georg Friedrich Grotefend in 1802. Various ancient bilingual or trilingual inscriptions then permitted to decipher the other, much more complicated and more ancient scripts, as far back as to the 3rd millennium Sumerian script.
==Ugaritic==
Ugaritic was written using the Ugaritic alphabet, a standard Semitic style alphabet (an abjad) written using the cuneiform method.
Archaeology
Between half a million and two million cuneiform tablets are estimated to have been excavated in modern times, of which only approximately 30,000–100,000 have been read or published. The British Museum holds the largest collection (approx. 130,000 tablets), followed by the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, the Louvre, the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, the National Museum of Iraq, the Yale Babylonian Collection (approx. 40,000), and Penn Museum. Most of these have "lain in these collections for a century without being translated, studied or published",{{citation|url=http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=31&Issue=2&ArticleID=10|title=Cuneiform Tablets: Who's Got What?|journal=Biblical Archaeology Review|volume=31|issue=2|year=2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000414/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=31&Issue=2&ArticleID=10|archive-date=July 15, 2014}} as there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world.{{citation|url=http://pages.jh.edu/~dighamm/version2/research/2003_03_Museums%20and%20the%20Web%20Conference%202003.pdf|first1=Lee|last1=Watkins|first2=Dean|last2=Snyder|title=The Digital Hammurabi Project|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University|year=2003|quote=Since the decipherment of Babylonian cuneiform some 150 years ago museums have accumulated perhaps 300,000 tablets written in most of the major languages of the Ancient Near East – Sumerian, Akkadian (Babylonian and Assyrian), Eblaite, Hittite, Persian, Hurrian, Elamite, and Ugaritic. These texts include genres as variegated as mythology and mathematics, law codes and beer recipes. In most cases these documents are the earliest exemplars of their genres, and cuneiformists have made unique and valuable contributions to the study of such moderns disciplines as history, law, religion, linguistics, mathematics, and science. In spite of continued great interest in mankind's earliest documents it has been estimated that only about 1/10 of the extant cuneiform texts have been read even once in modern times. There are various reasons for this: the complex Sumero/Akkadian script system is inherently difficult to learn; there is, as yet, no standard computer encoding for cuneiform; there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world; the pedagogical tools are, in many cases, non-optimal; and access to the widely distributed tablets is expensive, time-consuming, and, due to the vagaries of politics, becoming increasingly difficult.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163229/http://pages.jh.edu/~dighamm/version2/research/2003_03_Museums%20and%20the%20Web%20Conference%202003.pdf|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}
Decipherment
{{main|Decipherment of cuneiform}}
{{multiple image
|image1=Comentarios de don García de Silva que contienen su viaje a la India y de ella a Persia cosas notables que vió en él y los sucesos de la embajada al Sophi Manuscrito 559.jpg
|image2= Pietro Della Valle katibe mikhi.png
|caption1=García de Silva Figueroa (1620)
|caption2=Pietro Della Valle (1621)
|width1=170
|width2=123
|footer=The first cuneiform inscriptions published in modern times, both copied from Achaemenid royal inscriptions in Persepolis in the early 17th century. Pietro Della Valle's inscription, today known as XPb, is from the Palace of Xerxes.{{cite book | last=Potts | first=D.T. | title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge World Archaeology | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-107-09469-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 | access-date=2023-03-25 | page=7}}
}}
The decipherment of cuneiform began with the decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform in 1836.
The first cuneiform inscriptions published in modern times were copied from the Achaemenid royal inscriptions in the ruins of Persepolis, with the first complete and accurate copy being published in 1778 by Carsten Niebuhr. Niebuhr's publication was used by Grotefend in 1802 to make the first breakthrough – the realization that Niebuhr had published three different languages side by side and the recognition of the word "king".[https://archive.org/stream/archaeologyofcun00sayc#page/n7/mode/2up]Sayce, Rev. A. H., "The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions", Second Edition-revised, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London, Brighton, New York, 1908 (Reprint – {{ISBN|978-1-108-08239-6}})
The rediscovery and publication of cuneiform took place in the early 17th century, and early conclusions were drawn such as the writing direction and that the Achaemenid royal inscriptions are three different languages, with two different scripts. In 1620, García de Silva Figueroa dated the inscriptions of Persepolis to the Achaemenid period, identified them as Old Persian, and concluded that the ruins were the ancient residence of Persepolis. In 1621, Pietro Della Valle specified the direction of writing from left to right.
In 1762, Jean-Jacques Barthélemy found that an inscription in Persepolis resembled that found on a brick in Babylon. Carsten Niebuhr made the first copies of the inscriptions of Persepolis in 1778 and settled on three different types of writing, which subsequently became known as Niebuhr I, II and III. He was the first to discover the sign for a word division in one of the scriptures. Oluf Gerhard Tychsen was the first to list 24 phonetic or alphabetic values for the characters in 1798.
Actual decipherment did not take place until the beginning of the 19th century, initiated by Georg Friedrich Grotefend in his study of Old Persian cuneiform. He was followed by Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin in 1822 and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1823, who was the first to decipher the name Achaemenides and the consonants m and n. Eugène Burnouf identified the names of various satrapies and the consonants k and z in 1833–1835. Christian Lassen contributed significantly to the grammatical understanding of the Old Persian language and the use of vowels. The decipherers used the short trilingual inscriptions from Persepolis and the inscriptions from Ganjnāme for their work.
File:Niebuhr inscription 1 with word for King.jpg|Niebuhr inscription 1, with the suggested words for "King" ({{Script|Xpeo|𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹}}) highlighted, repeated three times. Inscription now known to mean "Darius the Great King, King of Kings, King of countries, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, who built this Palace".{{cite book |last1=André-Salvini |first1=Béatrice |title=Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24731-4 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJnaKu9DdNEC&pg=PA129 |language=en}} Today known as DPa, from the Palace of Darius in Persepolis, above figures of the king and attendants{{cite web | title=DPa | website=Livius | date=2020-04-16 | url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dpa/ | access-date=2023-03-19}}
File:Niebuhr inscription 2 with word for King.jpg|Niebuhr inscription 2, with the suggested words for "King" ({{Script|Xpeo|𐎧𐏁𐎠𐎹𐎰𐎡𐎹}}) highlighted, repeated four times. Inscription now known to mean "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an Achaemenian". Today known as XPe, the text of fourteen inscriptions in three languages (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian) from the Palace of Xerxes in Persepolis.{{cite web | title=XPe | website=Livius | date=2020-09-24 | url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/xpe/ | access-date=2023-03-19}}
In a final step, the decipherment of the trilingual Behistun Inscription was completed by Henry Rawlinson and Edward Hincks. Edward Hincks discovered that Old Persian is partly a syllabary.
In 2023 it was shown that automatic high-quality translation of cuneiform languages like Akkadian can be achieved using natural language processing methods with convolutional neural networks.{{Cite journal |last1=Gutherz |first1=Gai |last2=Gordin |first2=Shai |last3=Sáenz |first3=Luis |last4=Levy |first4=Omer |last5=Berant |first5=Jonathan |date=2023-05-02 |editor-last=Kearns |editor-first=Michael |title=Translating Akkadian to English with neural machine translation |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096/7147349 |journal=PNAS Nexus |language=en |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=pgad096 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad096 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10153418 |pmid=37143863}}
Transliteration
File:Cyrus cylinder extract.svg (lines 15–21), giving the genealogy of Cyrus the Great and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC]]
File:Cuneiform sign EN, for Lord or Master (evolution).jpg", for "Lord" or "Master": the evolution from the pictograph of a throne circa 3000 BC, followed by simplification and rotation down to circa 600 BC.{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=9643 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}]]
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=270|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =vertical
| header=Cylinder of Antiochus I
(c.250 BC)
| image1 = Cylinder of Antiochus I Soter with translation (Color).jpg
| caption1 = The Antiochus cylinder, written by Antiochus I Soter as great king of kings of Babylon, restorer of the temples E-sagila and E-zida, circa 250 BC. Written in traditional Akkadian (with the same text in Babylonian and Assyrian given here for comparison).{{cite book |last1=Haubold |first1=Johannes |title=Greece and Mesopotamia: Dialogues in Literature |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01076-5 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85sLLYY-owgC&pg=PA135 |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Andrade |first1=Nathanael J. |title=Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-24456-6 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ROhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Antiochus cylinder |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1351032&partId=1&object=23121&page=1 |website=British Museum}}{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=Ernest Alfred |title=Babylonian Life and History |date=1884 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |page=[https://archive.org/details/babylonianlifea03budggoog/page/n114 94] |url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianlifea03budggoog |language=en}}
| image2 = Antiochus I Soter with titles on the cylinder of Antiochus.jpg
| caption2 = Antiochus I Soter with titles in Akkadian on the cylinder of Antiochus:
"Antiochus, King, Great King, King of multitudes, King of Babylon, King of countries".
Note that while the images above transcribe the Akkadian pronunciation of the text, the actual spelling is highly logographic and would be strictly transliterated as follows, with the logograms (Sumerograms) capitalised and the syllabograms (phonetic signs) italicised:
1. DIŠan-ti-ʾu-ku-us LUGAL GAL-ú
2. LUGAL dan-nu LUGAL ŠÁR LUGAL E.KI LUGAL KUR-KUR
3. za-ni-in É.SAG.ÍL ù É.ZI.DACf. [https://www.academia.edu/800795/The_Antiochus_Cylinder The Cylinder of Antiochus I from the Ezida temple in Borsippa (BM 36277), p.4 by M. Stol and R.J. van der Spek] and [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon10/Q004179 Antiochus I 01 by The Royal Inscriptions of Babylonia online (RIBo) Project].
The transliteration here differs slightly from these sources by rendering the determinative for male personal names 𒁹 with the Sumerian reading of the sign DIŠ, whereas it is more commonly transcribed with the conventional letter M today. The spellings 𒂍𒊕𒅍 (É.SAG.ÍL) and 𒂍𒍣𒁕 (É.ZI.DA) can also be read phonetically in Akkadian (as they are in the second source), because the names themselves have been borrowed into Akkadian with their Sumerian pronunciations. Conversely, the sign 𒆗, which may have the phonetic value dan in Akkadian, was nevertheless originally a Sumerian logogram KAL 'strong'. Finally, 𒅇 (ù) was the word for 'and' not only in Akkadian, but also in Sumerian.
In Unicode:
1. 𒁹𒀭𒋾𒀪𒆪𒊻𒈗𒃲𒌑
2. 𒈗𒆗𒉡𒈗𒎗𒈗𒂊𒆠𒈗𒆳𒆳
3. 𒍝𒉌𒅔𒂍𒊕𒅍𒅇𒂍𒍣𒁕
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Cuneiform has a specific format for transliteration. Because of the script's polyvalence, transliteration requires certain choices of the transliterating scholar, who must decide in the case of each sign which of its several possible meanings is intended in the original document. For example, the sign dingir (𒀭) in a Hittite text may represent either the Hittite syllable an or may be part of an Akkadian phrase, representing the syllable il, it may be a Sumerogram, representing the original Sumerian meaning, 'god' or the determinative for a deity. In transliteration, a different rendition of the same glyph is chosen depending on its role in the present context.Kudrinski, Maksim. "Hittite heterographic writings and their interpretation" {{Lang|de|Indogermanische Forschungen}}, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 159–176, 2016
Therefore, a text containing DINGIR (𒀭) and A (𒀀) in succession could be construed to represent the Akkadian words "ana", "ila", god + "a" (the accusative case ending), god + water, or a divine name "A" or Water. Someone transcribing the signs would make the decision how the signs should be read and assemble the signs as "ana", "ila", "Ila" ("god"+accusative case), etc. A transliteration of these signs, would separate the signs with dashes "il-a", "an-a", "DINGIR-a" or "Da". This is still easier to read than the original cuneiform, but now the reader is able to trace the sounds back to the original signs and determine if the correct decision was made on how to read them. A transliterated document thus presents the reading preferred by the transliterating scholar as well as an opportunity to reconstruct the original text.
There are differing conventions for transliterating different languages written with Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. The following conventions see wide use across the different fields:
- To disambiguate between homophones, i.e. between signs pronounced identically, the letters that express the pronunciation of a sign are supplemented with subscript numbers. For example, u1 stands for the glyph 𒌋, u2 stands for 𒌑, and u3 stands for 𒅇, all thought to have been pronounced /u/. No. 1 is usually treated as the default interpretation and not indicated explicitly, so u is equivalent to u1. For the numbers 2 and 3, accent diacritics are often used as well: an acute accent stands for no. 2 and a grave accent for no. 3. Thus, u is equivalent to u1 (𒌋), ú is equivalent to u2 (𒌑) and ù to u3 (𒅇). The sequence of numbering is conventional but essentially arbitrary and a consequence of the history of decipherment.
- As shown above, signs as such are represented in capital letters. The specific reading selected in the transliteration is represented in small letters. Thus, capital letters can be used to indicate a so-called Diri compound, in which a sequence of signs does not stand for a combination of their usual readings, as in the spelling 𒅆𒀀 IGI.A for the word imhur 'foam' given above. Capital letters may also be used to indicate a Sumerogram, for example, KÙ.BABBAR 𒆬𒌓 – Sumerian for "silver" – being used with the intended Akkadian reading kaspum, "silver", or simply a sign sequence of whose reading the editor is uncertain. Naturally, the "real" reading, if it is clear, will be presented in small letters in the transliteration: IGI.A will be rendered as imhur4. An Akkadogram in Hittite is indicated by capital letters as well, but they are italicised: e.g. ME-E transcribes the sign sequence 𒈨𒂊 when the intended reading is Hittite wātar "water", based on Akkadian mê "water (accusative-genitive case)".
- Another convention is that determinatives are written in superscript: thus, the sequence 𒀕𒆠 (the name of the city Uruk) is transliterated as unugki to show that the second sign, KI, meaning "earth", isn't intended to be pronounced, but only specifies the type of meaning the former sign has. In this case, that it is a place name. A few common determinatives are transliterated with abbreviations: for example, d represents the sign 𒀭 DINGIR when it serves as an indicator that one or more following signs form the name of a deity, as seen in the transliteration of 𒀭𒂗𒆤 as den-líl "Enlil". 𒁹 DIŠ 'one' and 𒊩 MUNUS 'woman' as prefixed determinatives for male and female personal names, uncommon in Sumerian, but subsequently used for some other languages, are often rendered with the abbreviations m and f for "masculine" and "feminine".
- In Sumerian transliteration, a multiplication sign ('×') is used to indicate typographic ligatures. For example, the sign 𒅻 NUNDUM, which stands for the word nundum "lip", can also be designated as KA×NUN, which indicates that it is a compound of the signs 𒅗 KA "mouth" and 𒉣 NUN "prince".
Since the Sumerian language has only been widely known and studied by scholars for approximately a century, changes in the accepted reading of Sumerian names have occurred from time to time. Thus the name of a king of Ur, 𒌨𒀭𒇉, read Ur-Bau at one time,{{Citation needed|reason=can't find anything that says this, rather Ur-Bau is a king of Lagash|date=July 2024}} was later read as Ur-Engur, and is now read as Ur-Nammu or Ur-Namma; for Lugal-zage-si (𒈗𒍠𒄀𒋛), a king of Uruk, some scholars continued to read Ungal-zaggisi; and so forth. With some names of the older period, there was often uncertainty whether their bearers were Sumerians or Semites. If the former, then their names could be assumed to be read as Sumerian. If they were Semites, the signs for writing their names were probably to be read according to their Semitic equivalents. Though occasionally, Semites might be encountered bearing genuine Sumerian names.
There was doubt whether the signs composing a Semite's name represented a phonetic reading or a logographic compound. Thus, e.g. when inscriptions of a Semitic ruler of Kish, whose name was written 𒌷𒈬𒍑, Uru-mu-ush, were first deciphered, that name was first taken to be logographic because uru mu-ush could be read as "he founded a city" in Sumerian, and scholars accordingly retranslated it back to the original Semitic as Alu-usharshid. It was later recognized that the URU sign (𒌷) can also be read as rí and that the name is that of the Akkadian king Rimush.
Sign inventories
{{See also|List of cuneiform signs|Cuneiform (Unicode block)}}
File:Cuneiform writing Ur.jpg, southern Iraq]]
The Sumerian cuneiform script had on the order of 1,000 distinct signs, or about 1,500 if variants are included. This number was reduced to about 600 by the 24th century BC and the beginning of Akkadian records. Not all Sumerian signs are used in Akkadian texts, and not all Akkadian signs are used in Hittite.
A. Falkenstein (1936) lists 939 signs used in the earliest period, late Uruk, 34th to 31st centuries. See #Bibliography for the works mentioned in this paragraph.
With an emphasis on Sumerian forms, Deimel (1922) lists 870 signs used in the Early Dynastic II period (28th century, Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen or "LAK") and for the Early Dynastic IIIa period (26th century, Šumerisches Lexikon or "ŠL").
Rosengarten (1967) lists 468 signs used in Sumerian (pre-Sargonian) Lagash. Mittermayer and Attinger (2006, Altbabylonische Zeichenliste der Sumerisch-Literarischen Texte or "aBZL") list 480 Sumerian forms, written in Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian times. Regarding Akkadian forms, the standard handbook for many years was Borger (1981, Assyrisch-Babylonische Zeichenliste or "ABZ") with 598 signs used in Assyrian/Babylonian writing, recently superseded by Borger (2004, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon or "MesZL") with an expansion to 907 signs, an extension of their Sumerian readings and a new numbering scheme. The introduction of a cursive script in the Old Babylonian period coincided with the expansion of literacy beyond institutional settings, leading to greater variation in writing styles. This shift may have influenced the increasing number of documented signs, as reflected in later sign lists. As writing adapted to new contexts—whether for administrative, literary, or private use—the need for expanded and specialized sign inventories became more apparent.{{Citation |last=Veldhuis |first=Niek |title=Levels of Literacy |date=2011-09-22 |work=The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture |pages=68–89 |editor-last=Radner |editor-first=Karen |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/27992/chapter-abstract/211696173?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-03-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557301.013.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-955730-1 |editor2-last=Robson |editor2-first=Eleanor}}
Signs used in Hittite cuneiform are listed by Forrer (1922), Friedrich (1960) and Rüster and Neu (1989, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon or "HZL"). The HZL lists a total of 375 signs, many with variants (for example, 12 variants are given for number 123 EGIR).
=Syllabary=
The tables below contain the transliteration schemes of Sumero-Akkadian syllabograms.
| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:1em auto; width:130%;"
|+Akkadian V and VV syllabic glyphs{{sfn|Borger|2004|pages=245–539}} ! | Va | Ve | Vi | Vu | aV | eV | iV | uV
! | |
| style="text-align:center"
! | {{transliteration|akk|a}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|á}} ({{transliteration|akk|a₂}}) = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|à}} ({{transliteration|akk|a₃}}) = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|a₄}} = 𒀀𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|a₅}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|a₆}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|a₇}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|a₈}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|a₉}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₀}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₁}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₂}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₃}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₄}} = 𒂍 | {{transliteration|akk|e}} = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|é}} ({{transliteration|akk|e₂}}) = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|è}} ({{transliteration|akk|e₃}}) = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|e₄}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|e₅}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|e₆}} = 𒋣 {{transliteration|akk|e₇}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|e₈}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₀}} = 𒉄 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₁}} = 𒇯𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₂}} = 𒇯𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₃}} = 𒊩𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|i}} = 𒄿 {{transliteration|akk|í}} ({{transliteration|akk|i₂}}) = 𒐊 {{transliteration|akk|ì}} ({{transliteration|akk|i₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|i₄}} = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|i₅}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|i₆}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|i₇}} = 𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|i₈}} = 𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|i₉}} = 𒋖𒄑𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₀}} = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₁}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₄}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₅}} = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₆}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|u}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ú}} ({{transliteration|akk|u₂}}) = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|ù}} ({{transliteration|akk|u₃}}) = 𒅇 {{transliteration|akk|u₄}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|u₅}} = 𒄷𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|u₆}} = 𒅆𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|u₇}} = 𒆠𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|u₈}} = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|u₉}} = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₀}} = 𒁱 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₁}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₂}} = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₃}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₄}} = 𒌋𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₆}} = 𒌝 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₇}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₈}} = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₉}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₀}} = 𒊺 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₁}} = 𒊌 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₂}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₃}} = 𒉡 ! | {{transliteration|akk|a}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|á}} ({{transliteration|akk|a₂}}) = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|à}} ({{transliteration|akk|a₃}}) = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|a₄}} = 𒀀𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|a₅}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|a₆}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|a₇}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|a₈}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|a₉}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₀}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₁}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₂}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₃}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|a₁₄}} = 𒂍 | {{transliteration|akk|e}} = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|é}} ({{transliteration|akk|e₂}}) = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|è}} ({{transliteration|akk|e₃}}) = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|e₄}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|e₅}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|e₆}} = 𒋣 {{transliteration|akk|e₇}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|e₈}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₀}} = 𒉄 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₁}} = 𒇯𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₂}} = 𒇯𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|e₁₃}} = 𒊩𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|i}} = 𒄿 {{transliteration|akk|í}} ({{transliteration|akk|i₂}}) = 𒐊 {{transliteration|akk|ì}} ({{transliteration|akk|i₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|i₄}} = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|i₅}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|i₆}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|i₇}} = 𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|i₈}} = 𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|i₉}} = 𒋖𒄑𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₀}} = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₁}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₄}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₅}} = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|i₁₆}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|u}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ú}} ({{transliteration|akk|u₂}}) = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|ù}} ({{transliteration|akk|u₃}}) = 𒅇 {{transliteration|akk|u₄}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|u₅}} = 𒄷𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|u₆}} = 𒅆𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|u₇}} = 𒆠𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|u₈}} = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|u₉}} = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₀}} = 𒁱 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₁}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₂}} = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₃}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₄}} = 𒌋𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₆}} = 𒌝 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₇}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₈}} = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|u₁₉}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₀}} = 𒊺 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₁}} = 𒊌 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₂}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|u₂₃}} = 𒉡 ! | |
| style="text-align:center"
!a- | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ai}} = 𒀀𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | ! | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ea}} = 𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|ia}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ia₂}}) = 𒐊 {{transliteration|akk|ià}} ({{transliteration|akk|ia₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|ia₄}} = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ia₅}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|ia₇}} = 𒐃 {{transliteration|akk|ia₈}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|ia₉}} = 𒀼𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|ia₁₀}} = 𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|ua}} = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|uá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ua₂}}) = 𒁱 {{transliteration|akk|ua₄}} = 𒁦 !-a | |||||
| style="text-align:center"
!e- | {{transliteration|akk|ea}} = 𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | ! | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ie}} = 𒅀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | !-e | |||||||
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!i- | {{transliteration|akk|ia}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ia₂}}) = 𒐊 {{transliteration|akk|ià}} ({{transliteration|akk|ia₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|ia₄}} = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ia₅}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|ia₇}} = 𒐃 {{transliteration|akk|ia₈}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|ia₉}} = 𒀼𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|ia₁₀}} = 𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|ie}} = 𒅀 | {{transliteration|akk|ii}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ii₃}}) = 𒂊 | {{transliteration|akk|iu}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iú}} ({{transliteration|akk|iu₂}}) = 𒉿 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ai}} = 𒀀𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ii}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ii₃}}) = 𒂊 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | !-i | |||
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!u- | {{transliteration|akk|ua}} = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|uá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ua₂}}) = 𒁱 {{transliteration|akk|ua₄}} = 𒁦 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | ! | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|iu}} = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|iú}} ({{transliteration|akk|iu₂}}) = 𒉿 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | !-u |
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|+Akkadian CV and VC syllabic glyphs{{sfn|Borger|2004|pages=245–539}} ! | Ca | Ce | Ci | Cu | aC | eC | iC | uC
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!ʾ- | {{transliteration|akk|ʾa}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|ʾá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾa₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|ʾà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾa₃}}) = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|ʾa₄}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|ʾa₅}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|ʾe}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|ʾé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾe₂}}) = 𒄴 | {{transliteration|akk|ʾi}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|ʾí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾi₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|ʾì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾi₃}}) = 𒄭 | {{transliteration|akk|ʾu}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|ʾú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾu₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|ʾù}} ({{transliteration|akk|ʾu₃}}) = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|ʾu₄}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ʾu₅}} = 𒄷 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aʾ}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|áʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aʾ₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|àʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aʾ₃}}) = 𒂍 | {{transliteration|akk|eʾ}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|éʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|eʾ₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|èʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|eʾ₃}}) = 𒂍 | {{transliteration|akk|iʾ}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|íʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|iʾ₂}}) = 𒄴 | {{transliteration|akk|uʾ}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|úʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|uʾ₂}}) = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|ùʾ}} ({{transliteration|akk|uʾ₃}}) = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|u₄ʾ}} = 𒌔 !-ʾ | |
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!b- | {{transliteration|akk|ba}} = 𒁀 {{transliteration|akk|bá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ba₂}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|bà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ba₃}}) = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|ba₄}} = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|ba₅}} = 𒅮 {{transliteration|akk|ba₆}} = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|ba₇}} = 𒈦 {{transliteration|akk|ba₈}} = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|ba₉}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|ba₁₀}} = 𒉼 {{transliteration|akk|ba₁₁}} = 𒅤 {{transliteration|akk|ba₁₃}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|ba₁₄}} = 𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|ba₁₅}} = 𒁇 | {{transliteration|akk|be}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|bé}} ({{transliteration|akk|be₂}}) = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|bè}} ({{transliteration|akk|be₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|be₄}} = 𒁀 {{transliteration|akk|be₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|be₆}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|be₇}} = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|bi}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|bí}} ({{transliteration|akk|bi₂}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|bì}} ({{transliteration|akk|bi₃}}) = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|bi₄}} = 𒁁𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|bi₅}} = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|bi₆}} = 𒁀 {{transliteration|akk|bi₇}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|bi₉}} = 𒄴 | {{transliteration|akk|bu}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|bú}} ({{transliteration|akk|bu₂}}) = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|bù}} ({{transliteration|akk|bu₃}}) = 𒅤 {{transliteration|akk|bu₄}} = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|bu₅}} = 𒇧, 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|bu₇}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|bu₈}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|bu₉}} = 𒁑 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₀}} = 𒉽𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₁}} = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₂}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₃}} = 𒅮 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₄}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₅}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₆}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|bu₁₇}} = 𒅗 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ab}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|áb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ab₂}}) = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|àb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ab₃}}) = 𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|ab₄}} = 𒀔 | {{transliteration|akk|eb}} = 𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|éb}} ({{transliteration|akk|eb₂}}) = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|ib}} = 𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|íb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ib₂}}) = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|ub}} = 𒌒 {{transliteration|akk|úb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ub₂}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ub₃}}) = 𒀚 {{transliteration|akk|ub₄}} = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|ub₅}} = 𒀛, 𒀚 {{transliteration|akk|ub₆}} = 𒀙 !-b | |
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!d- | {{transliteration|akk|da}} = 𒁕 {{transliteration|akk|dá}} ({{transliteration|akk|da₂}}) = 𒋫 {{transliteration|akk|dà}} ({{transliteration|akk|da₃}}) = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|da₄}} = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|da₅}} = 𒍏 {{transliteration|akk|da₆}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|da₇}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|da₈}} = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|da₉}} = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|da₁₀}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|da₁₁}} = 𒅅 {{transliteration|akk|da₁₂}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|da₁₃}} = 𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|de}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|dé}} ({{transliteration|akk|de₂}}) = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|dè}} ({{transliteration|akk|de₃}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|de₄}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|de₅}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|de₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|de₈}} = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|de₉}} = 𒋾 | {{transliteration|akk|di}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|dí}} ({{transliteration|akk|di₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|dì}} ({{transliteration|akk|di₃}}) = 𒋾 {{transliteration|akk|di₄}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|di₅}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|di₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|di₇}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|di₈}} = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|di₁₁}} = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|di₁₂}} = 𒋼 | {{transliteration|akk|du}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|dú}} ({{transliteration|akk|du₂}}) = 𒌅 {{transliteration|akk|dù}} ({{transliteration|akk|du₃}}) = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|du₄}} = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|du₅}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|du₆}} = 𒇯 {{transliteration|akk|du₇}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|du₈}} = 𒃮/𒂃 {{transliteration|akk|du₉}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₀}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₁}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₂}} = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₃}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₄}} = 𒇽𒉈, 𒈌 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₅}} = 𒄭𒁁, 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₆}} = 𒌚 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₇}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|du₁₉}} = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|du₂₀}} = 𒁕 {{transliteration|akk|du₂₄}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|du₂₅}} = 𒀲𒀴 {{transliteration|akk|du₂₆}} = 𒋛𒀀 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ad}} = 𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|ád}} ({{transliteration|akk|ad₂}}) = 𒄉 {{transliteration|akk|àd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ad₃}}) = 𒇼 {{transliteration|akk|ad₄}} = 𒍞 {{transliteration|akk|ad₅}} = 𒌑𒄉 | {{transliteration|akk|ed}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|éd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ed₂}}) = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|èd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ed₃}}) = 𒇯𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ed₄}} = 𒇯𒁽 | {{transliteration|akk|id}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|íd}} ({{transliteration|akk|id₂}}) = 𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|ìd}} ({{transliteration|akk|id₃}}) = 𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|id₄}} = 𒌓𒀭𒋀𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|id₅}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|id₆}} = 𒀀𒇉𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|id₇}} = 𒀀𒇉𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|id₈}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|id₉}} = 𒌗𒀭𒋀𒆠 | {{transliteration|akk|ud}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|úd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ud₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|ud₄}} = 𒋸 {{transliteration|akk|ud₅}} = 𒍚 {{transliteration|akk|ud₆}} = 𒌋𒂵 !-d | |
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! g- | {{transliteration|akk|ga}} = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|gá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ga₂}}) = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|gà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ga₃}}) = 𒃷 {{transliteration|akk|ga₄}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|ga₅}} = 𒋡 {{transliteration|akk|ga₆}} = 𒅍 {{transliteration|akk|ga₇}} = 𒅅 {{transliteration|akk|ga₈}} = 𒄄 {{transliteration|akk|ga₁₁}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ga₁₂}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|ga₁₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|ga₁₅}} = 𒃮 | {{transliteration|akk|ge}} = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|gé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ge₂}}) = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|gè}} ({{transliteration|akk|ge₃}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|ge₄}} = 𒄄 {{transliteration|akk|ge₅}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|ge₆}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|ge₇}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ge₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₀}} = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₁}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₂}} = 𒊩𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₃}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₄}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₅}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₆}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₇}} = 𒈪𒉭 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₈}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|ge₁₉}} = 𒋝𒋙𒁷, 𒉾 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₀}} = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₁}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₂}} = 𒍻 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₃}} = 𒀹 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₄}} = 𒀵 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₆}} = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|ge₂₈}} = 𒁨 | {{transliteration|akk|gi}} = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|gí}} ({{transliteration|akk|gi₂}}) = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|gì}} ({{transliteration|akk|gi₃}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|gi₄}} = 𒄄 {{transliteration|akk|gi₅}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|gi₆}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|gi₇}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|gi₈}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|gi₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₀}} = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₁}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₂}} = 𒊩𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₆}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₇}} = 𒈪𒉭 {{transliteration|akk|gi₁₈}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|gi₂₅}} = 𒂂 {{transliteration|akk|gi₂₇}} = 𒁍 | {{transliteration|akk|gu}} = 𒄖 {{transliteration|akk|gú}} ({{transliteration|akk|gu₂}}) = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|gù}} ({{transliteration|akk|gu₃}}) = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|gu₄}} = 𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|gu₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|gu₆}} = 𒅘 {{transliteration|akk|gu₇}} = 𒅥 {{transliteration|akk|gu₈}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|gu₉}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₀}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₁}} = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₃}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₄}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₅}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|gu₁₆}} = 𒆍 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ag}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|ág}} ({{transliteration|akk|ag₂}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|àg}} ({{transliteration|akk|ag₃}}) = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|eg}} = 𒅅 {{transliteration|akk|ég}} ({{transliteration|akk|eg₂}}) = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|èb}} ({{transliteration|akk|eg₃}}) = 𒉘 | {{transliteration|akk|ig}} = 𒅅 {{transliteration|akk|íg}} ({{transliteration|akk|ig₂}}) = 𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|ìg}} ({{transliteration|akk|ig₃}}) = 𒉘 | {{transliteration|akk|ug}} = 𒊌 {{transliteration|akk|úg}} ({{transliteration|akk|ug₂}}) = 𒄊, 𒊊 {{transliteration|akk|ùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|ug₃}}) = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|ug₄}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ug₅}} = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|ug₇}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|ug₈}} = 𒈕 !-g | |
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!ḫ- | {{transliteration|akk|ḫa}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|ḫá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫa₂}}) = 𒄭𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ḫà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫa₃}}) = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ḫa₄}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|ḫa₅}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫa₆}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|ḫa₈}} = 𒋖𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫe}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|ḫé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫe₂}}) = 𒃶 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫi}} = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|ḫí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫi₂}}) = 𒃶 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫu}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|ḫú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫu₂}}) = 𒆭 {{transliteration|akk|ḫù}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫu₃}}) = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ḫu₄}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ḫu₅}} = 𒈝 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aḫ}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|áḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aḫ₂}}) = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|àḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aḫ₃}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|aḫ₄}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|aḫ₅}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|aḫ₆}} = 𒌔 | {{transliteration|akk|eḫ}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|éḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|eḫ₂}}) = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|èḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|eḫ₃}}) = 𒆪𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|iḫ}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|íḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|iḫ₂}}) = 𒀪 | {{transliteration|akk|uḫ}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|úḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|uḫ₂}}) = 𒌔 {{transliteration|akk|ùḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|uḫ₃}}) = 𒆵 {{transliteration|akk|uḫ₄}} = 𒅜 {{transliteration|akk|uḫ₅}} = 𒀪 {{transliteration|akk|uḫ₆}} = 𒅎𒋙 {{transliteration|akk|uḫ₇}} = 𒌋𒆕 !-ḫ | |
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!k- | {{transliteration|akk|ka}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|ká}} ({{transliteration|akk|ka₂}}) = 𒆍 {{transliteration|akk|kà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ka₃}}) = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|ka₄}} = 𒋡 {{transliteration|akk|ka₅}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|ka₆}} = 𒋝𒋙𒁷, 𒉾 {{transliteration|akk|ka₇}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|ka₈}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|ka₉}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₀}} = 𒈜𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₁}} = 𒋼𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₃}} = 𒄰, 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₄}} = 𒍪 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₅}} = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|ka₁₆}} = 𒃶 | {{transliteration|akk|ke}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|ké}} ({{transliteration|akk|ke₂}}) = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|kè}} ({{transliteration|akk|ke₃}}) = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|ke}} = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|ki}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|kí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ki₂}}) = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|kì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ki₃}}) = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|ki₄}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|ki₆}} = 𒍪 {{transliteration|akk|ki₇}} = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|ki₈}} = 𒄄 | {{transliteration|akk|ku}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|kú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ku₂}}) = 𒅥 {{transliteration|akk|kù}} ({{transliteration|akk|ku₃}}) = 𒆬 {{transliteration|akk|ku₄}} = 𒆭 {{transliteration|akk|ku₅}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ku₆}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|ku₇}} = 𒆯 {{transliteration|akk|ku₈}} = 𒄖 {{transliteration|akk|ku₉}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₀}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₁}} = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₃}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₄}} = 𒆲 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₅}} = 𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₆}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ku₁₇}} = 𒄫 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ak}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|àk}} ({{transliteration|akk|ak₃}}) = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|ek}} = 𒅅 | {{transliteration|akk|ik}} = 𒅅 | {{transliteration|akk|uk}} = 𒊌
!-k | |
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!l- | {{transliteration|akk|la}} = 𒆷 {{transliteration|akk|lá}} ({{transliteration|akk|la₂}}) = 𒇲 {{transliteration|akk|là}} ({{transliteration|akk|la₃}}) = 𒉡 {{transliteration|akk|la₄}} = 𒁺𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|la₅}} = 𒇳 {{transliteration|akk|la₆}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|la₇}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|la₈}} = 𒂔 {{transliteration|akk|la₁₀}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|la₁₂}} = 𒇴 | {{transliteration|akk|le}} = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|lé}} ({{transliteration|akk|le₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|lè}} ({{transliteration|akk|le₃}}) = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|le₄}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|le₈}} = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|le₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|le₁₀}} = 𒁕 | {{transliteration|akk|li}} = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|lí}} ({{transliteration|akk|li₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|lì}} ({{transliteration|akk|li₃}}) = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|li₅}} = 𒊭 {{transliteration|akk|li₆}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|li₇}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|li₈}} = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|li₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|li₁₁}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|li₁₂}} = 𒇺 {{transliteration|akk|li₁₃}} = 𒉋 | {{transliteration|akk|lu}} = 𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|lú}} ({{transliteration|akk|lu₂}}) = 𒇽 {{transliteration|akk|lù}} ({{transliteration|akk|lu₃}}) = 𒈖 {{transliteration|akk|lu₄}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|lu₅}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|lu₆}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|lu₇}} = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|lu₈}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|lu₉}} = 𒉺 ! | {{transliteration|akk|al}} = 𒀠 {{transliteration|akk|ál}} ({{transliteration|akk|al₂}}) = 𒀩 {{transliteration|akk|àl}} ({{transliteration|akk|al₃}}) = 𒃷 {{transliteration|akk|al₅}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|al₆}} = 𒈤 {{transliteration|akk|al₈}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|al₉}} = 𒅋 | {{transliteration|akk|el}} = 𒂖 {{transliteration|akk|él}} ({{transliteration|akk|el₂}}) = 𒅋 {{transliteration|akk|èl}} ({{transliteration|akk|el₃}}) = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|el}} = 𒅌 | {{transliteration|akk|il}} = 𒅋 {{transliteration|akk|íl}} ({{transliteration|akk|il₂}}) = 𒅍 {{transliteration|akk|ìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|il₃}}) = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|il₄}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|il₅}} = 𒂖 {{transliteration|akk|il₆}} = 𒀧 {{transliteration|akk|il₈}} = 𒅌 {{transliteration|akk|il₉}} = 𒇸 | {{transliteration|akk|ul}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|úl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ul₂}}) = 𒉡 {{transliteration|akk|ùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ul₃}}) = 𒁉𒑖 {{transliteration|akk|ul₄}} = 𒄉 {{transliteration|akk|ul₅}} = 𒂬 {{transliteration|akk|ul₆}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ul₇}} = 𒋗𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|ul₈}} = 𒃷 !-l | |
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!m- | {{transliteration|akk|ma}} = 𒈠 {{transliteration|akk|má}} ({{transliteration|akk|ma₂}}) = 𒈣 {{transliteration|akk|mà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ma₃}}) = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|ma₄}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|ma₅}} = 𒅡 {{transliteration|akk|ma₆}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|ma₇}} = 𒈦 {{transliteration|akk|ma₈}} = 𒅿 {{transliteration|akk|ma₉}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|ma₁₀}} = 𒎙 | {{transliteration|akk|me}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|mé}} ({{transliteration|akk|me₂}}) = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|mè}} ({{transliteration|akk|me₃}}) = 𒅠, 𒀞 {{transliteration|akk|me₄}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|me₅}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|me₆}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|me₇}} = 𒃙 {{transliteration|akk|me₈}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|me₉}} = 𒇞 {{transliteration|akk|me₁₀}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|me₁₁}} = 𒀟 | {{transliteration|akk|mi}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|mí}} ({{transliteration|akk|mi₂}}) = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|mì}} ({{transliteration|akk|mi₃}}) = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|mi₄}} = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|mi₅}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|mu}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|mú}} ({{transliteration|akk|mu₂}}) = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|mù}} ({{transliteration|akk|mu₃}}) = 𒅡 {{transliteration|akk|mu₄}} = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|mu₅}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|mu₆}} = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|mu₇}} = 𒅲 {{transliteration|akk|mu₈}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|mu₉}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|mu₁₀}} = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|mu₁₁}} = 𒅿 {{transliteration|akk|mu₁₂}} = 𒄷𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|mu₁₃}} = 𒆀 {{transliteration|akk|mu₁₄}} = 𒀀 ! | {{transliteration|akk|am}} = 𒄠 {{transliteration|akk|ám}} ({{transliteration|akk|am₂}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|àm}} ({{transliteration|akk|am₃}}) = 𒀀𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|am₄}} = 𒃘 {{transliteration|akk|am₅}} = 𒃣 {{transliteration|akk|am₆}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|am₇}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|em}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|èm}} ({{transliteration|akk|em₃}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|em₄}} = 𒅴 | {{transliteration|akk|im}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|ím}} ({{transliteration|akk|im₂}}) = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|ìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|im₃}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|im₅}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|im₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|im₇}} = 𒅖𒀀𒋤 | {{transliteration|akk|um}} = 𒌝 {{transliteration|akk|úm}} ({{transliteration|akk|um₂}}) = 𒌓 !-m | |
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!n- | {{transliteration|akk|na}} = 𒈾 {{transliteration|akk|ná}} ({{transliteration|akk|na₂}}) = 𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|nà}} ({{transliteration|akk|na₃}}) = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|na₄}} = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|na₅}} = 𒊭 {{transliteration|akk|na₆}} = 𒇽 {{transliteration|akk|na₇}} = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|na₈}} = 𒅘 | {{transliteration|akk|ne}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|né}} ({{transliteration|akk|ne₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|nè}} ({{transliteration|akk|ne₃}}) = 𒄊/𒊊 {{transliteration|akk|ne₄}} = 𒋙𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ne₅}} = 𒆠𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ne₆}} = 𒈾 {{transliteration|akk|ne₇}} = 𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|ne₈}} = 𒉋 | {{transliteration|akk|ni}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|ní}} ({{transliteration|akk|ni₂}}) = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|nì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ni₃}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|ni₄}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|ni₅}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ni₆}} = 𒆸𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|ni₇}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|ni₈}} = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|ni₉}} = 𒌋𒌓𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|ni₁₀}} = 𒆸 | {{transliteration|akk|nu}} = 𒉡 {{transliteration|akk|nú}} ({{transliteration|akk|nu₂}}) = 𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|nù}} ({{transliteration|akk|nu₃}}) = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|nu₄}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|nu₅}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|nu₆}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|nu₇}} = 𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|nu₈}} = 𒈾 {{transliteration|akk|nu₉}} = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|nu₁₀}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|nu₁₁}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|nu₁₂}} = 𒇻/𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|nu₁₃}} = 𒄴 ! | {{transliteration|akk|an}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|án}} ({{transliteration|akk|an₂}}) = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|en}} = 𒂗 {{transliteration|akk|én}} ({{transliteration|akk|en₂}}) = 𒋙𒀭, 𒌋𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|èn}} ({{transliteration|akk|en₃}}) = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|en₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|en₅}} = 𒉺𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|en₆}} = 𒅔 {{transliteration|akk|en₇}} = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|en₈}} = 𒊭 | {{transliteration|akk|in}} = 𒅔 {{transliteration|akk|in₄}} = 𒂗 {{transliteration|akk|in₅}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|in₆}} = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|un}} = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|ún}} ({{transliteration|akk|un₂}}) = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|un₃}}) = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|un₄}} = 𒂬 {{transliteration|akk|un₅}} = 𒌓 !-n | |
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!p- | {{transliteration|akk|pa}} = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|pá}} ({{transliteration|akk|pa₂}}) = 𒁀 {{transliteration|akk|pà}} ({{transliteration|akk|pa₃}}) = 𒅆𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|pa₄}} = 𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|pa₅}} = 𒉽𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|pa₆}} = 𒉽𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|pa₇}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|pa₈}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|pa₉}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|pa₁₀}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|pa₁₁}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|pa₁₂}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|pe}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|pé}} ({{transliteration|akk|pe₂}}) = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|pè}} ({{transliteration|akk|pe₃}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|pe₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|pe₅}} = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|pi}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|pí}} ({{transliteration|akk|pi₂}}) = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|pì}} ({{transliteration|akk|pi₃}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|pi₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|pi₅}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|pi₆}} = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|pi₇}} = 𒂺 {{transliteration|akk|pi₈}} = 𒁍 | {{transliteration|akk|pu}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|pú}} ({{transliteration|akk|pu₂}}) = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|pù}} ({{transliteration|akk|pu₃}}) = 𒅤 {{transliteration|akk|pu₄}} = 𒅤 {{transliteration|akk|pu₆}} = 𒇀 {{transliteration|akk|pu₁₁}} = 𒌑 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ap}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|áp}} ({{transliteration|akk|ap₂}}) = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|àp}} ({{transliteration|akk|ap₃}}) = 𒀜 | {{transliteration|akk|ep}} = 𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|ép}} ({{transliteration|akk|ep₂}}) = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|ip}} = 𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|íp}} ({{transliteration|akk|ip₂}}) = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|up}} = 𒌒 {{transliteration|akk|úp}} ({{transliteration|akk|up₂}}) = 𒂠 !-p | |
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! q- | {{transliteration|akk|qa}} = 𒋡 {{transliteration|akk|qá}} ({{transliteration|akk|qa₂}}) = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|qà}} ({{transliteration|akk|qa₃}}) = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|qa₄}} = 𒋗𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|qa₆}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|qe}} = 𒆥 {{transliteration|akk|qé}} ({{transliteration|akk|qe₂}}) = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|qè}} ({{transliteration|akk|qe₃}}) = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|qe₄}} = 𒄄 | {{transliteration|akk|qi}} = 𒆥 {{transliteration|akk|qí}} ({{transliteration|akk|qi₂}}) = 𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|qì}} ({{transliteration|akk|qi₃}}) = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|qi₄}} = 𒄄 {{transliteration|akk|qi₅}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|qi₆}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|qu}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|qú}} ({{transliteration|akk|₂}}) = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|qù}} ({{transliteration|akk|₃}}) = 𒄖 {{transliteration|akk|qu₅}} = 𒆬 {{transliteration|akk|qu₆}} = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|qu₇}} = 𒄞 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aq}} = 𒀝 | {{transliteration|akk|eq}} = 𒅅 | {{transliteration|akk|iq}} = 𒅅 | {{transliteration|akk|uq}} = 𒊌 {{transliteration|akk|uq₅}} = 𒂦 !-q | |
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!r- | {{transliteration|akk|ra}} = 𒊏 {{transliteration|akk|rá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ra₂}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|rà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ra₃}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ra₄}} = 𒋥 {{transliteration|akk|ra₅}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|ra₆}} = 𒀝 | {{transliteration|akk|re}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|ré}} ({{transliteration|akk|re₂}}) = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|rè}} ({{transliteration|akk|re₃}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|re₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|re₇}} = 𒁻 {{transliteration|akk|re₁₂}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|ri}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|rí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ri₂}}) = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|rì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ri₃}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|ri₄}} = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|ri₅}} = 𒉪 {{transliteration|akk|ri₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ri₈}} = 𒈶 {{transliteration|akk|ri₉}} = 𒈕, 𒈗𒆚 {{transliteration|akk|ri₁₀}} = 𒂔 {{transliteration|akk|ri₁₂}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|ru}} = 𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|rú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ru₂}}) = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|rù}} ({{transliteration|akk|ru₃}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|ru₄}} = 𒍍 {{transliteration|akk|ru₅}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|ru₆}} = 𒂔 {{transliteration|akk|ru₇}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|ru₈}} = 𒋭 {{transliteration|akk|ru₉}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|ru₁₀}} = 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|ru₁₁}} = 𒌾 {{transliteration|akk|ru₁₂}} = 𒂗 {{transliteration|akk|ru₁₃}} = 𒂘 ! | {{transliteration|akk|ar}} = 𒅈 {{transliteration|akk|ár}} ({{transliteration|akk|ar₂}}) = 𒌒 {{transliteration|akk|àr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ar₃}}) = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ar₅}} = 𒃵 | {{transliteration|akk|er}} = 𒅕 {{transliteration|akk|ér}} ({{transliteration|akk|er₂}}) = 𒀀𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|èr}} ({{transliteration|akk|er₃}}) = 𒀴 {{transliteration|akk|er₄}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|er₆}} = 𒀅 {{transliteration|akk|er₁₀}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|er₁₃}} = 𒈁 | {{transliteration|akk|ir}} = 𒅕 {{transliteration|akk|ír}} ({{transliteration|akk|ir₂}}) = 𒀀𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|ìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ir₃}}) = 𒀴 {{transliteration|akk|ir₄}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|ir₅}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ir₆}} = 𒀅 {{transliteration|akk|ir₇}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|ir₉}} = 𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|ir₁₀}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ir₁₁}} = 𒀵 {{transliteration|akk|ir₁₃}} = 𒅕 {{transliteration|akk|ir₁₇}} = 𒂆 | {{transliteration|akk|ur}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|úr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ur₂}}) = 𒌫 {{transliteration|akk|ùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ur₃}}) = 𒃡 {{transliteration|akk|ur₄}} = 𒌴 {{transliteration|akk|ur₅}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ur₆}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|ur₇}} = 𒉞 {{transliteration|akk|ur₉}} = 𒌲 {{transliteration|akk|ur₁₀}} = 𒌵 {{transliteration|akk|ur₁₁}} = 𒀳 {{transliteration|akk|ur₁₂}} = 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|ur₁₃}} = 𒊐𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|ur₁₄}} = 𒃣 !-r | |
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!s- | {{transliteration|akk|sa}} = 𒊓 {{transliteration|akk|sá}} ({{transliteration|akk|sa₂}}) = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|sà}} ({{transliteration|akk|sa₃}}) = 𒍝 {{transliteration|akk|sa₄}} = 𒄷𒈿, 𒄷𒄭𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|sa₅}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|sa₆}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|sa₇}} = 𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|sa₈}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|sa₉}} = 𒈦 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₀}} = 𒉛 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₁}} = 𒋜 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₂}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₃}} = 𒅆𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₄}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₅}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₆}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₇}} = 𒋙𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₈}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|sa₁₉}} = 𒊮 {{transliteration|akk|sa₂₀}} = 𒊭 {{transliteration|akk|sa₂₁}} = 𒊾 | {{transliteration|akk|se}} = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|sé}} ({{transliteration|akk|se₂}}) = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|sè}} ({{transliteration|akk|se₃}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|se₉}} = 𒈻 {{transliteration|akk|se₁₀}} = 𒍝𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|se₁₁}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|se₁₂}} = 𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₀}} = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₄}} = 𒈺, 𒀀𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₅}} = 𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₆}} = 𒀀𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₇}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|se₂₈}} = 𒈽 | {{transliteration|akk|si}} = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|sí}} ({{transliteration|akk|si₂}}) = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|sì}} ({{transliteration|akk|si₃}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|si₄}} = 𒋜 {{transliteration|akk|si₅}} = 𒅆𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|si₆}} = 𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|si₇}} = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|si₈}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₁}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₂}} = 𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₃}} = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₄}} = 𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₅}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₆}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₇}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₈}} = 𒅲, 𒅝 {{transliteration|akk|si₁₉}} = 𒆉 {{transliteration|akk|si₂₀}} = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|si₂₁}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|si₂₂}} = 𒄀, 𒆬 {{transliteration|akk|si₂₃}} = 𒄢 | {{transliteration|akk|su}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|sú}} ({{transliteration|akk|su₂}}) = 𒍪 {{transliteration|akk|sù}} ({{transliteration|akk|su₃}}) = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|su₄}} = 𒋜 {{transliteration|akk|su₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|su₆}} = 𒅾 {{transliteration|akk|su₇}} = 𒇭 {{transliteration|akk|su₈}} = 𒁻 {{transliteration|akk|su₉}} = 𒋜𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₀}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₁}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₂}} = 𒋧, 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₃}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₄}} = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₅}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₆}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₇}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₈}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|su₁₉}} = 𒁺𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|su₂₀}} = 𒋆 ! | {{transliteration|akk|as}} = 𒊍 {{transliteration|akk|ás}} ({{transliteration|akk|as₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|às}} ({{transliteration|akk|as₃}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|as₄}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|as₅}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|as₆}} = 𒄱 | {{transliteration|akk|es}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|és}} ({{transliteration|akk|es₂}}) = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|ès}} ({{transliteration|akk|es₃}}) = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|es}} = 𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|is}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|ís}} ({{transliteration|akk|is₂}}) = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|ìs}} ({{transliteration|akk|is₃}}) = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|is₅}} = 𒌍 | {{transliteration|akk|us}} = 𒊻 {{transliteration|akk|ús}} ({{transliteration|akk|us₂}}) = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|ùs}} ({{transliteration|akk|us₃}}) = 𒍚 {{transliteration|akk|us₄}} = 𒊍 {{transliteration|akk|us₅}} = 𒇇 !-s | |
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!ṣ- | {{transliteration|akk|ṣa}} = 𒍝 {{transliteration|akk|ṣà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣa₃}}) = 𒀭 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣe}} = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|ṣé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣe₂}}) = 𒍣 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣi}} = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|ṣí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣi₂}}) = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|ṣì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣi₃}}) = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|ṣi₄}} = 𒂠 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣu}} = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|ṣú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣu₂}}) = 𒍪 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aṣ}} = 𒊍 {{transliteration|akk|áṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aṣ₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|àṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aṣ₃}}) = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|eṣ}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|èṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|eṣ₃}}) = 𒀊 | {{transliteration|akk|iṣ}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|íṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|iṣ₂}}) = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|ìṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|iṣ₃}}) = 𒀊 | {{transliteration|akk|uṣ}} = 𒊻 {{transliteration|akk|úṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|uṣ₂}}) = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|uṣ₄}} = 𒊍 !-ṣ | |
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!ś- | {{transliteration|akk|śa}} = 𒊓 {{transliteration|akk|śá}} ({{transliteration|akk|śa₂}}) = 𒁲 | {{transliteration|akk|śe}} = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|śé}} ({{transliteration|akk|śe₂}}) = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|śi}} = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|śí}} ({{transliteration|akk|śi}}) = 𒋜 {{transliteration|akk|śì}} ({{transliteration|akk|śi}}) = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|śu}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|śú}} ({{transliteration|akk|śu₂}}) = 𒋜 {{transliteration|akk|śù}} ({{transliteration|akk|śu₃}}) = 𒋤 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aś}} = 𒀾 | {{transliteration|akk|iś}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|iś₇}} = 𒀊 | {{transliteration|akk|uś}} = 𒍑 !-ś | ||
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!š- | {{transliteration|akk|ša}} = 𒊭 {{transliteration|akk|šá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ša₂}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|šà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ša₃}}) = 𒊮 {{transliteration|akk|ša₄}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ša₅}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|ša₆}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|ša₇}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|ša₈}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|ša₉}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₀}} = 𒊓 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₁}} = 𒇽 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₂}} = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₃}} = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₄}} = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₅}} = 𒅆𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₆}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ša₁₇}} = 𒅇 {{transliteration|akk|ša₂₁}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|ša₂₂}} = 𒄷𒈿, 𒄷𒄭𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|ša₂₃}} = 𒁈 {{transliteration|akk|ša₂₄}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|ša₂₅}} = 𒌑 | {{transliteration|akk|še}} = 𒊺 {{transliteration|akk|šé}} ({{transliteration|akk|še₂}}) = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|šè}} ({{transliteration|akk|še₃}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|še₄}} = 𒈻 {{transliteration|akk|še₅}} = 𒍝𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|še₆}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|še₇}} = 𒀀𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|še₈}} = 𒋁 {{transliteration|akk|še₉}} = 𒋙𒀭, 𒌋𒀭, 𒁇𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₀}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₁}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₂}} = 𒈺, 𒀀𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₃}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₄}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₅}} = 𒌁 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₆}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₇}} = 𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₈}} = 𒀀𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|še₁₉}} = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₀}} = 𒅆, 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₁}} = 𒄷𒈿 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₂}} = 𒂞 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₃}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₄}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₅}} = 𒆂 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₆}} = 𒅝 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₇}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|še₂₈}} = 𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|ši}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|ší}} ({{transliteration|akk|ši₂}}) = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|šì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ši₃}}) = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|ši₄}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ši₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|ši₆}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|ši₇}} = 𒅊 | {{transliteration|akk|šu}} = 𒋗 {{transliteration|akk|šú}} ({{transliteration|akk|šu₂}}) = 𒋙 {{transliteration|akk|šù}} ({{transliteration|akk|šu₃}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|šu₄}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|šu₅}} = 𒇟 {{transliteration|akk|šu₆}} = 𒇠 {{transliteration|akk|šu₇}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₀}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₁}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₂}} = 𒆃 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₃}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₄}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₅}} = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|šu₁₆}} = 𒌋𒌓 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aš}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|áš}} ({{transliteration|akk|aš₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|àš}} ({{transliteration|akk|aš₃}}) = 𒐋 {{transliteration|akk|aš₄}} = 𒐄 {{transliteration|akk|aš₅}} = 𒋁𒋦 {{transliteration|akk|aš₆}} = 𒋁, 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|aš₇}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|aš₈}} = 𒄱 {{transliteration|akk|aš₉}} = 𒑀 {{transliteration|akk|aš₁₀}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|aš₁₁}} = 𒀹 | {{transliteration|akk|eš}} = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|éš}} ({{transliteration|akk|eš₂}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|èš}} ({{transliteration|akk|eš₃}}) = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|eš₄}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|eš₅}} = 𒐈 {{transliteration|akk|eš₆}} = 𒐁 {{transliteration|akk|eš₇}} = 𒑘 {{transliteration|akk|eš₈}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|eš₉}} = 𒀀𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₀}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₁}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₂}} = 𒉊 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₃}} = 𒉉 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₅}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₆}} = 𒐺 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₇}} = 𒈨𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₈}} = 𒀹 {{transliteration|akk|eš₁₉}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|eš₂₀}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|eš₂₁}} = 𒐻 {{transliteration|akk|eš₂₂}} = 𒇵 {{transliteration|akk|eš₂₃}} = 𒀼 | {{transliteration|akk|iš}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|íš}} ({{transliteration|akk|iš₂}}) = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|ìš}} ({{transliteration|akk|iš₃}}) = 𒌍𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|iš₄}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|iš₅}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|iš₆}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|iš₇}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|iš₈}} = 𒀹 {{transliteration|akk|iš₉}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|iš₁₀}} = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|iš₁₁}} = 𒇵 {{transliteration|akk|iš₁₂}} = 𒇴 | {{transliteration|akk|uš}} = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|úš}} ({{transliteration|akk|uš₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|ùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|uš₃}}) = 𒃣 {{transliteration|akk|uš₄}} = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|uš₅}} = 𒉦 {{transliteration|akk|uš₆}} = 𒉥 {{transliteration|akk|uš₇}} = 𒅲 {{transliteration|akk|uš₈}} = 𒀳 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₀}} = 𒊻 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₁}} = 𒅜 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₅}} = 𒅜 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₆}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₇}} = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₈}} = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|uš₁₉}} = 𒄑 !-š | |
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!t- | {{transliteration|akk|ta}} = 𒋫 {{transliteration|akk|tá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ta₂}}) = 𒁕 {{transliteration|akk|tà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ta₃}}) = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|ta₄}} = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|ta₅}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ta₆}} = 𒋺 {{transliteration|akk|ta₇}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|ta₈}} = 𒄭 | {{transliteration|akk|te}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|té}} ({{transliteration|akk|te₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|tè}} ({{transliteration|akk|te₃}}) = 𒉁 {{transliteration|akk|te₄}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|te₅}} = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|te₆}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|te₈}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|te₉}} = 𒋾 {{transliteration|akk|te₁₀}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|te₁₁}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|ti}} = 𒋾 {{transliteration|akk|tí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ti₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|tì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ti₃}}) = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|ti₄}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|ti₅}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|ti₇}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|ti₈}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|ti₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ti₁₀}} = 𒌗 | {{transliteration|akk|tu}} = 𒌅 {{transliteration|akk|tú}} ({{transliteration|akk|tu₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|tù}} ({{transliteration|akk|tu₃}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|tu₄}} = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|tu₅}} = 𒋗𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|tu₆}} = 𒅲 {{transliteration|akk|tu₇}} = 𒄰, 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|tu₈}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|tu₉}} = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₀}} = 𒄽 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₁}} = 𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₂}} = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₃}} = 𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₄}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₅}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₆}} = 𒂀 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₇}} = 𒀀𒋗𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₈}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|tu₁₉}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₀}} = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₁}} = 𒇯 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₂}} = 𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₃}} = 𒉂 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₄}} = 𒂃, 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|tu₂₅}} = 𒉐 ! | {{transliteration|akk|at}} = 𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|át}} ({{transliteration|akk|at₂}}) = 𒄉 | {{transliteration|akk|et}} = 𒀉 | {{transliteration|akk|it}} = 𒀉 {{transliteration|akk|ít}} ({{transliteration|akk|it₂}}) = 𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|it₄}} = 𒌓𒀭𒋀𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|it₉}} = 𒌗𒀭𒋀𒆠 | {{transliteration|akk|ut}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|út}} ({{transliteration|akk|ut₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|ut₄}} = 𒋸, 𒋳𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|ut₅}} = 𒍚 {{transliteration|akk|ut₆}} = 𒌋𒂵 !-t | |
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!ṭ- | {{transliteration|akk|ṭa}} = 𒁕 {{transliteration|akk|ṭá}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭa₂}}) = 𒋫 {{transliteration|akk|ṭà}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭa₃}}) = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|ṭa₄}} = 𒁮 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭe}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|ṭé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭe₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|ṭè}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭe₃}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ṭe₄}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|ṭe₅}} = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|ṭe₆}} = 𒋾 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭi}} = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|ṭí}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭi₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|ṭì}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭi₃}}) = 𒋾 {{transliteration|akk|ṭi₄}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|ṭi₅}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ṭi₆}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭu}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|ṭú}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭu₂}}) = 𒌅 {{transliteration|akk|ṭù}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭu₃}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ṭu₄}} = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|ṭu₅}} = 𒂃 {{transliteration|akk|ṭu₆}} = 𒅗 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aṭ}} = 𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|áṭ}} ({{transliteration|akk|aṭ₂}}) = 𒄉 | {{transliteration|akk|eṭ}} = 𒀉 | {{transliteration|akk|iṭ}} = 𒀉 | {{transliteration|akk|uṭ}} = 𒌓
!-ṭ | |
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!w- | {{transliteration|akk|wa}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|wá}} ({{transliteration|akk|wa₂}}) = 𒁀 {{transliteration|akk|wà}} ({{transliteration|akk|wa₃}}) = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|wa₄}} = 𒊀 {{transliteration|akk|wa₆}} = 𒈠 | {{transliteration|akk|we}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|wé}} ({{transliteration|akk|we₂}}) = 𒊄 | {{transliteration|akk|wi}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|wí}} ({{transliteration|akk|wi₂}}) = 𒊅 {{transliteration|akk|wi₄}} = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|wi₅}} = 𒃾 | {{transliteration|akk|wu}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|wú}} ({{transliteration|akk|wu₂}}) = 𒊇 {{transliteration|akk|wù}} ({{transliteration|akk|wu₃}}) = 𒊈 {{transliteration|akk|wu₄}} = 𒈬 ! | {{transliteration|akk|aw}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|ew}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|iw}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|uw}} = 𒉿
!-w | |
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!y- (j-) | {{transliteration|akk|ya}} / {{transliteration|akk|ja}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|ye}} / {{transliteration|akk|je}} = 𒉿 | {{transliteration|akk|yi}} / {{transliteration|akk|ji}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|yí}} / {{transliteration|akk|jí}} ({{transliteration|akk|yi₂}} / {{transliteration|akk|ji₂}}) = 𒅀 {{transliteration|akk|yì}} / {{transliteration|akk|jì}} ({{transliteration|akk|yi₃}} / {{transliteration|akk|ji₃}}) = 𒂊 | {{transliteration|akk|yu}} / {{transliteration|akk|ju}} = 𒉿
! | {{transliteration|akk|ay}} / {{transliteration|akk|aj}} = 𒀀𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | !-y (-j) | ||||
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!z- | {{transliteration|akk|za}} = 𒍝 {{transliteration|akk|zá}} ({{transliteration|akk|za₂}}) = 𒉌𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|zà}} ({{transliteration|akk|za₃}}) = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|za₄}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|za₅}} = 𒀭 | {{transliteration|akk|ze}} = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|zé}} ({{transliteration|akk|ze₂}}) = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|zè}} ({{transliteration|akk|ze₃}}) = 𒂠 | {{transliteration|akk|zi}} = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|zí}} ({{transliteration|akk|zi₂}}) = 𒍢 {{transliteration|akk|zì}} ({{transliteration|akk|zi₃}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|zi₄}} = 𒀓 {{transliteration|akk|zi₇}} = 𒆠𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|zi₈}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|zu}} = 𒍪 {{transliteration|akk|zú}} ({{transliteration|akk|zu₂}}) = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|zù}} ({{transliteration|akk|zu₃}}) = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|zu₄}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|zu₅}} = 𒉙 {{transliteration|akk|zu₆}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|zu₇}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|zu₈}} = 𒆛 {{transliteration|akk|zu₉}} = 𒆉 ! | {{transliteration|akk|az}} = 𒊍 {{transliteration|akk|áz}} ({{transliteration|akk|az₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|àz}} ({{transliteration|akk|az₃}}) = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|ez}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|éz}} ({{transliteration|akk|ez₂}}) = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|èz}} ({{transliteration|akk|ez₃}}) = v {{transliteration|akk|ez₅}} = 𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|iz}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|íz}} ({{transliteration|akk|iz₂}}) = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|ìz}} ({{transliteration|akk|iz₃}}) = 𒀊 | {{transliteration|akk|uz}} = 𒊻 {{transliteration|akk|úz}} ({{transliteration|akk|uz₂}}) = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|ùz}} ({{transliteration|akk|uz₃}}) = 𒍚 {{transliteration|akk|uz₄}} = 𒊍 {{transliteration|akk|uz₅}} = 𒇇 {{transliteration|akk|uz₆}} = 𒍚 {{transliteration|akk|uz₇}} = 𒌍 !-z |
| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:1em auto; width:130%;"
|+Akkadian VCV syllabic glyphs{{sfn|Borger|2004|pages=245–539}} ! | aCV | eCV | iCV | uCV |
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! rowspan=3 | -ʾ- | {{transliteration|akk|àʾa}} = 𒆹
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uʾa}} = 𒇇𒀀 | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|eʾi}} = 𒂍𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uʾi}} = 𒇇𒀀 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|eʾu}} = 𒂍𒀀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uʾu}} = 𒇇𒀀 | ||
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! rowspan=3 | -b- | {{transliteration|akk|aba}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|àba}} ({{transliteration|akk|aba₃}}) = 𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|aba₄}} = 𒀔 | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|úba}} ({{transliteration|akk|uba₂}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ùba}} ({{transliteration|akk|uba₃}}) = 𒀚 | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ubi}} = 𒃴 {{transliteration|akk|úbi}} ({{transliteration|akk|ubi₂}}) = 𒋦 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ubu}} = 𒀹 {{transliteration|akk|úbu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ubu₂}}) = 𒌒 | |||
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! rowspan=2 | -d- | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|edi}} = 𒃄 | {{transliteration|akk|idi}} = 𒃟
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|udu}} = 𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|údu}} ({{transliteration|akk|udu₂}}) = 𒋗𒁁 | |||
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! rowspan=4 | -g- | {{transliteration|akk|aga}} = 𒂆 {{transliteration|akk|ága}} ({{transliteration|akk|aga₂}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|àga}} ({{transliteration|akk|aga₃}}) = 𒂅 | {{transliteration|akk|ega}} = 𒀀𒈪𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|éga}} ({{transliteration|akk|ega₂}}) = 𒉧 | {{transliteration|akk|iga}} = 𒅅 | {{transliteration|akk|uga}} = 𒌑𒉀𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|úga}} ({{transliteration|akk|uga₂}}) = 𒀀𒅗 |
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| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ege}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|ége}} ({{transliteration|akk|ege₂}}) = 𒊩𒂠 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|egi}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|égi}} ({{transliteration|akk|egi₂}}) = 𒊩𒂠 | {{transliteration|akk|igi}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|ígi}} ({{transliteration|akk|igi₂}}) = 𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|ìgi}} ({{transliteration|akk|igi₃}}) = 𒆠𒊕 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|agu}} = 𒂆 | {{transliteration|akk|egu}} = 𒀀𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|igu}} = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|ugu}} = 𒌋𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|úgu}} ({{transliteration|akk|uga₂}}) = 𒀀𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|ùgu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ug₃}}) = 𒀀𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|ugu₄}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|ugu₅}} = 𒊨 |
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! rowspan=4 | -ḫ- | {{transliteration|akk|aḫa}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|áḫa}} ({{transliteration|akk|aḫa₂}}) = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|àḫa}} ({{transliteration|akk|aḫa₃}}) = 𒉽 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|eḫe}} = 𒀉𒌓𒁺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|aḫi}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|áḫi}} ({{transliteration|akk|aḫi₂}}) = 𒀉 | {{transliteration|akk|eḫi}} = 𒀉𒌓𒁺 | ||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uḫu}} = 𒄴 {{transliteration|akk|úḫu}} ({{transliteration|akk|uḫu₂}}) = 𒌔 | |||
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! -i- | {{transliteration|akk|aia}} = 𒀀𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|áia}} ({{transliteration|akk|aia₂}}) = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|àia}} ({{transliteration|akk|aia₃}}) = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|aia₄}} = 𒆹 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uia}} = 𒌋𒐊 | ||
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! rowspan=3 | -k- | {{transliteration|akk|aka}} = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|áka}} ({{transliteration|akk|aka₂}}) = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|àka}} ({{transliteration|akk|aka₃}}) = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|aka₄}} = 𒆍 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|eki}} = 𒂊 | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|iku}} = 𒃷 | {{transliteration|akk|uku}} = 𒂆 {{transliteration|akk|úku}} ({{transliteration|akk|uku₂}}) = 𒇳𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ùku}} ({{transliteration|akk|uku₃}}) = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|uku₄}} = 𒊌 {{transliteration|akk|uku₅}} = 𒇳𒁺𒁺 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
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! rowspan=4 | -l- | {{transliteration|akk|ala}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|ála}} ({{transliteration|akk|ala₂}}) = 𒌷𒈨𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|àla}} ({{transliteration|akk|ala₃}}) = 𒀠 | {{transliteration|akk|ela}} = 𒀀𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|ila}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|íla}} ({{transliteration|akk|ila₂}}) = 𒅍 | {{transliteration|akk|ula}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|úla}} ({{transliteration|akk|ula₂}}) = 𒃪 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ale}} = 𒌷 | {{transliteration|akk|ele}} = 𒌋𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|éle}} ({{transliteration|akk|ele₂}}) = 𒂖 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ali}} = 𒌷 | {{transliteration|akk|ili}} = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|íli}} ({{transliteration|akk|ili₂}}) = 𒅍 {{transliteration|akk|ili₅}} = 𒂖 {{transliteration|akk|ili₆}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|ili₇}} = 𒀭𒈨𒌍 | {{transliteration|akk|uli}} = 𒅴 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|alu}} / {{transliteration|akk|ālu}} = 𒌷
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ilu}} = 𒀭 | {{transliteration|akk|ulu}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|úlu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ulu₂}}) = 𒄴𒈨𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|ùlu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ulu₃}}) = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|ulu₄}} = 𒌷 | |
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! rowspan=4 | -m- | {{transliteration|akk|ama}} = 𒂼 {{transliteration|akk|áma}} ({{transliteration|akk|ama₂}}) = 𒄠 {{transliteration|akk|àma}} ({{transliteration|akk|ama₃}}) = 𒄀𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|ama₄}} = 𒃘 {{transliteration|akk|ama₅}} = 𒃣 {{transliteration|akk|ama₆}} = 𒆾 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uma}} = 𒍻 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ame}} = 𒂼 {{transliteration|akk|áme}} ({{transliteration|akk|ame₂}}) = 𒃣 | {{transliteration|akk|eme}} = 𒅴 {{transliteration|akk|éme}} ({{transliteration|akk|eme₂}}) = 𒎘 {{transliteration|akk|ème}} ({{transliteration|akk|eme₃}}) = 𒊩𒀲 {{transliteration|akk|eme₄}} = 𒂼 {{transliteration|akk|eme₅}} = 𒊩𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|eme₆}} = 𒀲𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|eme₇}} = 𒊩𒀠 {{transliteration|akk|eme₈}} = 𒃣 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
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| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|imi}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|ími}} ({{transliteration|akk|imi₂}}) = 𒂼 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|umu}} = 𒌝 | |||
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! rowspan=3 | -n- | {{transliteration|akk|ana}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|ána}} ({{transliteration|akk|ana₂}}) = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|àna}} ({{transliteration|akk|ana₃}}) = 𒀸 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ina}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|ína}} ({{transliteration|akk|ina₂}}) = 𒅆 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|eni}} = 𒂗 | {{transliteration|akk|ini}} = 𒅔 {{transliteration|akk|íni}} ({{transliteration|akk|ini₂}}) = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|ini₄}} = 𒅆𒈫 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|anu}} = 𒀭 | {{transliteration|akk|enu}} = 𒂗 {{transliteration|akk|ēnu}} = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|īnu}} = 𒅆, 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|īnuᴵᴵ}} = 𒅆, 𒅆𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|ínu}} ({{transliteration|akk|inu₂}}) = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|unu}} = 𒀔 {{transliteration|akk|únu}} ({{transliteration|akk|unu₂}}) = 𒋼𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|ùnu}} ({{transliteration|akk|unu₃}}) = 𒀖𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|unu₄}} = 𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|unu₅}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|unu₆}} = 𒋼𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|unu₇}} = 𒋽𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|unu₈}} = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|unu₉}} = 𒆒𒋙 / 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|unu₁₀}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|unu₁₁}} = 𒍝𒈽𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|unu₁₂}} = 𒁐 |
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! -q- | {{transliteration|akk|aqa}} = 𒀝
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
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! rowspan=3 | -r- | {{transliteration|akk|ara}} = 𒊭 {{transliteration|akk|ára}} ({{transliteration|akk|ara₂}}) = 𒌒 {{transliteration|akk|àra}} ({{transliteration|akk|ara₃}}) = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ara₄}} = 𒌓𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ara₅}} = 𒄯𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ara₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ara₇}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ara₈}} = 𒅈 | {{transliteration|akk|era}} = 𒀴𒊏 {{transliteration|akk|éra}} ({{transliteration|akk|era₂}}) = 𒀀𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|èra}} ({{transliteration|akk|era₃}}) = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|era₄}} = 𒃢 | {{transliteration|akk|íra}} = 𒀀𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|ura₁₅}} = 𒋀𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|ura₁₆}} = 𒋀𒀊 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ari}} = 𒌵 {{transliteration|akk|ári}} ({{transliteration|akk|ari₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|àri}} ({{transliteration|akk|ari₃}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|ari₅}} = 𒉺𒈨𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|ari₆}} = 𒋧 | {{transliteration|akk|eri}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|eri₄}} = 𒌷 ? {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₁}} = 𒀔 {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₂}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₃}} = 𒈁 {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₄}} = 𒅕 {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₅}} = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|eri₁₆}} = 𒃢 | {{transliteration|akk|iri}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|iri₈}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|iri₁₁}} = 𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|iri₁₂}} = 𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|iri₁₄}} = 𒅕 | {{transliteration|akk|uri}} = 𒌵 {{transliteration|akk|úri}} ({{transliteration|akk|uri₂}}) = 𒋀𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|ùri}} ({{transliteration|akk|uri₃}}) = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|uri₄}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|uri₅}} = 𒋀𒀊 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|aru}} = 𒉺 | {{transliteration|akk|eru}} = 𒀴 {{transliteration|akk|éru}} ({{transliteration|akk|eru₂}}) = 𒊕𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|èru}} ({{transliteration|akk|eru₃}}) = 𒊟 {{transliteration|akk|eru₄}} = 𒀀𒂔 {{transliteration|akk|eru₅}} = 𒂔 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|uru}} = 𒌷 {{transliteration|akk|úru}} ({{transliteration|akk|uru₂}}) = 𒍍 {{transliteration|akk|ùru}} ({{transliteration|akk|uru₃}}) = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|uru₄}} = 𒀳 {{transliteration|akk|uru₅}} = 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|uru₆}} = 𒉞 {{transliteration|akk|uru₇}} = 𒌲 {{transliteration|akk|uru₈}} = 𒌫 {{transliteration|akk|uru₉}} = 𒋞𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₀}} = 𒊠 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₁}} = 𒌾 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₂}} = 𒃡 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₃}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₄}} = 𒋀𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₅}} = 𒋀𒀊 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₆}} = 𒂗 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₇}} = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₈}} = 𒌸 {{transliteration|akk|uru₁₉}} = 𒌵 | |
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! rowspan=3 | -s- | {{transliteration|akk|asa}} = 𒊍
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|usa}} = 𒐍, 𒑄 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|asi}} = 𒀀𒌁 | {{transliteration|akk|esi}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|isi}} = 𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|usi}} = 𒃥 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|usu}} = 𒀉𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|úsu}} ({{transliteration|akk|usu₂}}) = 𒍑 | |||
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! rowspan=4 | -š- | {{transliteration|akk|aša}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|áša}} ({{transliteration|akk|aša₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|àša}} ({{transliteration|akk|aša₃}}) = 𒐋 {{transliteration|akk|aša₅}} = 𒃷 | {{transliteration|akk|eša}} = 𒀀𒌁 {{transliteration|akk|éša}} ({{transliteration|akk|eša₂}}) = 𒌍 | rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
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| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|eše}} = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|éše}} ({{transliteration|akk|eše₂}}) = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|èše}} ({{transliteration|akk|eše₃}}) = 𒑘 {{transliteration|akk|eše₄}} = 𒀀𒌁 | |||
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| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|iši}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|íši}} ({{transliteration|akk|iši₂}}) = 𒋙𒀯 | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ušu}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|úšu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ušu₂}}) = 𒌋𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ùšu}} ({{transliteration|akk|ušu₃}}) = 𒌍 | |||
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! rowspan=3 | -t- | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ita₄}} = 𒀭𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|ita₅}} = 𒀀𒇉 | {{transliteration|akk|uta}} = 𒌓 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|iti}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|íti}} ({{transliteration|akk|iti₂}}) = 𒌛 {{transliteration|akk|ìti}} ({{transliteration|akk|iti₃}}) = 𒆜𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|iti₄}} = 𒀭𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|iti₅}} = 𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|iti₆}} = 𒌓𒀭𒋀𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|iti₇}} = 𒌗𒀭𒋀𒆠 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|itu}} = 𒌗 {{transliteration|akk|ítu}} ({{transliteration|akk|itu₂}}) = 𒌛 {{transliteration|akk|itu₄}} = 𒀭𒀀𒇉 {{transliteration|akk|itu₅}} = 𒀀𒇉 | {{transliteration|akk|utu}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|útu}} ({{transliteration|akk|utu₂}}) = 𒌋𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|ùtu}} ({{transliteration|akk|utu₃}}) = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|utu₄}} = 𒆠𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|utu₅}} = 𒀾 | ||
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! rowspan=4 | -y- (-i̭- / -j-) | {{transliteration|akk|aya}} / {{transliteration|akk|ai̭a}} / {{transliteration|akk|aja}} = 𒀀𒀀 | rowspan="4" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|iya}} / {{transliteration|akk|ija}} = 𒀀𒀀 | rowspan="4" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|aye}} / {{transliteration|akk|ai̭e}} / {{transliteration|akk|aje}} = 𒀀𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|iye}} / {{transliteration|akk|ije}} = 𒀀𒀀 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ayi}} / {{transliteration|akk|ai̭i}} / {{transliteration|akk|aji}} = 𒀀𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|iyi}} / {{transliteration|akk|iji}} = 𒀀𒀀 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ayu}} / {{transliteration|akk|ai̭u}} / {{transliteration|akk|aju}} = 𒀀𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|iyu}} / {{transliteration|akk|iju}} = 𒀀𒀀 | ||
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! rowspan=3 | -z- | {{transliteration|akk|aza}} = 𒊍
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | {{transliteration|akk|ùza}} ({{transliteration|akk|uza₃}}) = 𒍚 | |||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|izi}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|ízi}} ({{transliteration|akk|izi₂}}) = 𒆠𒉈 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|azu}} = 𒉙 | {{transliteration|akk|izu}} = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|uzu}} = 𒍜 {{transliteration|akk|úzu}} ({{transliteration|akk|uzu₂}}) = 𒉙 {{transliteration|akk|ùzu}} ({{transliteration|akk|uzu₃}}) = 𒊻 {{transliteration|akk|uzu₅}} = 𒌋𒌓 |
| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin:1em auto; width:130%;"
|+Akkadian CVV and CVC syllabic glyphs{{sfn|Borger|2004|pages=245–539}} ! | CaV/CaC | CeV/CeC | CiV/CiC | CuV/CuC |
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=17 | b- | {{transliteration|akk|baʾ}} = 𒁁
| rowspan=6 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bab}} = 𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|báb}} ({{transliteration|akk|bab₂}}) = 𒌓 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bad}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|bàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|bad₃}}) = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|bad₄}} = 𒆠𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|bad₅}} = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|bid}} = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|bíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|bid₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|bìd}} ({{transliteration|akk|bid₃}}) = 𒆪 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bag}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|big}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|bug}} = 𒈮 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|baḫ}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|bàḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|baḫ₃}}) = 𒈜 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|buḫ}} = 𒈜 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bak}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|bik}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|buk}} = 𒈮 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bal}} = 𒁄 {{transliteration|akk|bál}} ({{transliteration|akk|bal₂}}) = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|bàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|bal₃}}) = 𒀡 {{transliteration|akk|bal₄}} = 𒀦 | {{transliteration|akk|bel}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|bél}} ({{transliteration|akk|bel₂}}) = 𒉋 | {{transliteration|akk|bil}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|bíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|bil₂}}) = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|bìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|bil₃}}) = 𒄑𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|bil₄}} = 𒄑𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|bul}} = 𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|búl}} ({{transliteration|akk|bul₂}}) = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|bùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|bul₃}}) = 𒁄 {{transliteration|akk|bul₄}} = 𒅮 {{transliteration|akk|bul₅}} = 𒇡 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|bum}} = 𒅤 {{transliteration|akk|búm}} ({{transliteration|akk|bum₂}}) = 𒁆, 𒂀 {{transliteration|akk|bùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|bum₃}}) = 𒅗 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ban}} = 𒉼 {{transliteration|akk|bán}} ({{transliteration|akk|ban₂}}) = 𒑏 {{transliteration|akk|bàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|ban₃}}) = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|ban₄}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|bin}} = 𒀳 | {{transliteration|akk|bun}} = 𒇌 {{transliteration|akk|bún}} ({{transliteration|akk|bun₂}}) = 𒅮 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bap}} = 𒉽
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|baq}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|biq}} = 𒋝 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bar}} = 𒁇 {{transliteration|akk|bár}} ({{transliteration|akk|bar₂}}) = 𒁈 {{transliteration|akk|bàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|bar₃}}) = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|bar₄}} = 𒉌𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|bar₅}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|bar₆}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|bar₇}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|bar₈}} = 𒂙 | {{transliteration|akk|ber}} = 𒄵 {{transliteration|akk|bér}} ({{transliteration|akk|ber₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ber₇}} = 𒊯 | {{transliteration|akk|bir}} = 𒄵 {{transliteration|akk|bír}} ({{transliteration|akk|bir₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|bìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|bir₃}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|bir₄}} = 𒂔 {{transliteration|akk|bir₅}} = 𒉆, 𒉅 {{transliteration|akk|bir₆}} = 𒊶 {{transliteration|akk|bir₇}} = 𒊯 {{transliteration|akk|bir₈}} = 𒀀𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|bir₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|bir₁₀}} = 𒄊 | {{transliteration|akk|bur}} = 𒁓 {{transliteration|akk|búr}} ({{transliteration|akk|bur₂}}) = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|bùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|bur₃}}) = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|bur₄}} = 𒋓𒁓 {{transliteration|akk|bur₅}} = 𒉅 {{transliteration|akk|bur₆}} = 𒆤, 𒆦 {{transliteration|akk|bur₈}} = 𒄬 {{transliteration|akk|bur₁₀}} = 𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|bur₁₁}} = 𒆠𒂗𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|bur₁₂}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|bur₁₃}} = 𒉽𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|bur₁₄}} = 𒂙 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|bís}} ({{transliteration|akk|bis₂}}) = 𒄫
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| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|baš}} = 𒈦 | {{transliteration|akk|beš₁₂}} = 𒌓 | {{transliteration|akk|biš}} = 𒄫 | {{transliteration|akk|buš}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|búš}} ({{transliteration|akk|buš₂}}) = 𒄫 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|bat}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|bat}} ({{transliteration|akk|bát₂}}) = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|bat}} ({{transliteration|akk|bàt₃}}) = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|bat₅}} = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|bet}} = 𒂍 | {{transliteration|akk|bit}} = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|bít}} ({{transliteration|akk|bit₂}}) = 𒁁 | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|baṭ}} = 𒁁
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|biṭ}} = 𒂍 | ||
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|biz}} = 𒁉 | |||
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! rowspan=15 | d- | ||||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dab}} = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|dáb}} ({{transliteration|akk|dab₂}}) = 𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|dàb}} ({{transliteration|akk|dab₃}}) = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|dab₄}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|dab₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|dab₆}} = 𒍏 | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|dib}} = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|díb}} ({{transliteration|akk|dib₂}}) = 𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|dub}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|dúb}} ({{transliteration|akk|dub₂}}) = 𒂀 {{transliteration|akk|dùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|dub₃}}) = 𒄭 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dad}} = 𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|did}} = 𒅎 | {{transliteration|akk|dud}} = 𒉺𒍜 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dag}} = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|dág}} ({{transliteration|akk|dag₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|dàg}} ({{transliteration|akk|dag₃}}) = 𒉌𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|dag₄}} = 𒆦 {{transliteration|akk|dag₅}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|dag₆}} = 𒋳 | {{transliteration|akk|dig}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|dug}} = 𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|dúg}} ({{transliteration|akk|dug₂}}) = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|dùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|dug₃}}) = 𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|dug₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|dug₅}} = 𒂅 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|daḫ}} = 𒈭 | {{transliteration|akk|deḫ}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|déḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|deḫ₂}}) = 𒌝 {{transliteration|akk|dèḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|deḫ₃}}) = 𒉏 | {{transliteration|akk|diḫ}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|díḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|diḫ₂}}) = 𒌝 {{transliteration|akk|dìḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|diḫ₃}}) = 𒉏 | {{transliteration|akk|duḫ}} = 𒂃 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dak}} = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|dàk}} ({{transliteration|akk|dak₃}}) = 𒉌𒂟 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|dik}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|duk}} = 𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|dúk}} ({{transliteration|akk|duk₂}}) = 𒌇 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dal}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|dál}} ({{transliteration|akk|dal₂}}) = 𒈦𒄘𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|dàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|dal₃}}) = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|del}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|dél}} ({{transliteration|akk|del₂}}) = 𒇺 | {{transliteration|akk|dil}} = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|dul}} = 𒌋𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|dúl}} ({{transliteration|akk|dul₂}}) = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|dùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|dul₃}}) = 𒊨 {{transliteration|akk|dul₄}} = 𒂈 {{transliteration|akk|dul₅}} = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|dul₆}} = 𒇯 {{transliteration|akk|dul₇}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|dul₈}} = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|dul₉}} = 𒌪 {{transliteration|akk|dul₁₀}} = 𒁍 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dam}} = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|dám}} ({{transliteration|akk|dam₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|dàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|dam₃}}) = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|dém}} = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|dim}} = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|dím}} ({{transliteration|akk|dim₂}}) = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|dìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|dim₃}}) = 𒊐𒃵, 𒈕 {{transliteration|akk|dim₄}} = 𒉽𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|dim₅}} = 𒂀 | {{transliteration|akk|dum}} = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|dùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|dum₃}}) = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|dum₄}} = 𒁴 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dan}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|dán}} ({{transliteration|akk|dan₂}}) = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|dàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|dan₃}}) = 𒃩 {{transliteration|akk|dan₄}} = 𒃋 {{transliteration|akk|dan₅}} = 𒁷 {{transliteration|akk|dan₆}} = 𒍕 {{transliteration|akk|dan₇}} = 𒃃 | {{transliteration|akk|den}} = 𒁷 | {{transliteration|akk|din}} = 𒁷 {{transliteration|akk|dín}} ({{transliteration|akk|din₂}}) = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|dìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|din₃}}) = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|dun}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|dùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|dun₃}}) = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|dun₄}} = 𒂈 {{transliteration|akk|dun₅}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|dun₆}} = 𒆗 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dap}} = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|dáp}} ({{transliteration|akk|dap₂}}) = 𒋰 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|dip}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|dup}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|dúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|dup₂}}) = 𒂀 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|daq}} = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|dàq}} ({{transliteration|akk|daq₃}}) = 𒉌𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|daq₁₀}} = 𒋳 | {{transliteration|akk|diq}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|duq}} = 𒂁 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dar}} = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|dár}} ({{transliteration|akk|dar₂}}) = 𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|dàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|dar₃}}) = 𒁰 {{transliteration|akk|dar₄}} = 𒁱 {{transliteration|akk|dar₆}} = 𒋻 | {{transliteration|akk|der}} = 𒋛𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|dir}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|dír}} ({{transliteration|akk|dir₂}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|dìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|dir₃}}) = 𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|dir₄}} = 𒌁 | {{transliteration|akk|dur}} = 𒄙 {{transliteration|akk|dúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|dur₂}}) = 𒂉, 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|dùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|dur₃}}) = 𒀲𒀴 {{transliteration|akk|dur₄}} = 𒁉𒑖 {{transliteration|akk|dur₅}} = 𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|dur₇}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|dur₈}} = 𒂦 {{transliteration|akk|dur₉}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|dur₁₀}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|dur₁₁}} = 𒌅 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|das}} = 𒌨
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|daš}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|dáš}} ({{transliteration|akk|daš₂}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|dàš}} ({{transliteration|akk|daš₃}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|daš₄}} = 𒁯 | {{transliteration|akk|deš}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|déš}} ({{transliteration|akk|deš₂}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|dèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|deš₃}}) = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|deš₄}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|deš₅}} = 𒀹 | {{transliteration|akk|diš}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|díš}} ({{transliteration|akk|diš₂}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|diš₅}} = 𒀹 | {{transliteration|akk|duš}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|dúš}} ({{transliteration|akk|duš₂}}) = 𒁹 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|dat}} = 𒋺
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
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! rowspan=16 | g- | {{transliteration|akk|gab}} = 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|gáb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gab₂}}) = 𒆏 {{transliteration|akk|gàb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gab₃}}) = 𒅘 | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|gib}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|gíb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gib₂}}) = 𒁉𒑖 {{transliteration|akk|gìb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gib₃}}) = 𒈪𒉭 | {{transliteration|akk|gub}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gúb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gub₂}}) = 𒇷 {{transliteration|akk|gùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|gub₃}}) = 𒆏 {{transliteration|akk|gub₄}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|gub₅}} = 𒀜𒆤 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gad}} = 𒃰 | {{transliteration|akk|gid}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|gíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|gid₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|gìd}} ({{transliteration|akk|gid₃}}) = 𒊓 {{transliteration|akk|gid₄}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|gid₆}} = 𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|gud}} = 𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|gúd}} ({{transliteration|akk|gud₂}}) = 𒊥 {{transliteration|akk|gùd}} ({{transliteration|akk|gud₃}}) = 𒌑𒆠𒋧𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|gud₄}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|gud₅}} = 𒃴 {{transliteration|akk|gud₆}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|gud₇}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|gud₈}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gud₉}} = 𒋃 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gag}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|gig}} = 𒈪𒉭 {{transliteration|akk|gíg}} ({{transliteration|akk|gig₂}}) = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|gìg}} ({{transliteration|akk|gig₃}}) = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|gig₄}} = 𒂅 | {{transliteration|akk|gug}} = 𒍝𒄢 {{transliteration|akk|gúg}} ({{transliteration|akk|gug₂}}) = 𒈖 {{transliteration|akk|gùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|gug₃}}) = 𒃻𒈖 {{transliteration|akk|gug₄}} = 𒍤𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gug₅}} = 𒈙 {{transliteration|akk|gug₆}} = 𒅗𒆕 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gak}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|gik}} = 𒈪𒉭 | {{transliteration|akk|gúk}} ({{transliteration|akk|guk₂}}) = 𒈖 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gal}} = 𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|gál}} ({{transliteration|akk|gal₂}}) = 𒅅 {{transliteration|akk|gàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|gal₃}}) = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|gal₄}} = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|gal₅}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|gal₈}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|gal₉}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|gal₁₀}} = 𒇽𒁹 | {{transliteration|akk|gel}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|gél}} ({{transliteration|akk|gel₂}}) = 𒆸 | {{transliteration|akk|gil}} = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|gíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|gil₂}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|gil₃}}) = 𒅍 | {{transliteration|akk|gul}} = 𒄢 {{transliteration|akk|gúl}} ({{transliteration|akk|gul₂}}) = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|gùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|gul₃}}) = 𒋼 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gam}} = 𒃵 {{transliteration|akk|gám}} ({{transliteration|akk|gam₂}}) = 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|gàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|gam₃}}) = 𒆛 {{transliteration|akk|gam₄}} = 𒃶 | {{transliteration|akk|gem}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|gèm}} ({{transliteration|akk|gem₃}}) = 𒊩𒆳 | {{transliteration|akk|gim}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|gím}} ({{transliteration|akk|gim₂}}) = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|gìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|gim₃}}) = 𒊩𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|gim₄}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|gim₅}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|gim₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gim₇}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|gim₈}} = 𒃰𒋺𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|gum}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|gúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|gum₂}}) = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|gùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|gum₃}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|gum₄}} = 𒃵 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gan}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|gán}} ({{transliteration|akk|gan₂}}) = 𒃷 {{transliteration|akk|gàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|gan₃}}) = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|gan₇}} = 𒃵 | {{transliteration|akk|gen}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gèn}} ({{transliteration|akk|gen₃}}) = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|gen₇}} = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|gin}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gín}} ({{transliteration|akk|gin₂}}) = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|gìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|gin₃}}) = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|gin₄}} = 𒍤𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gin₆}} = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|gin₇}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|gin₈}} = 𒄯 | {{transliteration|akk|gun}} = 𒄘𒌦 {{transliteration|akk|gún}} ({{transliteration|akk|gun₂}}) = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|gùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|gun₃}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|gun₄}} = 𒀕 {{transliteration|akk|gun₅}} = 𒈝 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gap}} = 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|gáp}} ({{transliteration|akk|gap₂}}) = 𒆏 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|gíp}} ({{transliteration|akk|gip₂}}) = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|gup}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|gup₂}}) = 𒇷 | |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|giq}} = 𒈪𒉭 | {{transliteration|akk|guq}} = 𒍝𒄢 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gar}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|gár}} ({{transliteration|akk|gar₂}}) = 𒂶 {{transliteration|akk|gàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|gar₃}}) = 𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|gar₄}} = 𒄞𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|gar₅}} = 𒈖 {{transliteration|akk|gar₆}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|gar₇}} = 𒈥 {{transliteration|akk|gar₈}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|gar₉}} = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₀}} = 𒂶 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₁}} = 𒂶 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₂}} = 𒂶 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₃}} = 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₄}} = 𒋼𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|gar₁₉}} = 𒃸 | {{transliteration|akk|ger}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|gér}} ({{transliteration|akk|ger₂}}) = 𒄈 {{transliteration|akk|gèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ger₃}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|ger₁₅}} = 𒂠 | {{transliteration|akk|gir}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|gír}} ({{transliteration|akk|gir₂}}) = 𒄈 {{transliteration|akk|gìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|gir₃}}) = 𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|gir₄}} = 𒌋𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|gir₅}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|gir₆}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|gir₇}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|gir₈}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gir₉}} = 𒀚 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₀}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₁}} = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₂}} = 𒅔 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₃}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₄}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₅}} = 𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₆}} = 𒄌 {{transliteration|akk|gir₁₇}} = 𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|gur}} = 𒄥 {{transliteration|akk|gúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|gur₂}}) = 𒑲 {{transliteration|akk|gùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|gur₃}}) = 𒅍 {{transliteration|akk|gur₄}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|gur₅}} = 𒍀, 𒅫 {{transliteration|akk|gur₆}} = 𒃸 {{transliteration|akk|gur₇}} = 𒄦 {{transliteration|akk|gur₈}} = 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|gur₉}} = 𒉒 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₀}} = 𒆥 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₁}} = 𒂵 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₂}} = 𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₃}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₄}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₅}} = 𒌴 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₆}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₇}} = 𒄕 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₈}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|gur₁₉}} = 𒉣𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|gur₂₂}} = 𒇉 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gas}} = 𒄤 {{transliteration|akk|gás}} ({{transliteration|akk|gas₂}}) = 𒄣 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|gis}} = 𒄑
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gaṣ}} = 𒄤 | {{transliteration|akk|giṣ}} = 𒄑 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gaš}} = 𒁉 | {{transliteration|akk|geš}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|géš}} ({{transliteration|akk|geš₂}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|gèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|geš₃}}) = 𒍑 {{transliteration|akk|geš₄}} = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|giš}} = 𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|gíš}} ({{transliteration|akk|giš₂}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|gìš}} ({{transliteration|akk|giš₃}}) = 𒍑 | {{transliteration|akk|guš}} = 𒋢 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gat}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|gát}} ({{transliteration|akk|gat₂}}) = 𒆐 {{transliteration|akk|gàt}} ({{transliteration|akk|gat₃}}) = 𒆑 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|git}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|gít}} ({{transliteration|akk|git₂}}) = 𒁍 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|gíṭ}} ({{transliteration|akk|giṭ₂}}) = 𒁍 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|gaz}} = 𒄤 {{transliteration|akk|gáz}} ({{transliteration|akk|gaz₂}}) = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|gàz}} ({{transliteration|akk|gaz₃}}) = | {{transliteration|akk|gez}} = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|giz}} = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|guz}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|gúz}} ({{transliteration|akk|guz₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|gùz}} ({{transliteration|akk|guz₃}}) = 𒆪 |
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=14 | ḫ- | {{transliteration|akk|ḫab}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|ḫáb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫab₂}}) = 𒇥 | rowspan=7 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=7 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ḫub}} = 𒄽 {{transliteration|akk|ḫúb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫub₂}}) = 𒄸 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫad}} = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|ḫád}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫad₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫad}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫad₃}}) = 𒊷 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫud}} = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|ḫúd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫud₂}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫùd}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫud₃}}) = 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|ḫud₄}} = 𒊷 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ḫug}} = 𒂠 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫal}} = 𒄬 {{transliteration|akk|ḫál}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫal₂}}) = 𒍮 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫul}} = 𒅆𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|ḫúl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫul₂}}) = 𒄾 {{transliteration|akk|ḫùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫul₃}}) = 𒄒 {{transliteration|akk|ḫul₄}} = 𒅆𒌪 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ḫum}} = 𒈝 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫun}} = 𒂠 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫap}} = 𒆸 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫup}} = 𒄽 {{transliteration|akk|ḫúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫup₂}}) = 𒄸 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫar}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|ḫár}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫar₂}}) = 𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|ḫàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫar₃}}) = 𒇽𒆸, 𒈊 {{transliteration|akk|ḫar₄}} = 𒁚 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫer}} = 𒂡 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫir}} = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|ḫír}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫir₂}}) = 𒄯 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫur}} = 𒄯 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫas}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ḫás}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫas₂}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|ḫàs}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫas₃}}) = 𒍨 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ḫus}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|ḫús}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫus₂}}) = 𒋻 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫaṣ}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ḫáṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫaṣ₂}}) = 𒉺 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫaš}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ḫáš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫaš₂}}) = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|ḫàš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫaš₃}}) = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫaš₄}} = 𒍮 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫeš}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫéš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫeš₂}}) = 𒍨 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫiš}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|ḫiš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫíš₂}}) = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|ḫiš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫìš₃}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|ḫiš₄}} = 𒄭𒄊 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫuš}} = 𒄭𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|ḫúš}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫuš₂}}) = 𒄊 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫat}} = 𒉺
| rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫaṭ}} = 𒉺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ḫaz}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ḫáz}} ({{transliteration|akk|ḫaz₂}}) = 𒉺 | {{transliteration|akk|ḫuz}} = 𒈝 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=17 | k- | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=5 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|kua}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|kua}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuá₂}}) = 𒌔 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kab}} = 𒆏 {{transliteration|akk|káb}} ({{transliteration|akk|kab₂}}) = 𒅘 | {{transliteration|akk|kib}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|kub}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|kùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|kub₃}}) = 𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|kub₄}} = 𒆤 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kad}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|kád}} ({{transliteration|akk|kad₂}}) = 𒆐 {{transliteration|akk|kàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|kad₃}}) = 𒆑 {{transliteration|akk|kad₄}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|kad₅}} = 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|kad₆}} = 𒍦 {{transliteration|akk|kad₈}} = 𒀽 | {{transliteration|akk|kid}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|kíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|kid₂}}) = 𒋺 {{transliteration|akk|kìd}} ({{transliteration|akk|kid₃}}) = 𒀝 {{transliteration|akk|kid₄}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|kid₅}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|kid₆}} = 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|kid₇}} = 𒅎𒋺, 𒅏 {{transliteration|akk|kid₈}} = 𒊩𒋺 {{transliteration|akk|kid₉}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|kid₁₀}} = 𒁍 | {{transliteration|akk|kud}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|kùd}} ({{transliteration|akk|kud₃}}) = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|kud₆}} = 𒆑 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kag}} = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|kág}} ({{transliteration|akk|kag₂}}) = 𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|kíg}} ({{transliteration|akk|kig₂}}) = 𒆥 | {{transliteration|akk|kug}} = 𒆬 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kak}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|kik}} = 𒈪𒉭 | {{transliteration|akk|kuk}} = 𒆬 {{transliteration|akk|kúk}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuk₂}}) = 𒈖 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kal}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|kál}} ({{transliteration|akk|kal₂}}) = 𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|kàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|kal₃}}) = 𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|kal₄}} = 𒊩 | {{transliteration|akk|kel}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|kèl}} ({{transliteration|akk|kel₃}}) = 𒇔 | {{transliteration|akk|kil}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|kíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|kil₂}}) = 𒄃 {{transliteration|akk|kìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|kil₃}}) = 𒇔 {{transliteration|akk|kil₄}} = 𒃰𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|kul}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|kúl}} ({{transliteration|akk|kul₂}}) = 𒄢 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kam}} = 𒄰 {{transliteration|akk|kám}} ({{transliteration|akk|kam₂}}) = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|kàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|kam₃}}) = 𒆒, 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|kam₄}} = 𒆛 | {{transliteration|akk|kem}} = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|kim}} = 𒁶 {{transliteration|akk|kím}} ({{transliteration|akk|kim₂}}) = 𒆒, 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|kìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|kim₃}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|kim₄}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|kim₅}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|kim₆}} = 𒁺 | {{transliteration|akk|kum}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|kúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|kum₂}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|kùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|kum₃}}) = 𒉽𒅊𒉣𒈨𒂬 {{transliteration|akk|kum₄}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|kum₅}} = 𒅖 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kan}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|kán}} ({{transliteration|akk|kan₂}}) = 𒃷 {{transliteration|akk|kàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|kan₃}}) = 𒊝 {{transliteration|akk|kan₄}} = 𒆍 {{transliteration|akk|kan₅}} = 𒅸 {{transliteration|akk|kan₆}} = 𒅤 | {{transliteration|akk|kèn}} ({{transliteration|akk|ken₃}}) = 𒆳 | {{transliteration|akk|kin}} = 𒆥 {{transliteration|akk|kín}} ({{transliteration|akk|kin₂}}) = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|kìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|kin₃}}) = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|kin₄}} = 𒆸𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|kin₅}} = 𒌺 {{transliteration|akk|kin₇}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|kin₈}} = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|kun}} = 𒆲 {{transliteration|akk|kún}} ({{transliteration|akk|kun₂}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|kùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|kun₃}}) = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|kun₄}} = 𒄿𒇻 / 𒄿𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|kun₅}} = 𒌉𒂠 {{transliteration|akk|kun₈}} = 𒈧 {{transliteration|akk|kun₉}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|kun₁₀}} = 𒆥 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kap}} = 𒆏 {{transliteration|akk|kàp}} ({{transliteration|akk|kap₃}}) = 𒃮 | {{transliteration|akk|kep}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|kip}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|kup}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|kùp}} ({{transliteration|akk|kup₃}}) = 𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|kup₄}} = 𒆤 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kaq}} = 𒆕
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kar}} = 𒋼𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|kár}} ({{transliteration|akk|kar₂}}) = 𒃸 {{transliteration|akk|kàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|kar₃}}) = 𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|kar₄}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|kar₅}} = 𒃻 | {{transliteration|akk|ker}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|ker₆}} = 𒀘 {{transliteration|akk|ker₇}} = 𒉑 | {{transliteration|akk|kir}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|kír}} ({{transliteration|akk|kir₂}}) = 𒀚 {{transliteration|akk|kìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|kir₃}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|kir₄}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|kir₅}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|kir₆}} = 𒀘 {{transliteration|akk|kir₇}} = 𒉑 {{transliteration|akk|kir₈}} = 𒋼𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|kir₉}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₀}} = 𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₁}} = 𒊩𒃢 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₂}} = 𒌋𒂘 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₃}} = 𒌋𒀜 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₄}} = 𒅯 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₅}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₆}} = 𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|kir₁₇}} = 𒉐 | {{transliteration|akk|kur}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|kúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|kur₂}}) = 𒉽 {{transliteration|akk|kùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|kur₃}}) = 𒄥 {{transliteration|akk|kur₄}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|kur₅}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|kur₆}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|kur₇}} = 𒅆𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|kur₇}} = 𒅆𒃻 (old) {{transliteration|akk|kur₈}} = 𒅥 {{transliteration|akk|kur₉}} = 𒆭, 𒋽 {{transliteration|akk|kur₁₁}} = 𒉣𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|kur₁₂}} = 𒍀 {{transliteration|akk|kur₁₅}} = 𒂵 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kas}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|kás}} ({{transliteration|akk|kas₂}}) = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|kàs}} ({{transliteration|akk|kas₃}}) = 𒄤 {{transliteration|akk|kas₄}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|kas₅}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|kas₆}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|kas₇}} = 𒋃 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|kis}} = 𒆧 {{transliteration|akk|kís}} ({{transliteration|akk|kis₂}}) = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|kus}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|kús}} ({{transliteration|akk|kus₂}}) = 𒈝 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kaṣ}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|káṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|kaṣ₂}}) = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|kàṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|kaṣ₃}}) = 𒄤 | {{transliteration|akk|kiṣ}} = 𒆧 | {{transliteration|akk|kúṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuṣ₂}}) = 𒈝 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kaš}} = 𒁉 {{transliteration|akk|káš}} ({{transliteration|akk|kaš₂}}) = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|kàš}} ({{transliteration|akk|kaš₃}}) = 𒍒 {{transliteration|akk|kaš₄}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|kaš₅}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|kaš₆}} = 𒄤 | {{transliteration|akk|keš}} = 𒆧 {{transliteration|akk|kéš}} ({{transliteration|akk|keš₂}}) = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|kèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|keš₃}}) = 𒋙𒀭𒄲 {{transliteration|akk|keš₄}} = 𒊔 {{transliteration|akk|keš₇}} = 𒁝 {{transliteration|akk|keš₈}} = 𒁞 {{transliteration|akk|keš₉}} = 𒁬 {{transliteration|akk|keš₁₈}} = 𒌔 | {{transliteration|akk|kiš}} = 𒆧 {{transliteration|akk|kíš}} ({{transliteration|akk|kiš₂}}) = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|kiš₅}} = 𒋝𒋙𒁷, 𒉾 {{transliteration|akk|kiš₈}} = 𒁞 {{transliteration|akk|kiš₉}} = 𒁬 {{transliteration|akk|kiš₁₆}} = 𒌑𒄉 {{transliteration|akk|kiš₁₇}} = 𒄉 | {{transliteration|akk|kuš}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|kúš}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuš₂}}) = 𒊨 {{transliteration|akk|kùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuš₃}}) = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₄}} = 𒉺𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₅}} = 𒌋𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₆}} = 𒆯 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₇}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₈}} = 𒄾 {{transliteration|akk|kuš₉}} = 𒆵 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kat}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|kát}} ({{transliteration|akk|kat₂}}) = 𒆐 {{transliteration|akk|kàt}} ({{transliteration|akk|kat₃}}) = 𒆑 {{transliteration|akk|kat₄}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|kat₅}} = 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|kat₇}} = 𒋗 | {{transliteration|akk|ket}} = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|kit}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|kít}} ({{transliteration|akk|kit₂}}) = 𒋺 {{transliteration|akk|kit₉}} = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|kit₁₆}} = 𒁍 | {{transliteration|akk|kut}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|kút}} ({{transliteration|akk|kut₂}}) = 𒃰 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|kiṭ}} = 𒆤
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|kaz₈}} = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|kaz₉}} = 𒌓𒄯 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|kuz}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|kùz}} ({{transliteration|akk|kuz₃}}) = 𒆪 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=16 | l- | {{transliteration|akk|lab}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|láb}} ({{transliteration|akk|lab₂}}) = 𒈜 | {{transliteration|akk|leb}} = 𒈜 | {{transliteration|akk|lib}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|líb}} ({{transliteration|akk|lib₂}}) = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|lìb}} ({{transliteration|akk|lib₃}}) = 𒊮 {{transliteration|akk|lib₄}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|lib₅}} = 𒊠 | {{transliteration|akk|lub}} = 𒈜 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lad}} = 𒆳
| rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|lid}} = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|líd}} ({{transliteration|akk|lid₂}}) = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|lud}} = 𒂁 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lag}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|lig}} = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|lug}} = 𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|lúg}} ({{transliteration|akk|lug₂}}) = 𒉺 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|laḫ}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|láḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|laḫ₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|làḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|laḫ₃}}) = 𒈛 {{transliteration|akk|laḫ₄}} = 𒁻 {{transliteration|akk|laḫ₅}} = 𒁺𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|laḫ₆}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|laḫ₇}} = 𒁽 | {{transliteration|akk|liḫ}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|líḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|liḫ₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|lìḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|liḫ₃}}) = 𒈛 {{transliteration|akk|liḫ₄}} = 𒇺 | {{transliteration|akk|luḫ}} = 𒈛 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lak}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|lik}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|lík}} ({{transliteration|akk|lik₂}}) = 𒋃 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lal}} = 𒇲 {{transliteration|akk|lál}} ({{transliteration|akk|lal₂}}) = 𒇳 {{transliteration|akk|làl}} ({{transliteration|akk|lal₃}}) = 𒋭 {{transliteration|akk|lal₄}} = 𒇸 {{transliteration|akk|lal₅}} = 𒋙𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|lal₆}} = 𒋙𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|lél}} ({{transliteration|akk|lel₂}}) = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|lel₄}} = 𒆦 | {{transliteration|akk|lil}} = 𒇸 {{transliteration|akk|líl}} ({{transliteration|akk|lil₂}}) = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|lìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|lil₃}}) = 𒋙𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|lil₅}} = 𒋙𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|lil₆}} = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|lil₇}} = 𒂁𒋡𒁓 {{transliteration|akk|lil₈}} = 𒈑 | {{transliteration|akk|lul}} = 𒈜 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lam}} = 𒇴 {{transliteration|akk|lám}} ({{transliteration|akk|lam₂}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|làm}} ({{transliteration|akk|lam₃}}) = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|lam₄}} = 𒐂 {{transliteration|akk|lam₅}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|lam₆}} = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|lam₇}} = 𒇶 | {{transliteration|akk|lem}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|lem₄}} = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|lim}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|lím}} ({{transliteration|akk|lim₂}}) = 𒐂 {{transliteration|akk|lìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|lim₃}}) = 𒇴 | {{transliteration|akk|lum}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|lúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|lum₂}}) = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|lùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|lum₃}}) = 𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|lum₄}} = 𒇴 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|lan}} = 𒉺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lap}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|lép}} ({{transliteration|akk|₂}}) = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|lip}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|líp}} ({{transliteration|akk|lip₂}}) = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|lìp}} ({{transliteration|akk|lip₃}}) = 𒊮 | {{transliteration|akk|lup}} = 𒈜 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|laq}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|leq}} = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|liq}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|líq}} ({{transliteration|akk|liq₂}}) = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|lìq}} ({{transliteration|akk|liq₃}}) = 𒀀𒄷𒋛 | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lar}} = 𒉺
| rowspan=6 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|lir}} = 𒉪 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|lis}} = 𒇺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|liš}} = 𒇺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|lat}} = 𒆳 | {{transliteration|akk|lit}} = 𒀖 | {{transliteration|akk|lut}} = 𒂁 | |
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|liṭ}} = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|líṭ}} ({{transliteration|akk|liṭ₂}}) = 𒂁 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|liz}} = 𒇺 | |||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=17 | m- | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|mua}} = 𒉺 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maʾ}} = 𒈣
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mad}} = 𒆳 | {{transliteration|akk|mid}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|mud}} = 𒄷𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|múd}} ({{transliteration|akk|mud₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|mùd}} ({{transliteration|akk|mud₃}}) = 𒉸 {{transliteration|akk|mud₄}} = 𒆸𒌋𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|mud₅}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|mud₆}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|mud₇}} = 𒍤𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|mud₈}} = 𒉳 | |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|mug}} = 𒈮 {{transliteration|akk|múg}} ({{transliteration|akk|mug₂}}) = 𒊩𒆷 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maḫ}} = 𒈤 {{transliteration|akk|máḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|maḫ₂}}) = 𒀠 {{transliteration|akk|màḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|maḫ₃}}) = 𒌋𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|meḫ}} = 𒈤 | {{transliteration|akk|miḫ}} = 𒈤 | {{transliteration|akk|muḫ}} = 𒌋𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|múḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|muḫ₂}}) = 𒊚 {{transliteration|akk|muḫ₄}} = 𒊨 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|muk}} = 𒈮 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mal}} = 𒂷 {{transliteration|akk|mál}} ({{transliteration|akk|mal₂}}) = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|mal₄}} = 𒇺 | {{transliteration|akk|mel}} = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|mèl}} ({{transliteration|akk|mel₃}}) = 𒆠𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|mil}} = 𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|mul}} = 𒀯 {{transliteration|akk|múl}} ({{transliteration|akk|mul₂}}) = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|mùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|mul₃}}) = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|mul₄}} = 𒌌 {{transliteration|akk|mul₅}} = 𒃷 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mam}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|mám}} ({{transliteration|akk|mam₂}}) = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|màm}} ({{transliteration|akk|mam₃}}) = 𒊩𒈠 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|mim}} = 𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|mím}} ({{transliteration|akk|mim₂}}) = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|mìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|mim₃}}) = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|mim₄}} = 𒊩𒈠 | {{transliteration|akk|mum}} = 𒌣 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|man}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|màn}} ({{transliteration|akk|man₃}}) = 𒐀 | {{transliteration|akk|men}} = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|mén}} ({{transliteration|akk|men₂}}) = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|mèn}} ({{transliteration|akk|men₃}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|men₄}} = 𒇙 {{transliteration|akk|men₅}} = 𒌋𒌋 | {{transliteration|akk|min}} = 𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|mín}} ({{transliteration|akk|min₂}}) = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|mìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|min₃}}) = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|min₄}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|min₅}} = 𒐀 {{transliteration|akk|min₆}} = 𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|min₇}} = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|min₈}} = 𒑊 | {{transliteration|akk|mun}} = 𒁵 {{transliteration|akk|mún}} ({{transliteration|akk|mun₂}}) = 𒌣 {{transliteration|akk|mun₄}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|mun₅}} = 𒌋𒁵 {{transliteration|akk|mun₆}} = 𒌋𒁴 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|muq}} = 𒈮 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mar}} = 𒈥 {{transliteration|akk|már}} ({{transliteration|akk|mar₂}}) = 𒀫 {{transliteration|akk|màr}} ({{transliteration|akk|mar₃}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|mar₅}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|mar₆}} = 𒄯 | {{transliteration|akk|mer}} = 𒂆 {{transliteration|akk|mér}} ({{transliteration|akk|mer₂}}) = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|mèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|mer₃}}) = 𒄈 {{transliteration|akk|mer₄}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|mir}} = 𒂆 {{transliteration|akk|mír}} ({{transliteration|akk|mir₂}}) = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|mir₅}} = 𒂧 | {{transliteration|akk|mur}} = 𒄯 {{transliteration|akk|múr}} ({{transliteration|akk|mur₂}}) = 𒌘 {{transliteration|akk|mùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|mur₃}}) = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|mur₆}} = 𒆠𒂗𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|mur₇}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|mur₈}} = 𒈱 {{transliteration|akk|mur₁₀}} = 𒌆 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mas}} = 𒈦 | {{transliteration|akk|mes}} = 𒈩 {{transliteration|akk|més}} ({{transliteration|akk|mes₂}}) = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|mès}} ({{transliteration|akk|mes₃}}) = 𒈨𒌍 | {{transliteration|akk|mis}} = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|mus}} = 𒈲 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maṣ}} = 𒈦 | {{transliteration|akk|meṣ}} = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|miṣ}} = 𒈩
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maś}} = 𒈦
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maš}} = 𒈦 {{transliteration|akk|máš}} ({{transliteration|akk|maš₂}}) = 𒈧 {{transliteration|akk|màš}} ({{transliteration|akk|maš₃}}) = 𒈦𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|maš₄}} = 𒉺 | {{transliteration|akk|meš}} = 𒈨𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|méš}} ({{transliteration|akk|meš₂}}) = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|mèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|meš₃}}) = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|miš}} = 𒈩 {{transliteration|akk|míš}} ({{transliteration|akk|miš₂}}) = 𒈨𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|mìš}} ({{transliteration|akk|miš₃}}) = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|muš}} = 𒈲 {{transliteration|akk|múš}} ({{transliteration|akk|muš₂}}) = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|mùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|muš₃}}) = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|muš₄}} = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|muš₅}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|muš₆}} = 𒁑 {{transliteration|akk|muš₇}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|muš₈}} = 𒄷 {{transliteration|akk|muš₉}} = 𒈪 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|mat}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|mát}} ({{transliteration|akk|mat₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|màt}} ({{transliteration|akk|mat₃}}) = 𒄷𒄭 | {{transliteration|akk|met}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|mit}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|mut}} = 𒄷𒄭 {{transliteration|akk|mút}} ({{transliteration|akk|mut₂}}) = 𒁁 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|maṭ}} = 𒆳 | {{transliteration|akk|meṭ}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|miṭ}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|muṭ}} = 𒄷𒄭 |
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=15 | n- | {{transliteration|akk|nab}} = 𒀮 {{transliteration|akk|náb}} ({{transliteration|akk|nab₂}}) = 𒀯 {{transliteration|akk|nàb}} ({{transliteration|akk|nab₃}}) = 𒀭𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|nab₄}} = 𒅊 | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|nib}} = 𒊋 {{transliteration|akk|níb}} ({{transliteration|akk|nib₂}}) = 𒀮 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nad}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|nàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|nad₃}}) = 𒈿 | {{transliteration|akk|nid}} = 𒍑 | {{transliteration|akk|nud}} = 𒈿 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nag}} = 𒅘 {{transliteration|akk|nág}} ({{transliteration|akk|nag₂}}) = 𒉀 | {{transliteration|akk|nig}} = 𒊩𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|níg}} ({{transliteration|akk|nig₂}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|nig₆}} = 𒌋𒌓𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|nug}} = 𒋐 {{transliteration|akk|núg}} ({{transliteration|akk|nug₂}}) = 𒋊 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|náḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|naḫ₂}}) = 𒂠
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nak}} = 𒅘 {{transliteration|akk|nák}} ({{transliteration|akk|nak₂}}) = 𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|nàk}} ({{transliteration|akk|nak₃}}) = 𒊩𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|nék}} ({{transliteration|akk|nek₂}}) = 𒃻 | {{transliteration|akk|nik}} = 𒊩𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|ník}} ({{transliteration|akk|nik₂}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|nik₅}} = 𒅘 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nam}} = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|nám}} ({{transliteration|akk|nam₂}}) = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|nàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|nam₃}}) = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|nam₄}} = 𒅊 | {{transliteration|akk|nem}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|ném}} ({{transliteration|akk|nem₂}}) = 𒊩𒌆 | {{transliteration|akk|nim}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|ním}} ({{transliteration|akk|nim₂}}) = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|nìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|nim₃}}) = 𒌋𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|nim₄}} = 𒈝 {{transliteration|akk|nim₅}} = 𒃻 | {{transliteration|akk|num}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|núm}} ({{transliteration|akk|num₂}}) = 𒈝 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nan}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|nán}} ({{transliteration|akk|nan₂}}) = 𒋀𒆠 {{transliteration|akk|nàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|nan₃}}) = 𒌍 | {{transliteration|akk|nen}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|nen₉}} = 𒊩𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|nin}} = 𒊩𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|nín}} ({{transliteration|akk|nin₂}}) = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|nìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|nin₃}}) = 𒆸𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|nin₄}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|nin₅}} = 𒐏 {{transliteration|akk|nin₆}} = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|nin₇}} = 𒇧𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|nin₉}} = 𒊩𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|nin₁₀}} = 𒊩𒋠 | {{transliteration|akk|nun}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|nūn}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|nún}} ({{transliteration|akk|nun₂}}) = 𒀀𒄩𒋻𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|nùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|nun₃}}) = 𒁍 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nap}} = 𒀮 {{transliteration|akk|náp}} ({{transliteration|akk|nap₂}}) = 𒀯 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|níp}} ({{transliteration|akk|nip₂}}) = 𒀮
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|naq}} = 𒅘 | {{transliteration|akk|niq}} = 𒊩𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|níq}} ({{transliteration|akk|niq₂}}) = 𒃻 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nar}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|nàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|nar₃}}) = 𒉪 | {{transliteration|akk|ner}} = 𒉪 | {{transliteration|akk|nir}} = 𒉪 {{transliteration|akk|nír}} ({{transliteration|akk|nir₂}}) = 𒍝𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|nìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|nir₃}}) = 𒍝𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|nir₄}} = 𒍝𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|nir₅}} = 𒍝𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|nir₆}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|nir₇}} = 𒍝𒂆 | {{transliteration|akk|nur}} = 𒉪 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|nes}} = 𒌋𒌋 | {{transliteration|akk|nis}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|nís}} ({{transliteration|akk|nis₂}}) = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|nus}} = 𒉭 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|naš}} = 𒌋𒌋 | {{transliteration|akk|neš}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|néš}} ({{transliteration|akk|neš₂}}) = 𒄑 | {{transliteration|akk|niš}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|níš}} ({{transliteration|akk|niš₂}}) = 𒄑 | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|nat}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|nát}} ({{transliteration|akk|nat₂}}) = 𒄿 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|nit}} = 𒍑 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|neṭ}} = 𒍑 | {{transliteration|akk|niṭ}} = 𒍑 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|nuz}} = 𒉭 | |||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=15 | p- | {{transliteration|akk|pab}} = 𒉽
| rowspan=5 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pad}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|pád}} ({{transliteration|akk|pad₂}}) = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|pàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|pad₃}}) = 𒅆𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|pad₄}} = 𒅆 {{transliteration|akk|pad₅}} = 𒉽𒂊 {{transliteration|akk|pad₆}} = 𒉽𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|pid}} = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|píd}} ({{transliteration|akk|pid₂}}) = 𒁁 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pag}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|pig}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|pug}} = 𒈮 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|paḫ}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|pàḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|paḫ₃}}) = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|piḫ}} = 𒈜 | {{transliteration|akk|puḫ}} = 𒈜 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pak}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|pik}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|puk}} = 𒈮 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pal}} = 𒁄 | {{transliteration|akk|pel}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|pél}} ({{transliteration|akk|pel₂}}) = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|pel₅}} = 𒉭 | {{transliteration|akk|pil}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|píl}} ({{transliteration|akk|pil₂}}) = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|pìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|pil₃}}) = 𒄑𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|pil₄}} = 𒄑𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|pil₅}} = 𒉋 {{transliteration|akk|pil₆}} = 𒋓 | {{transliteration|akk|pul}} = 𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|púl}} ({{transliteration|akk|pul₂}}) = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|pùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|pul₃}}) = 𒁄 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|pum}} = 𒅤 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pan}} = 𒉼 {{transliteration|akk|pán}} ({{transliteration|akk|pan₂}}) = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|pàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|pan₃}}) = 𒅆 | {{transliteration|akk|pin}} = 𒀳
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pap}} = 𒄷
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|paq}} = 𒄷 | {{transliteration|akk|piq}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|púq}} ({{transliteration|akk|puq₂}}) = 𒄷 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|par}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|pár}} ({{transliteration|akk|par₂}}) = 𒁇 {{transliteration|akk|pàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|par₃}}) = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|par₄}} = 𒆦 {{transliteration|akk|par₅}} = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|par₆}} = 𒁈 {{transliteration|akk|par₇}} = 𒉌𒂟 | {{transliteration|akk|per}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|pér}} ({{transliteration|akk|per₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|pèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|per₃}}) = 𒄵 | {{transliteration|akk|pir}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|pír}} ({{transliteration|akk|pir₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|pìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|pir₃}}) = 𒄵 {{transliteration|akk|pir₆}} = 𒉆 | {{transliteration|akk|pur}} = 𒁓 {{transliteration|akk|pur₁₃}} = 𒉽𒉽 |
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| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|pis}} = 𒄫 | {{transliteration|akk|pus}} = 𒄫 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|paš}} = 𒄫 | {{transliteration|akk|peš}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|péš}} ({{transliteration|akk|peš₂}}) = 𒋝𒋙𒁷, 𒉾 {{transliteration|akk|pèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|peš₃}}) = 𒈠 {{transliteration|akk|peš₄}} = 𒊯 {{transliteration|akk|peš₅}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|peš₆}} = 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|peš₇}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|peš₈}} = 𒋗𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|peš₉}} = 𒌓𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|peš₁₀}} = 𒆠𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|peš₁₁}} = 𒄩 {{transliteration|akk|peš₁₂}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|peš₁₃}} = 𒊴 | {{transliteration|akk|piš}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|píš}} ({{transliteration|akk|piš₂}}) = 𒋝𒋙𒁷, 𒉾 {{transliteration|akk|piš₄}} = 𒊯 {{transliteration|akk|piš₅}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|piš₆}} = 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|piš₁₀}} = 𒆠𒀀 | {{transliteration|akk|púš}} ({{transliteration|akk|puš₂}}) = 𒉽𒄬 {{transliteration|akk|pùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|puš₃}}) = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|puš₄}} = 𒂅 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|pat}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|pát}} ({{transliteration|akk|pat₂}}) = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|pet}} = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|pét}} ({{transliteration|akk|pet₂}}) = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|pit}} = 𒂍 {{transliteration|akk|pít}} ({{transliteration|akk|pit₂}}) = 𒁁 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|paṭ}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|páṭ}} ({{transliteration|akk|pat₂}}) = 𒁁 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|piṭ}} = 𒂍 | ||
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! rowspan=11 | q- | {{transliteration|akk|qab}} = 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|qáb}} ({{transliteration|akk|qab₂}}) = 𒆏 {{transliteration|akk|qàb}} ({{transliteration|akk|qab₃}}) = 𒁕 | {{transliteration|akk|qeb}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|qib}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|qub}} = 𒁺 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qad}} = 𒋗 {{transliteration|akk|qád}} ({{transliteration|akk|qad₂}}) = 𒋗𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|qàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|qad₃}}) = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|qad₄}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|qad₆}} = 𒆐 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|qid}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|qíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|qid₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|qid₄}} = 𒃰 | {{transliteration|akk|qud}} = 𒋻 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qal}} = 𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|qàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|qal₃}}) = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|qal₄}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|qel}} = 𒆸 | {{transliteration|akk|qil}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|qíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|qil₂}}) = 𒄃 | {{transliteration|akk|qul}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|qúl}} ({{transliteration|akk|qul₂}}) = 𒄢 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qam}} = 𒑲 {{transliteration|akk|qám}} ({{transliteration|akk|qam₂}}) = 𒄰 | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|qim}} = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|qum}} = 𒄣 {{transliteration|akk|qúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|qum₂}}) = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|qùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|qum₃}}) = 𒈝 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qan}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|qán}} ({{transliteration|akk|qan₂}}) = 𒄀 | {{transliteration|akk|qin}} = 𒆥 | {{transliteration|akk|qun}} = 𒆲 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qap}} = 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|qáp}} ({{transliteration|akk|qap₂}}) = 𒆏 | {{transliteration|akk|qip}} = 𒄒 | {{transliteration|akk|qup}} = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|qúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|qup₂}}) = 𒄽 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qaq}} = 𒆕 | {{transliteration|akk|qiq}} = 𒈪𒉭
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qar}} = 𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|qár}} ({{transliteration|akk|qar₂}}) = 𒋼𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|qàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|qar₃}}) = 𒃻 {{transliteration|akk|qar₄}} = 𒂶 {{transliteration|akk|qar₅}} = 𒄫 | {{transliteration|akk|qer}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|qèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|qer₃}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|qer₅}} = 𒃼 {{transliteration|akk|qer₁₀}} = 𒄩 | {{transliteration|akk|qir}} = 𒄫 {{transliteration|akk|qír}} ({{transliteration|akk|qir₂}}) = 𒉐 {{transliteration|akk|qìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|qir₃}}) = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|qir₆}} = 𒀘 {{transliteration|akk|qir₇}} = 𒄊 {{transliteration|akk|qir₈}} = 𒄌 {{transliteration|akk|qir₉}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|qir₁₀}} = 𒄩 | {{transliteration|akk|qur}} = 𒄥 {{transliteration|akk|qúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|qur₂}}) = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|qùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|qur₃}}) = 𒑲 {{transliteration|akk|qur₄}} = 𒉽 |
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| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|qis}} = 𒆧
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qiš}} = 𒆧 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|qat}} = 𒋗 {{transliteration|akk|qát}} ({{transliteration|akk|qat₂}}) = 𒋗𒈫 {{transliteration|akk|qàt}} ({{transliteration|akk|qat₃}}) = 𒃰 {{transliteration|akk|qat₅}} = 𒆒 {{transliteration|akk|qat₆}} = 𒆐 {{transliteration|akk|qat₇}} = 𒆑 {{transliteration|akk|qat₈}} = 𒆓 | {{transliteration|akk|qet}} = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|qit}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|qít}} ({{transliteration|akk|qit₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|qìt}} ({{transliteration|akk|qit₃}}) = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|qut}} = 𒋻 |
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! rowspan=13 | r- | {{transliteration|akk|rab}} = 𒊐 {{transliteration|akk|ráb}} ({{transliteration|akk|rab₂}}) = 𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|ràb}} ({{transliteration|akk|rab₃}}) = 𒈗 {{transliteration|akk|rab₄}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|reb}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|rib}} = 𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|rub}} = 𒆗 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|rad}} = 𒋥 {{transliteration|akk|rád}} ({{transliteration|akk|rad₂}}) = 𒅐 | {{transliteration|akk|red}} = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|rid}} = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|rud}} = 𒋥 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|rag}} = 𒊩
| rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|rig}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|ríg}} ({{transliteration|akk|rig₂}}) = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|rìg}} ({{transliteration|akk|rig₃}}) = 𒋖𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|rig₅}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|rig₆}} = 𒊪 {{transliteration|akk|rig₇}} = 𒉺𒄸𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|rig₈}} = 𒉺𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|rig₉}} = 𒄸𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|rig₁₀}} = 𒉺𒁣 {{transliteration|akk|rig₁₁}} = 𒈩𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|rig₁₃}} = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|rug}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|rúg}} ({{transliteration|akk|rug₂}}) = 𒉆𒋢 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|raḫ}} = 𒈛 {{transliteration|akk|ráḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|raḫ₂}}) = 𒊏 | {{transliteration|akk|riḫ}} = 𒈛 | {{transliteration|akk|ruḫ}} = 𒈛 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|rak}} = 𒊩 | {{transliteration|akk|rik}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|rík}} ({{transliteration|akk|rik₂}}) = wikt: {{transliteration|akk|rik₄}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|rik₁₃}} = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|ruk}} = 𒊿 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ram}} = 𒉘 {{transliteration|akk|rám}} ({{transliteration|akk|ram₂}}) = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|rem}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|rém}} ({{transliteration|akk|rem₂}}) = 𒀖 | {{transliteration|akk|rim}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|rím}} ({{transliteration|akk|rim₂}}) = 𒀖 {{transliteration|akk|rìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|rim₃}}) = 𒉈𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|rim₄}} = 𒁽 {{transliteration|akk|rim₅}} = 𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|rum}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|rúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|rum₂}}) = 𒉈𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|rùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|rum₃}}) = 𒉏 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|rin}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|rín}} ({{transliteration|akk|rin₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|rìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|rin₃}}) = 𒇔 {{transliteration|akk|rin₄}} = 𒈸 {{transliteration|akk|rin₅}} = 𒈕, 𒈕 {{transliteration|akk|rin₆}} = 𒆜 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|rap}} = 𒊐 | {{transliteration|akk|rip}} = 𒆗 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|raq}} = 𒊩 | {{transliteration|akk|req}} = 𒋆 | {{transliteration|akk|riq}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|ríq}} ({{transliteration|akk|riq₂}}) = 𒍮 | {{transliteration|akk|ruq}} = 𒊿 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ras}} = 𒆜 | {{transliteration|akk|res}} = 𒊕 | {{transliteration|akk|ris}} = 𒊕
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|raš}} = 𒆜 {{transliteration|akk|ráš}} ({{transliteration|akk|raš₂}}) = 𒌇 | {{transliteration|akk|reš}} = 𒊕 | {{transliteration|akk|riš}} = 𒊕 | {{transliteration|akk|ruš}} = 𒄭𒄊 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|rat}} = 𒋥
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|rit}} = 𒈩 {{transliteration|akk|rít}} ({{transliteration|akk|rit₂}}) = 𒋥 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|raṭ}} = 𒋥 | {{transliteration|akk|riṭ}} = 𒈩 | {{transliteration|akk|ruṭ}} = 𒋥 | |
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=16 | s- | ||||
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|siu}} = 𒌣
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sab}} = 𒉺𒅁
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|sib}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|síb}} ({{transliteration|akk|sib₂}}) = 𒉺𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|sìb}} ({{transliteration|akk|sib₃}}) = 𒍦 | {{transliteration|akk|sub}} = 𒅢 {{transliteration|akk|súb}} ({{transliteration|akk|sub₂}}) = 𒁻 {{transliteration|akk|sùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|sub₃}}) = 𒄛 {{transliteration|akk|sub₄}} = 𒅡 {{transliteration|akk|sub₅}} = 𒈰 {{transliteration|akk|sub₆}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|sub₇}} = 𒊒 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sad}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|sád}} ({{transliteration|akk|sad₂}}) = 𒃪 {{transliteration|akk|sàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sad₃}}) = 𒂿 {{transliteration|akk|sad₄}} = 𒃖 | {{transliteration|akk|sed}} = 𒈻 {{transliteration|akk|séd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sed₂}}) = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|sèd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sed₃}}) = 𒈺, 𒀀𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|sed₄}} = 𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|sed₅}} = 𒀀𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|sed₆}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|sed₇}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|sed₈}} = 𒍝𒈹𒁲 | {{transliteration|akk|sid}} = 𒈻 {{transliteration|akk|síd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sid₂}}) = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|sud}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|súd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sud₂}}) = 𒋥 {{transliteration|akk|sùd}} ({{transliteration|akk|sud₃}}) = 𒋢𒆳𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|sud₄}} = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|sud₅}} = 𒂬 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sag}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|ság}} ({{transliteration|akk|sag₂}}) = 𒉺𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|sàg}} ({{transliteration|akk|sag₃}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|sag₄}} = 𒈗 {{transliteration|akk|sag₅}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|sag₆}} = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|sag₇}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|sag₈}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|sag₉}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|sag₁₀}} = 𒅆𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|sag₁₁}} = 𒆥 | {{transliteration|akk|seg}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|sig}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|síg}} ({{transliteration|akk|sig₂}}) = 𒋠 {{transliteration|akk|sìg}} ({{transliteration|akk|sig₃}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|sig₄}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|sig₅}} = 𒅆𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|sig₆}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|sig₇}} = 𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|sig₈}} = 𒃰𒋺𒄑 {{transliteration|akk|sig₉}} = 𒋛 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₀}} = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₁}} = 𒉺𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₂}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₄}} = 𒊾, 𒅲, 𒅝 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₅}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₆}} = 𒃶 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₇}} = 𒄀 {{transliteration|akk|sig₁₈}} = 𒆥 | {{transliteration|akk|sug}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|súg}} ({{transliteration|akk|sug₂}}) = 𒁻 {{transliteration|akk|sùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|sug₃}}) = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|sug₄}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|sug₅}} = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|sug₆}} = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|sug₇}} = 𒅲 {{transliteration|akk|sug₈}} = 𒇭 {{transliteration|akk|sug₉}} = 𒉭 {{transliteration|akk|sug₁₀}} = 𒁺𒁺 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|saḫ}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|sáḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|saḫ₂}}) = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|sàḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|saḫ₃}}) = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|saḫ₄}} = 𒄗 {{transliteration|akk|saḫ₆}} = 𒄩𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|saḫ₇}} = 𒀄 | {{transliteration|akk|seḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|séḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|seḫ₂}}) = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|siḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|síḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|siḫ₃}}) = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|siḫ₄}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|siḫ₅}} = 𒄗 | {{transliteration|akk|suḫ}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|súḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|suḫ₂}}) = 𒋦 {{transliteration|akk|sùḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|suḫ₃}}) = 𒄗, 𒋦 {{transliteration|akk|suḫ₄}} = 𒆤 {{transliteration|akk|suḫ₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|suḫ₆}} = 𒁼 {{transliteration|akk|suḫ₇}} = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|suḫ₁₀}} = 𒈹 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sak}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|sàk}} ({{transliteration|akk|sak₃}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|sak₆}} = 𒍠 | rowspan=6 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|sik}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|sík}} ({{transliteration|akk|sik₂}}) = 𒋠 | {{transliteration|akk|suk}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|sùk}} ({{transliteration|akk|suk₃}}) = 𒍇 {{transliteration|akk|suk₅}} = 𒂅 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sal}} = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|sál}} ({{transliteration|akk|sal₂}}) = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|sàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|sal₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|sal₄}} = 𒋡 | {{transliteration|akk|sil}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|síl}} ({{transliteration|akk|sil₂}}) = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|sìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|sil₃}}) = 𒋡 {{transliteration|akk|sil₅}} = 𒂬 {{transliteration|akk|sil₆}} = 𒂢 {{transliteration|akk|sil₇}} = 𒂣 {{transliteration|akk|sil₈}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|sil₉}} = 𒂤 {{transliteration|akk|sil₁₀}} = 𒂴 | {{transliteration|akk|sul}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|súl}} ({{transliteration|akk|sul₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|sùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|sul₃}}) = 𒅾 {{transliteration|akk|sul₄}} = 𒇭 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sam}} = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|sám}} ({{transliteration|akk|sam₂}}) = | {{transliteration|akk|sim}} = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|sím}} ({{transliteration|akk|sim₂}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|sìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|sim₃}}) = 𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|sim₄}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|sim₅}} = 𒍮 | {{transliteration|akk|sum}} = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|súm}} ({{transliteration|akk|sum₂}}) = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|sùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|sum₃}}) = 𒋢 {{transliteration|akk|sum₄}} = 𒅾 {{transliteration|akk|sum₅}} = 𒍦 {{transliteration|akk|sum₆}} = 𒋳 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|san}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|sán}} ({{transliteration|akk|san₂}}) = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|sàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|san₃}}) = 𒉓 {{transliteration|akk|san₄}} = | {{transliteration|akk|sin}} = 𒌍 {{transliteration|akk|sín}} ({{transliteration|akk|sin₂}}) = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|sìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|sin₃}}) = 𒋃, 𒂗𒍪 | {{transliteration|akk|sun}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|sún}} ({{transliteration|akk|sun₂}}) = 𒄢 {{transliteration|akk|sùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|sun₃}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|sun₄}} = 𒅾 {{transliteration|akk|sun₅}} = 𒁔 {{transliteration|akk|sun₆}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|sun₇}} = 𒆗 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sap}} = 𒉺𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|sáp}} ({{transliteration|akk|sap₂}}) = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|sàp}} ({{transliteration|akk|sap₃}}) = 𒉺𒇻 | {{transliteration|akk|sip}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|síp}} ({{transliteration|akk|sip₂}}) = 𒉺𒇻 {{transliteration|akk|sìp}} ({{transliteration|akk|sip₃}}) = 𒍦 {{transliteration|akk|sip₄}} = 𒉺𒅁 | {{transliteration|akk|súp}} ({{transliteration|akk|sup₂}}) = 𒁻 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|saq}} = 𒊕 | {{transliteration|akk|siq}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|suq}} = 𒆹 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sar}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|sár}} ({{transliteration|akk|sar₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|sàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|sar₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|sar₄}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|sar₅}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|sar₆}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|sar₇}} = 𒈜 {{transliteration|akk|sar₈}} = 𒋧 | {{transliteration|akk|ser}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|sèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ser₃}}) = 𒂡 | {{transliteration|akk|sir}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|sír}} ({{transliteration|akk|sir₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|sìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|sir₃}}) = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|sir₄}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|sir₅}} = 𒉡 | {{transliteration|akk|sur}} = 𒋩 {{transliteration|akk|súr}} ({{transliteration|akk|sur₂}}) = 𒊨 {{transliteration|akk|sùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|sur₃}}) = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|sur₄}} = 𒊯 {{transliteration|akk|sur₅}} = 𒇲 {{transliteration|akk|sur₆}} = 𒆠𒃲 {{transliteration|akk|sur₇}} = 𒆠𒆕 {{transliteration|akk|sur₈}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|sur₉}} = 𒋪 {{transliteration|akk|sur₁₀}} = 𒈣𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|sur₁₁}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|sur₁₂}} = 𒇭 {{transliteration|akk|sur₁₄}} = 𒊕 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sas}} = 𒆠𒆗 | {{transliteration|akk|ses}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|sis}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|sus}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|sús}} ({{transliteration|akk|sus₂}}) = 𒈹 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|siš}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|suš}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|súš}} ({{transliteration|akk|suš₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|sùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|suš₃}}) = 𒁍 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|sat}} = 𒆳
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|sít}} ({{transliteration|akk|sit₂}}) = 𒋃 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=9 | ṣ- | {{transliteration|akk|ṣab}} = 𒂟
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṣib}} = 𒍦 {{transliteration|akk|ṣíb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣib₂}}) = 𒍨 | rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣaḫ}} = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣeḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|ṣéḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣeḫ₂}}) = 𒉈 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣiḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|ṣíḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣiḫ₂}}) = 𒉈 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣak}} = 𒍠
| rowspan=5 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣal}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣil}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|ṣíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣil₂}}) = 𒈪 {{transliteration|akk|ṣìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣil₃}}) = 𒀭𒊨 {{transliteration|akk|ṣil₄}} = 𒄑𒈪 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṣim}} = 𒍮 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣum}} = 𒍮 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣin}} = 𒌍
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣap}} = 𒂟 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣip}} = 𒍦 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṣar}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|ṣár}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣar₂}}) = 𒀫 {{transliteration|akk|ṣàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣar₃}}) = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣer}} = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣir}} = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|ṣur}} = 𒀫 {{transliteration|akk|ṣúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṣur₂}}) = 𒈲 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṣiṣ}} = 𒁁
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=6 | ś- | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=6 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|śig}} = 𒋠
| rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|śik}} = 𒋠 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|śal}} = 𒊩
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center"
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|śim}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|śím}} ({{transliteration|akk|śim₂}}) = 𒉆 | {{transliteration|akk|śum}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|śúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|śum₂}}) = 𒋧 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|śín}} ({{transliteration|akk|śin₂}}) = 𒉆
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|śar}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|śár}} ({{transliteration|akk|śar₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|śàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|śar₃}}) = 𒈗 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|śur}} = 𒋩 {{transliteration|akk|śúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|śur₂}}) = 𒊨 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=17 | š- | {{transliteration|akk|šab}} = 𒉺𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|šab₄}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|šab₅}} = 𒉺𒇻 | {{transliteration|akk|šeb}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|šéb}} ({{transliteration|akk|šeb₂}}) = 𒊒 | {{transliteration|akk|šib}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|šíb}} ({{transliteration|akk|šib₂}}) = 𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|šìb}} ({{transliteration|akk|šib₃}}) = 𒉺𒅁 | {{transliteration|akk|šub}} = 𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|šùb}} ({{transliteration|akk|šub₃}}) = 𒉺𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|šub₄}} = 𒈰 {{transliteration|akk|šub₅}} = 𒍤𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|šub₆}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|šub₇}} = 𒍝𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|šub₈}} = 𒍝𒈹 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šad}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|šád}} ({{transliteration|akk|šad₂}}) = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|šàd}} ({{transliteration|akk|šad₃}}) = 𒃻 | {{transliteration|akk|šed}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|šèd}} ({{transliteration|akk|šed₃}}) = 𒉫 {{transliteration|akk|šed₄}} = 𒆑 {{transliteration|akk|šed₅}} = 𒆒 / 𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|šed₆}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|šed₇}} = 𒈻 {{transliteration|akk|šed₈}} = 𒍝𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|šed₉}} = 𒈺 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₀}} = 𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₁}} = 𒀀𒈹𒁲 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₂}} = 𒈹 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₃}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₄}} = 𒆂 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₅}} = 𒅝 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₆}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|šed₁₇}} = 𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|šid}} = 𒋃 {{transliteration|akk|šíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|šid₂}}) = 𒆐 {{transliteration|akk|šìd}} ({{transliteration|akk|šid₃}}) = 𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|šud}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|šud}} ({{transliteration|akk|šud₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|šud}} ({{transliteration|akk|šud₃}}) = 𒆃 {{transliteration|akk|šud₄}} = 𒋃 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šag}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|šàg}} ({{transliteration|akk|šag₃}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|šag₄}} = 𒊮 {{transliteration|akk|šag₅}} = 𒊷 {{transliteration|akk|šag₆}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|šèg}} ({{transliteration|akk|šeg₃}}) = 𒀀𒀭 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₄}} = 𒀀𒋙𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₅}} = 𒍋, 𒎆 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₆}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₇}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₈}} = 𒋙𒉀 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₉}} = 𒊾 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₁₀}} = 𒆂 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₁₁}} = 𒅝 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₁₂}} = 𒋞 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₁₃}} = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|šeg₁₄}} = 𒅎𒀀𒀭 | {{transliteration|akk|šig}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|šíg}} ({{transliteration|akk|šig₂}}) = 𒋠 {{transliteration|akk|šig₅}} = 𒍋, 𒎆 {{transliteration|akk|šig₆}} = 𒋞 | {{transliteration|akk|šug}} = 𒉻 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šaḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|šáḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|šaḫ₂}}) = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|šàḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|šaḫ₃}}) = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|šeḫ}} = 𒋚 | {{transliteration|akk|šiḫ}} = 𒋚 {{transliteration|akk|šíḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|šiḫ₂}}) = 𒆤 | {{transliteration|akk|šuḫ}} = 𒈽 {{transliteration|akk|šúḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|šuḫ₂}}) = 𒋚 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šak}} = 𒊕 {{transliteration|akk|šak₆}} = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|šék}} ({{transliteration|akk|šek₂}}) = 𒋠 | {{transliteration|akk|šik}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|šík}} ({{transliteration|akk|šik₂}}) = 𒋠 {{transliteration|akk|šik₆}} = 𒋞 | {{transliteration|akk|šuk}} = 𒉻 {{transliteration|akk|šúk}} ({{transliteration|akk|šuk₂}}) = 𒈮 {{transliteration|akk|šùk}} ({{transliteration|akk|šuk₃}}) = 𒆹 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šal}} = 𒊩 {{transliteration|akk|šál}} ({{transliteration|akk|šal₂}}) = 𒋡 {{transliteration|akk|šàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|šal₃}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|šal₅}} = 𒁲 | {{transliteration|akk|šel}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|šel₄}} = 𒊩 | {{transliteration|akk|šil}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|šìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|šil₃}}) = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|šil₄}} = 𒇺 | {{transliteration|akk|šul}} = 𒂄 {{transliteration|akk|šùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|šul₂}}) = 𒁲 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šam}} = 𒌑 {{transliteration|akk|šám}} ({{transliteration|akk|šam₂}}) = {{transliteration|akk|šàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|šam₃}}) = 𒉓 {{transliteration|akk|šam₄}} = 𒉆 | {{transliteration|akk|šem}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|šèm}} ({{transliteration|akk|šem₃}}) = 𒀚 {{transliteration|akk|šem₄}} = 𒀙 {{transliteration|akk|šem₅}} = 𒀘 {{transliteration|akk|šem₆}} = 𒀖𒋺, 𒀛 {{transliteration|akk|šem₇}} = 𒅖𒍏 | {{transliteration|akk|šim}} = 𒋆 {{transliteration|akk|ším}} ({{transliteration|akk|šim₂}}) = 𒉆 | {{transliteration|akk|šum}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|šum}} ({{transliteration|akk|šum₂}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|šum}} ({{transliteration|akk|šum₃}}) = 𒈬 {{transliteration|akk|šúm₄}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|šùm₅}} = 𒁔 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šan}} = 𒉓 {{transliteration|akk|šán}} ({{transliteration|akk|šan₂}}) = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|šàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|šan₃}}) = 𒊿 | {{transliteration|akk|šen}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|šén}} ({{transliteration|akk|šen₂}}) = 𒍏 {{transliteration|akk|šèn}} ({{transliteration|akk|šen₃}}) = 𒉆 {{transliteration|akk|šen₄}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|šen₅}} = 𒅖𒍏 {{transliteration|akk|šen₆}} = 𒅖 | {{transliteration|akk|šin}} = 𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|šín}} ({{transliteration|akk|šin₂}}) = 𒈫 | {{transliteration|akk|šun}} = 𒊿𒊿 {{transliteration|akk|šún}} ({{transliteration|akk|šun₂}}) = 𒀯 {{transliteration|akk|šùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|šun₃}}) = 𒄢 {{transliteration|akk|šun₄}} = 𒋧 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šap}} = 𒉺𒅁 {{transliteration|akk|šap₅}} = 𒉺𒇻 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|šip}} = 𒈨 {{transliteration|akk|šìp}} ({{transliteration|akk|šip₃}}) = 𒉺𒅁 | {{transliteration|akk|šup}} = 𒊒 {{transliteration|akk|šúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|šup₂}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|šùp}} ({{transliteration|akk|šup₃}}) = 𒉺𒅁 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šaq}} = 𒊕 | {{transliteration|akk|šéq}} ({{transliteration|akk|šeq₂}}) = 𒋠 | {{transliteration|akk|šiq}} = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|šíq}} ({{transliteration|akk|šiq₂}}) = 𒋠 {{transliteration|akk|šiq₄}} = 𒆂 | {{transliteration|akk|šuq}} = 𒉻 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šar}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|šár}} ({{transliteration|akk|šar₂}}) = 𒊹 {{transliteration|akk|šàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|šar₃}}) = 𒈗 {{transliteration|akk|šar₄}} = 𒌋𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|šar₅}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|šar₆}} = 𒁈 {{transliteration|akk|šar₇}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|šar₈}} = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|šer}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|šér}} ({{transliteration|akk|šer₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|šèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|šer₃}}) = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|šer₄}} = 𒍜 {{transliteration|akk|šer₇}} = 𒉪 {{transliteration|akk|šer₉}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|šer₁₁}} = 𒄊𒁇 | {{transliteration|akk|šir}} = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|šír}} ({{transliteration|akk|šir₂}}) = 𒁍 {{transliteration|akk|šìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|šir₃}}) = 𒂡 {{transliteration|akk|šir₄}} = 𒍜 {{transliteration|akk|šir₅}} = 𒉡 {{transliteration|akk|šir₆}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|šir₈}} = 𒋤 {{transliteration|akk|šir₉}} = 𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|šir₁₀}} = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|šur}} = 𒋩 {{transliteration|akk|šúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|šur₂}}) = 𒊨 {{transliteration|akk|šùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|šur₃}}) = 𒋓 {{transliteration|akk|šur₄}} = 𒇳𒊬 {{transliteration|akk|šur₅}} = 𒇲𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|šur₆}} = 𒇳𒆸 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šas}} = 𒋀
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šaṣ}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|šeṣ}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|šiṣ}} = 𒋀 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šaš}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|šeš}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|šéš}} ({{transliteration|akk|šeš₂}}) = 𒋁 {{transliteration|akk|šèš}} ({{transliteration|akk|šeš₃}}) = 𒀅 {{transliteration|akk|šeš₄}} = 𒂞 | {{transliteration|akk|šiš}} = 𒋀 {{transliteration|akk|šíš}} ({{transliteration|akk|šiš₂}}) = 𒋁 | {{transliteration|akk|šuš}} = 𒌋 {{transliteration|akk|šúš}} ({{transliteration|akk|šuš₂}}) = 𒋙 {{transliteration|akk|šùš}} ({{transliteration|akk|šuš₃}}) = 𒅖 {{transliteration|akk|šuš₄}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|šuš₅}} = 𒇟 {{transliteration|akk|šuš₆}} = 𒇠 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šat}} = 𒆳 {{transliteration|akk|šàt}} ({{transliteration|akk|šat₃}}) = 𒃻 | {{transliteration|akk|šet}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|šit}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|šut}} = 𒋤 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|šaṭ}} = 𒆳
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|šiṭ}} = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|šuṭ}} = 𒋤 | |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|šiz}} = 𒋀 | {{transliteration|akk|šuz}} = 𒋤 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=15 | t- | {{transliteration|akk|tab}} = 𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|táb}} ({{transliteration|akk|tab₂}}) = 𒄉 {{transliteration|akk|tab₄}} = 𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|tab₅}} = 𒍏 | {{transliteration|akk|teb}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|tib}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|tub}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|túb}} ({{transliteration|akk|tub₂}}) = 𒂀 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tad}} = 𒋺
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|tid}} = 𒅎 | {{transliteration|akk|tud}} = 𒌅 {{transliteration|akk|túd}} ({{transliteration|akk|tud₂}}) = 𒉺𒍜 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tag}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|tág}} ({{transliteration|akk|tag₂}}) = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|tàg}} ({{transliteration|akk|tag₃}}) = 𒉌𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|tag₄}} = 𒋺 | {{transliteration|akk|tèg}} ({{transliteration|akk|teg₃}}) = 𒋼 | {{transliteration|akk|tig}} = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|tíg}} ({{transliteration|akk|tig₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|tig₄}} = 𒋾 | {{transliteration|akk|tug}} = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|túg}} ({{transliteration|akk|tug₂}}) = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|tùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|tug₃}}) = 𒂁𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|tug₄}} = 𒇧 {{transliteration|akk|tug₇}} = 𒅎𒋺, 𒅏 {{transliteration|akk|tug₈}} = 𒂅 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tak}} = 𒈭 {{transliteration|akk|ták}} ({{transliteration|akk|tak₂}}) = 𒂃 / 𒃮 {{transliteration|akk|tàk}} ({{transliteration|akk|tak₃}}) = 𒈬 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|tik}} = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|tík}} ({{transliteration|akk|tik₂}}) = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|tuk}} = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|túk}} ({{transliteration|akk|tuk₂}}) = 𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|tùk}} ({{transliteration|akk|tuk₃}}) = 𒂁 {{transliteration|akk|tuk₄}} = 𒇧 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tal}} = 𒊑 {{transliteration|akk|tál}} ({{transliteration|akk|tal₂}}) = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|tàl}} ({{transliteration|akk|tal₃}}) = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|tal₄}} = 𒁹 | {{transliteration|akk|tel}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|til}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|tíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|til₂}}) = 𒇯 {{transliteration|akk|tìl}} ({{transliteration|akk|til₃}}) = 𒋾 {{transliteration|akk|til₄}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|til₅}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|til₆}} = 𒆒𒆒, 𒆓𒆓 {{transliteration|akk|til₇}} = 𒉿 {{transliteration|akk|til₉}} = 𒈦 | {{transliteration|akk|tul}} = 𒌋𒌆 {{transliteration|akk|túl}} ({{transliteration|akk|tul₂}}) = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|tul₄}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|tul₅}} = 𒇯 {{transliteration|akk|tul₆}} = 𒂈 {{transliteration|akk|tul₇}} = 𒌪 {{transliteration|akk|tul₈}} = 𒇀 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tam}} = 𒌓 {{transliteration|akk|tám}} ({{transliteration|akk|tam₂}}) = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|tàm}} ({{transliteration|akk|tam₃}}) = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|tam₄}} = 𒌈 | {{transliteration|akk|tem}} = 𒁴 | {{transliteration|akk|tim}} = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|tím}} ({{transliteration|akk|tim₂}}) = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|tìm}} ({{transliteration|akk|tim₃}}) = 𒁷 | {{transliteration|akk|tum}} = 𒌈 {{transliteration|akk|túm}} ({{transliteration|akk|tum₂}}) = 𒁺 {{transliteration|akk|tùm}} ({{transliteration|akk|tum₃}}) = 𒉐 {{transliteration|akk|tum₄}} = 𒉏 {{transliteration|akk|tum₅}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|tum₈}} = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|tum₉}} = 𒅎 {{transliteration|akk|tum₁₀}} = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|tum₁₁}} = 𒉑 {{transliteration|akk|tum₁₂}} = 𒌅 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tan}} = 𒆗 {{transliteration|akk|tán}} ({{transliteration|akk|tan₂}}) = 𒃞 {{transliteration|akk|tàn}} ({{transliteration|akk|tan₃}}) = 𒃩, 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|tan₄}} = 𒃋 {{transliteration|akk|tan₆}} = 𒍕 {{transliteration|akk|tan₇}} = 𒃃 | {{transliteration|akk|ten}} = 𒋼 {{transliteration|akk|tén}} ({{transliteration|akk|ten₂}}) = 𒁷 {{transliteration|akk|tèn}} ({{transliteration|akk|ten₃}}) = 𒂆 | {{transliteration|akk|tin}} = 𒁷 {{transliteration|akk|tìn}} ({{transliteration|akk|tin₃}}) = 𒂆 | {{transliteration|akk|tun}} = 𒄽 {{transliteration|akk|tún}} ({{transliteration|akk|tun₂}}) = 𒄸 {{transliteration|akk|tùn}} ({{transliteration|akk|tun₃}}) = 𒂅 {{transliteration|akk|tun₄}} = 𒂄 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tap}} = 𒋰 | {{transliteration|akk|tep}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|tip}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|tup}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|túp}} ({{transliteration|akk|tup₂}}) = 𒂀 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|taq}} = 𒋳 {{transliteration|akk|táq}} ({{transliteration|akk|taq₂}}) = 𒁖 {{transliteration|akk|tàq}} ({{transliteration|akk|taq₃}}) = 𒉌𒂟 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|tiq}} = 𒄘 {{transliteration|akk|tíq}} ({{transliteration|akk|tiq₂}}) = 𒉌 | {{transliteration|akk|tuq}} = 𒌇 {{transliteration|akk|tùq}} ({{transliteration|akk|tuq₃}}) = 𒂁 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tar}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|tár}} ({{transliteration|akk|tar₂}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|tàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|tar₃}}) = 𒁰 {{transliteration|akk|tar₅}} = 𒄀 | {{transliteration|akk|ter}} = 𒌁 {{transliteration|akk|tér}} ({{transliteration|akk|ter₂}}) = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|tèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ter₃}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|ter₄}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ter₅}} = 𒉼 | {{transliteration|akk|tir}} = 𒌁 {{transliteration|akk|tír}} ({{transliteration|akk|tir₂}}) = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|tìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|tir₃}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|tir₄}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|tir₅}} = 𒉼 | {{transliteration|akk|tur}} = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|túr}} ({{transliteration|akk|tur₂}}) = 𒄙 {{transliteration|akk|tùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|tur₃}}) = 𒉣𒇬 {{transliteration|akk|tur₄}} = 𒄒 {{transliteration|akk|tur₅}} = 𒌅 {{transliteration|akk|tur₆}} = 𒆸 {{transliteration|akk|tur₇}} = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|tur₈}} = 𒁍 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tas}} = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tés}} ({{transliteration|akk|tes₂}}) = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tis}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|tís}} ({{transliteration|akk|tis₂}}) = 𒌨 | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|taṣ}} = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|téṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|tes₂}}) = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tíṣ}} ({{transliteration|akk|tis₂}}) = 𒌨 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|taš}} = 𒌨 {{transliteration|akk|táš}} ({{transliteration|akk|taš₂}}) = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|tàš}} ({{transliteration|akk|taš₃}}) = 𒀾 | {{transliteration|akk|téš}} ({{transliteration|akk|teš₂}}) = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tiš}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|tíš}} ({{transliteration|akk|tiš₂}}) = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tuš}} = 𒆪 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|tat}} = 𒋺
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|taz}} = 𒌨 | {{transliteration|akk|tiz}} = 𒁹 {{transliteration|akk|tíz}} ({{transliteration|akk|tiz₂}}) = 𒌨 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=12 | ṭ- | {{transliteration|akk|ṭab}} = 𒋰 {{transliteration|akk|ṭàb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭab₃}}) = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|ṭab₄}} = 𒍏 {{transliteration|akk|ṭab₆}} = 𒄭 | rowspan=6 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṭib}} = 𒁳 {{transliteration|akk|ṭíb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭib₂}}) = 𒄭 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭub}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|ṭúb}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭub₂}}) = 𒂀 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭad}} = 𒋺
| rowspan=4 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭaḫ}} = 𒈭 {{transliteration|akk|ṭáḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭaḫ₂}}) = 𒂃 / 𒃮 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭuḫ}} = 𒂃 / 𒃮 | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭak}} = 𒁖 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭug}} = 𒂁 | ||
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṭuk}} = 𒂁 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭal}} = 𒊑 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭil}} = 𒀸 {{transliteration|akk|ṭíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭil₂}}) = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭul}} = 𒇥 {{transliteration|akk|ṭùl}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭul₃}}) = 𒇯 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭam}} = 𒁮 {{transliteration|akk|ṭám}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭam₂}}) = 𒌓 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭém}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭem₂}}) = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭim}} = 𒁴 {{transliteration|akk|ṭím}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭim₂}}) = 𒁶 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭum}} = 𒌈 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭan}} = 𒆗
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṭin}} = 𒁷
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭap}} = 𒋰 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭep}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭip}} = 𒁳 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭup}} = 𒁾 {{transliteration|akk|ṭúp}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭup₂}}) = 𒂀 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭar}} = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ṭár}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭar₂}}) = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|ṭàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭar₃}}) = 𒁰 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭer}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ṭer₅}} = 𒌁 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭir}} = 𒋛𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|ṭír}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭir₂}}) = 𒋻 {{transliteration|akk|ṭìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭir₃}}) = 𒋩 {{transliteration|akk|ṭir₄}} = 𒁯 {{transliteration|akk|ṭir₅}} = 𒌁 | {{transliteration|akk|ṭur}} = 𒄙 {{transliteration|akk|ṭúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭur₂}}) = 𒆪 {{transliteration|akk|ṭùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|ṭur₃}}) = 𒌉 {{transliteration|akk|ṭur₄}} = 𒄒 {{transliteration|akk|ṭur₅}} = 𒀀 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|ṭiš}} = 𒁹
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|ṭaṭ}} = 𒋺
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=5 | w- | rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=5 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|wuk}} = 𒈮 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|wil}} = 𒅖
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|wan}} = 𒌋𒌋
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|war}} = 𒁇 {{transliteration|akk|wár}} ({{transliteration|akk|war₂}}) = 𒈥 {{transliteration|akk|wàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|war₃}}) = 𒀴 |{{transliteration|akk|wir}} = 𒄊| | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|waš}} = 𒈦 | {{transliteration|akk|wiš}} = 𒈨𒌍 | {{transliteration|akk|wuš}} = 𒈲 | |
| style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=12 | z- | {{transliteration|akk|zab}} = 𒂟 | {{transliteration|akk|zeb}} = 𒍦 | {{transliteration|akk|zib}} = 𒍦 {{transliteration|akk|zíb}} ({{transliteration|akk|zib₂}}) = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|zìb}} ({{transliteration|akk|zib₃}}) = 𒄞 {{transliteration|akk|zib₄}} = 𒅗 | {{transliteration|akk|zub}} = 𒆛 {{transliteration|akk|zúb}} ({{transliteration|akk|zub₂}}) = 𒍦 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|zid}} = 𒍣 {{transliteration|akk|zíd}} ({{transliteration|akk|zid₂}}) = 𒂠 | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zag}} = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|zág}} ({{transliteration|akk|zag₂}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|zàg}} ({{transliteration|akk|zag₃}}) = 𒋃 | {{transliteration|akk|zig}} = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|zíg}} ({{transliteration|akk|zig₂}}) = 𒋝 {{transliteration|akk|zìg}} ({{transliteration|akk|zig₃}}) = 𒍣 | {{transliteration|akk|zug}} = 𒆹 {{transliteration|akk|zúg}} ({{transliteration|akk|zug₂}}) = 𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|zùg}} ({{transliteration|akk|zug₃}}) = 𒊢 {{transliteration|akk|zug₄}} = 𒅲 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zaḫ}} = 𒉈 {{transliteration|akk|záḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|zaḫ₂}}) = 𒄩𒀀 {{transliteration|akk|zàḫ}} ({{transliteration|akk|zaḫ₃}}) = 𒀄 | {{transliteration|akk|ziḫ}} = 𒄗 | {{transliteration|akk|zuḫ}} = 𒅗 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zak}} = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|zák}} ({{transliteration|akk|zak₂}}) = 𒉺 | {{transliteration|akk|zek}} = 𒍨 | {{transliteration|akk|zik}} = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|zík}} ({{transliteration|akk|zik₂}}) = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|zuk}} = 𒆹 |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zal}} = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|zál}} ({{transliteration|akk|zal₂}}) = 𒇡 | {{transliteration|akk|zel}} = 𒉣 | {{transliteration|akk|zil}} = 𒉣 {{transliteration|akk|zíl}} ({{transliteration|akk|zil₂}}) = 𒋳 | {{transliteration|akk|zul}} = 𒂄 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | rowspan=3 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|zum}} = 𒍮 {{transliteration|akk|zúm}} ({{transliteration|akk|zum₂}}) = 𒊪 | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zap}} = 𒂟 {{transliteration|akk|záp}} ({{transliteration|akk|zap₂}}) = 𒆪 | {{transliteration|akk|zip}} = 𒍦
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | ||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zaq}} = 𒍠 {{transliteration|akk|záq}} ({{transliteration|akk|zaq₂}}) = 𒉺 {{transliteration|akk|zaq₄}} = 𒍨 | {{transliteration|akk|ziq}} = 𒍨 {{transliteration|akk|zíq}} ({{transliteration|akk|ziq₂}}) = 𒋝 | {{transliteration|akk|zuq}} = 𒆹 | |
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zar}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|zár}} ({{transliteration|akk|zar₂}}) = 𒉌 {{transliteration|akk|zàr}} ({{transliteration|akk|zar₃}}) = 𒋧 {{transliteration|akk|zar₄}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|zar₅}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|zar₆}} = 𒁁𒀸 | {{transliteration|akk|zer}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|zèr}} ({{transliteration|akk|zer₃}}) = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|zir}} = 𒆰 {{transliteration|akk|zír}} ({{transliteration|akk|zir₂}}) = 𒂠𒅗 {{transliteration|akk|zìr}} ({{transliteration|akk|zir₃}}) = 𒈲 | {{transliteration|akk|zur}} = 𒀫 {{transliteration|akk|zúr}} ({{transliteration|akk|zur₂}}) = 𒋪 {{transliteration|akk|zùr}} ({{transliteration|akk|zur₃}}) = 𒈣𒅊 {{transliteration|akk|zur₄}} = 𒇡 {{transliteration|akk|zur₅}} = 𒇲 {{transliteration|akk|zur₈}} = 𒊭 |
| style="text-align:center"
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | {{transliteration|akk|zis}} = 𒁁
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | | |||
| style="text-align:center" | {{transliteration|akk|zaz}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|zez}} = 𒁁 | {{transliteration|akk|ziz}} = 𒁁 {{transliteration|akk|zíz}} ({{transliteration|akk|ziz₂}}) = 𒀾 {{transliteration|akk|zìz}} ({{transliteration|akk|ziz₃}}) = 𒄮 {{transliteration|akk|ziz₄}} = 𒄓 {{transliteration|akk|ziz₅}} = 𒋳 |
=Numerals=
{{Main|Babylonian cuneiform numerals}}
The Sumerians used a base-60 numerical system. A number, such as "70", would be represented with the digit for "60" (𒁹) and the digit for "10" (𒌋): 𒁹𒌋. It's important to mention that the number for "60" is the same as the number for "1";{{citation|title=Topics in Contemporary Mathematics |first1=Ignacio |last1=Bello |first2=Jack R. |last2=Britton |first3=Anton |last3=Kaul |edition=9th |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2009 |isbn=9780538737791 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aji2yzbopxgC&pg=PA182}}. the reason this number isn't read as "11" is because of the order of the numbers: 60 then 10, not 10 then 60.
Usage
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = left
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = An example: King Shulgi foundation tablet
(c. 2094–2047 BC)
| image2 = Foundation tablet Reign of Shulgi From the Temple of Dimtabba in Ur (horizontal).jpg
| caption2 = DNimintabba.............. "For Nimintabba"20px
NIN-a-ni..................... "his Lady",
SHUL-GI.................... "Shulgi"
NITAH KALAG-ga...... "the mighty man"20px
LUGAL URIMKI-ma... "King of Ur"
LUGAL ki-en-............... "King of Sum-"
-gi ki-URI-ke................. "-er and Akkad",
É-a-ni.......................... "her Temple"20px
mu-na-DU................... "he built"
| image1 = Foundation tablet Reign of Shulgi From the Temple of Dimtabba in Ur.jpg
| caption1 = {{cuneiform|𒀭 𒐏𒋰𒁀}}
{{cuneiform|𒎏𒀀𒉌}}
{{cuneiform|𒂄𒄀}}
{{cuneiform|𒍑𒆗𒂵}}
{{cuneiform|𒈗 𒋀𒀊𒆠𒈠}}
{{cuneiform|𒈗𒆠𒂗}}
{{cuneiform|𒄀𒆠𒌵𒆤}}
{{cuneiform|𒂍𒀀𒉌}}
{{cuneiform|𒈬𒈾𒆕}}
| footer = Foundation tablet of king Shulgi (c. 2094–2047 BC), for the Temple of Nimintabba in Ur. ME 118560 British Museum.{{cite web |title=Nimintabba tablet |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?matcult=15580&museumno=118560&object=20008&objectId=368853&page=1&partId=1 |website=British Museum}}{{cite book |last1=Enderwitz |first1=Susanne |last2=Sauer |first2=Rebecca |title=Communication and Materiality: Written and Unwritten Communication in Pre-Modern Societies |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-041300-7 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKK1CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT28 |language=en}} Inscription "For his Lady Nimintabba, Shulgi the mighty man, King of Ur and King of Sumer and Akkad, has built her Temple":"(For the goddess) Nimintabba, his lady, Shulgi, mighty man, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad, her house, built." in {{cite book |title=Expedition |date=1986 |publisher=University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMcKAQAAMAAJ |language=en}} Traditional cuneiforms were written vertically, but modern transcription is based on the "rotated" script adopted in the 2nd millennium BC.
| footer_align = center
}}
Cuneiform script was used in many ways in ancient Mesopotamia. Besides the well-known clay tablets and stone inscriptions, cuneiform was also written on wax boards.Zimmermann, Lynn-Salammbô, "Knocking on Wood: Writing Boards in the Kassite Administration", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 177-237, 2023 One example from the 8th century BC was found at Nimrud. The wax contained toxic amounts of arsenic.Cammarosano, Michele, Katja Weirauch, Feline Maruhn, Gert Jendritzki, and Patrick L. Kohl, "They Wrote on Wax. Wax Boards in the Ancient Near East", Mesopotamia, vol. 54, pp. 121‒180, 2019 It was used to record laws, like the Code of Hammurabi. It was also used for recording maps, compiling medical manuals, and documenting religious stories and beliefs, among other uses. In particular it is thought to have been used to prepare surveying data and draft inscriptions for Kassite stone kudurru.Zimmermann, Lynn-Salammbô. "Wooden Wax-Covered Writing Boards as Vorlage for kudurru Inscriptions in the Middle Babylonian Period" Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 2022{{Cite journal|date=May 2016|title=The World's Oldest Writing|url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/213-1605/features/4326-cuneiform-the-world-s-oldest-writing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427103955/http://www.archaeology.org/issues/213-1605/features/4326-cuneiform-the-world-s-oldest-writing|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 27, 2016|journal=Archaeology|volume=69|issue=3|access-date=September 18, 2016|via=Virtual Library of Virginia}} Studies by Assyriologists like Claus Wilcke{{Cite book|title=Wer las und schrieb in Babylonien und Assyrien|last=Wilcke|first=Claus|publisher=Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|year=2000|isbn=978-3-7696-1612-5|location=München}} and Dominique CharpinCharpin, Dominique. 2004. "Lire et écrire en Mésopotamie: Une affaire dé spécialistes?" Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres: 481–501. suggest that cuneiform literacy was not reserved solely for the elite but was common for average citizens.
According to the Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture,{{Cite journal|last=Veldhuis|first=Niek|editor2-first=Eleanor|editor2-last=Robson|editor1-first=Karen|editor1-last=Radner|date=2011|title=Levels of Literacy|journal=The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557301.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-955730-1|hdl=10261/126580}} cuneiform script was used at a variety of literacy levels: average citizens needed only a basic, functional knowledge of cuneiform script to write personal letters and business documents. Citizens with a higher degree of literacy put the script to more technical use, listing medicines and diagnoses and writing mathematical equations. Scholars held the highest literacy level of cuneiform and mostly focused on writing as a complex skill and an art form.
=Modern usage=
Cuneiform is occasionally used nowadays as inspiration for logos.
Ama-gi.svg|Cuneiform ama-gi, literally "return to the mother", loosely translated as "liberty", is the logo of Liberty Fund.{{cite web |title=Our Logo {{!}} Liberty Fund |url=https://libertyfund.org/our-logo |website=libertyfund.org |access-date=14 May 2020 |language=en |quote=The cuneiform inscription that serves as Liberty Fund's logo and as a design element in our books is the earliest-known written appearance of the word 'freedom' (amagi), or 'liberty'. It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash.}}
File:GigaMesh Logo.png|The central element of the GigaMesh Software Framework logo is the sign 𒆜 (kaskal) meaning "street" or "road junction".
Unicode
{{Main|Cuneiform (Unicode block)|Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation|l2=Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation (Unicode block)|3=Early Dynastic Cuneiform (Unicode block)|l3=Early Dynastic Cuneiform (Unicode block)}}
As of version 16.0, the following ranges are assigned to the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script in the Unicode Standard:[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U12000.pdf]"Cuneiform and Hieroglyphs", in The Unicode® Standard Version 16.0 – Core Specification, September 10, 2024
- U+12000–U+123FF (922 assigned characters) Cuneiform
- U+12400–U+1247F (116 assigned characters) Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
- U+12480–U+1254F (196 assigned characters) Early Dynastic Cuneiform
- In proposal phase Proto-cuneiform[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24210r-archaic-numerals.pdf]Robin Leroy, Anshuman Pandey, and Steve Tinney, "Archaic cuneiform numerals", L2/24-210R, 2024-10-23
The final proposal for Unicode encoding of the script was submitted by two cuneiform scholars working with an experienced Unicode proposal writer in June 2004.Everson, Michael; Feuerherm, Karljürgen; Tinney, Steve (June 8, 2004). "[https://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n2786.pdf Final proposal to encode the Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS]". The base character inventory is derived from the list of Ur III signs compiled by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative of UCLA based on the inventories of Miguel Civil, Rykle Borger (2003) and Robert Englund. Rather than opting for a direct ordering by glyph shape and complexity, according to the numbering of an existing catalog, the Unicode order of glyphs was based on the Latin alphabetic order of their "last" Sumerian transliteration as a practical approximation. Once in Unicode, glyphs can be automatically processed into segmented transliterations.Gordin S, Gutherz G, Elazary A, Romach A, Jiménez E, Berant J, et al. (2020) "Reading Akkadian cuneiform using natural language processing". PLoS ONE 15(10): e0240511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240511
{{Navboxes
|title = Unicode charts for cuneiforms
|list=
{{Unicode chart Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform}}
{{Unicode chart Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation}}
{{Unicode chart Early Dynastic Cuneiform}}
}}
Corpus
File:Cuneiform Inscriptions Geographical Site Index v1.5 2022 11 30.jpgd cuneiform inscriptions. Cuneiform Inscriptions Geographical Site Index v1.5, November 2022, from Uppsala University.]]
Numerous efforts have been made since the 19th century to create a corpus of known cuneiform inscriptions. In the 21st century, the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative and Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus are two of the most significant projects.
= List of major cuneiform tablet discoveries =
{{incomplete list|date=July 2014}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |
| scope="col" | Location
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Number of tablets ! scope="col" | Initial discovery ! scope="col" | Language |
|---|
| Nineveh
| 1840 | Akkadian |
| Nippur
| 1851 | |
| Girsu
| 1877 | |
| Dūr-Katlimmu
| 1879 | |
| Sippar
| data-sort-value="70,000" | 60,000–70,000{{cite journal | last1=Pinches | first1=T. G. | last2=Finkel | first2=I. L. | title=Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Economic Texts from the Sippar Collection of the British Museum | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=104 | issue=4 | year=1984 | issn=0003-0279 | jstor=601904 | pages=745–752 | doi=10.2307/601904 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/601904 | access-date=2023-04-29}} | 1880 | Babylonian |
| Amarna
| 382 | 1887 |
| Nuzi
| 1896 | Akkadian, Hurro-Akkadian |
| Assur
| 1898 | Akkadian |
| Hattusa
| 1906 | Hittite, Hurrian |
| Drehem
| | Sumerian |
| Kanesh
| 23,000Michel, Cecile, Old Assyrian Bibliography, 2001. | 1925{{NoteTag|Tablets from the site surfaced on the market as early as 1880, when three tablets made their way to European museums. By the early 1920s, the number of tablets sold from the site exceeded 4,000. While the site of Kültepe was suspected as the source of the tablets, and the site was visited several times, it was not until 1925 when Bedřich Hrozný corroborated this identification by excavating tablets from the fields next to the tell that were related to tablets already purchased.}} | Akkadian |
| Ugarit
| data-sort-value="1,000" | 1,500 | 1929 | Ugaritic, Hurrian |
| Persepolis
| 1933 | Elamite, Old Persian |
| Mari
| 1933 | Akkadian |
| Alalakh
| 1937 | Akkadian, Hurro-Akkadian |
| Abu Salabikh
| 1963 | Sumerian, Akkadian |
| Ebla
| data-sort-value="5,000" | approx. 5,000{{Cite book |title=A Century of Biblical Archaeology |last=Moorey |first=P. R. S. |publisher=Westminster Knox Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-664-25392-9}} | 1974 | Sumerian, Eblaite |
| Nimrud
|244 |1952 |Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian |
See also
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
- Hieratic
- Elamite cuneiform
- Hittite cuneiform
- Journal of Cuneiform Studies
- List of cuneiform signs
- List of museums of ancient Near Eastern art
- Old Persian cuneiform
- Ugaritic alphabet
- Urartian cuneiform
- Babylonokia: a 21st-century cuneiform artwork
{{div col end}}
Notes
{{NoteFoot}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin|30em}}
- Adkins, Lesley, Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon, New York, St. Martin's Press (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-312-33002-6}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Bogacz |first1=Bartosz |last2=Mara |first2=Hubert |title=Digital Assyriology—Advances in Visual Cuneiform Analysis |journal=Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage |date=30 June 2022 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1145/3491239|s2cid=248843112 |doi-access=free }}
- R. Borger, Assyrisch-Babylonische Zeichenliste, 2nd ed., Neukirchen-Vluyn (1981)
- {{cite book |editor-last1=Dietrich |editor-first1=Manfried |editor-link1=:de:Manfried Dietrich |editor-last2=Loretz |editor-first2=Oswald |editor-link2=:de:Oswald Loretz |last=Borger |first=Rykle |author-link=Riekele Borger |title=Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon |trans-title=Mesopotamian Signs' List |language=de |publisher=Ugarit Verlag |location=Münster |year=2004 |series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament |volume=305 |isbn=978-3-927120-82-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/MesopotamischesZeichenlexikon }}
- Burnouf, E. (1836). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044052784154;view=1up;seq=7 "Mémoire sur deux Inscriptions Cunéiformes trouvées près d'Hamadan et qui font partie des papiers du Dr Schulz"], [Memoir on two cuneiform inscriptions [that were] found near Hamadan and that form part of the papers of Dr. Schulz], Imprimerie Royale, Paris.
- Cammarosano, M. (2017–2018) [https://cuneiform.neocities.org/CWT/CWT.html "Cuneiform Writing Techniques"], cuneiform.neocities.org (with further bibliography)
- Charvát, Petr. "Cherchez la femme: The SAL Sign in Proto-Cuneiform Writing". La famille dans le Proche-Orient ancien: réalités, symbolismes et images: Proceedings of the 55e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris, edited by Lionel Marti, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 169–182
- {{cite book|author=Daniels, Peter|author2=Bright, William|title=The World's Writing Systems|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/146 146]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/146}}
- A. Deimel (1922), Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen ("LAK"), WVDOG 40, Berlin.
- A. Deimel (1925–1950), Šumerisches Lexikon, Pontificum Institutum Biblicum.
- F. Ellermeier, M. Studt, [http://www.sumerisches-glossar.de/ Sumerisches Glossar]
- vol. 1: 1979–1980, {{ISBN|978-3-921747-08-7}}, {{ISBN|978-3-921747-10-0}}
- vol. 3.2: 1998–2005, A-B {{ISBN|978-3-921747-24-7}}, D-E {{ISBN|978-3-921747-25-4}}, G {{ISBN|978-3-921747-29-2}}
- vol. 3.3: {{ISBN|978-3-921747-22-3}} (font CD {{ISBN|978-3-921747-23-0}})
- vol. 3.5: {{ISBN|978-3-921747-26-1}}
- vol 3.6: 2003, Handbuch Assur {{ISBN|978-3-921747-28-5}}
- Robert K. Englund, Roger J. Matthews, "Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Diverse Collections", Berlin: Gebr. Mann 1996 ISBN 978-3786118756
- Robert K. Englund and Rainer M.Boehmer, "Archaic Administrative Texts from Uruk – The Early Campaigns", (ATU Bd. 5), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag 1994 ISBN 978-3786117452
- A. Falkenstein, Archaische Texte aus Uruk, Berlin-Leipzig (1936)
- E. Forrer, Die Keilschrift von Boghazköi, Leipzig (1922)
- J. Friedrich, Hethitisches Keilschrift-Lesebuch, Heidelberg (1960)
- Jean-Jacques Glassner, The Invention of Cuneiform, English translation, Johns Hopkins University Press (2003), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-7389-8}}.
- {{cite book|last=Hayes|first=John L.|title=A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts|publisher=Undena Publications|location=Malibu|year=2000|edition=2d|series=Aids and Research Tools in Ancient Near Eastern Studies|volume=5|isbn=978-0-89003-197-1}}
- Heeren (1815) "Ideen über die Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehmsten Volker der alten Welt", vol. i. pp. 563 seq., translated into English in 1833.
- [https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37375674/Hershkovitz%20Y%20%282023%29%20The%20Adaptation%20Process%20of%20Cuneiform%20in%20the%20Old%20Babylonian%20Period%207.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y] Hershkovitz, Yehonatan, "The Adaptation Process of Cuneiform in the Old Babylonian Period", Dissertation, Harvard University, 2023
- {{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|title=History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Man's Recorded History|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1981|edition=3d revised|pages=381–383|chapter=Appendix B: The Origin of the Cuneiform Writing System|isbn=978-0-8122-7812-5}}
- René Labat, Manuel d'epigraphie Akkadienne, Geuthner, Paris (1959); 6th ed., extended by Florence Malbran-Labat (1999), {{ISBN|978-2-7053-3583-0}}.
- Lassen, Christian (1836) [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ngBAeGomz98C#page/n1/mode/2up Die Altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts.] [The Old-Persian cuneiform inscriptions of Persepolis. Decipherment of the alphabet and explanation of its content.] Eduard Weber, Bonn, (Germany).
- {{cite book|last=Mittermayer|first=Catherine|author2=Attinger, Pascal|title=Altbabylonische Zeichenliste der Sumerisch-Literarischen Texte|publisher=Academic Press Fribourg|year=2006|series=Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis|volume=Special Edition|isbn=978-3-7278-1551-5}}
- O. Neugebauer, A. Sachs (eds.), Mathematical Cuneiform Texts, New Haven (1945).
- [https://hal.science/hal-04003095/document] Ouyang, Xiaoli, and Christine Proust, "Place-Value Notations in the Ur III Period: Marginal Numbers in Administrative Texts", Cultures of Computation and Quantification in the Ancient World: Numbers, Measurements, and Operations in Documents from Mesopotamia, China and South Asia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 267–356, 2023
- Patri, Sylvain (2009). "La perception des consonnes hittites dans les langues étrangères au XIIIe siècle." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 99(1): 87–126. {{doi|10.1515/ZA.2009.003}}.
- Prichard, James Cowles (1844). [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4CYXAAAAYAAJ/page/n54 "Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind"], 3rd ed., vol IV, Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, London.
- Philippe Quenet, "The Diffusion of the Cuneiform Writing System in Northern Mesopotamia: The Earliest Archaeological Evidence", Iraq, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 31–40, 2005
- Rattenborg, Rune, Smidt, Gustav Ryberg, Johansson, Carolin, Melin-Kronsell, Nils and Nett, Seraina, "The Archaeological Distribution of the Cuneiform Corpus: A Provisional Quantitative and Geospatial Survey", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 178-205, 2003
- Rawlinson, Henry (1847) [https://archive.org/stream/jstor-25581217/25581217#page/n1/mode/2up "The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, decyphered and translated; with a Memoir on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions in general, and on that of Behistun in Particular"], The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. X. {{JSTOR|25581217}}.
- Rune Rattenborg et al., [https://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlj/2021/cdlj2021_001.html Open Access Index for the Geographical Distribution of the Cuneiform Corpus], University of Uppsala, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, 2021:001 ISSN 1540-8779
- Y. Rosengarten, Répertoire commenté des signes présargoniques sumériens de Lagash, Paris (1967)
- Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989)
- Nikolaus Schneider, Die Keilschriftzeichen der Wirtschaftsurkunden von Ur III nebst ihren charakteristischsten Schreibvarianten, Keilschrift-Paläographie; Heft 2, Rom: Päpstliches Bibelinstitut (1935).
- Wolfgang Schramm, Akkadische Logogramme, Goettinger Arbeitshefte zur Altorientalischen Literatur (GAAL) Heft 4, Goettingen (2003), {{ISBN|978-3-936297-01-0}}.
- F. Thureau-Dangin, Recherches sur l'origine de l'écriture cunéiforme, Paris (1898).
- Ronald Herbert Sack, Cuneiform Documents from the Chaldean and Persian Periods, (1994) {{ISBN|978-0-945636-67-0}}
{{Refend}}
External links
{{Wikibooks|Sumerian/List||Alphabetical list of all Unicode cuneiform signs}}
- [https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/gch20231157 R-CNN based PolygonalWedge Detection Learned from Annotated 3D Renderings and Mapped Photographs of Open Data Cuneiform Tablets – 2023 – Stötzner, Ernst et al]
- [https://pressemitteilungen.pr.uni-halle.de/index.php?modus=pmanzeige&pm_id=5662 AI: Researchers develop automatic text recognition for ancient cuneiform tablets]
- [https://cdli.ucla.edu Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative]
- [http://cuneiform.library.cornell.edu/collections Tablet Collections, Cornell University]
- [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13504676 Finding aid to the Columbia University Cuneiform Collection at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library]
- [https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2022/10/cuneiform-wide-web The Cuneiform Wide Web: From Card Catalogues to Digital Assyriology – Shai Gordin and Avital Romach – ANE Today – Oct 2022] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111172729/https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2022/10/cuneiform-wide-web |date=November 11, 2022 }}
- [https://home.zcu.cz/~ksaskova/Sign_List.html A sign list by Assyriologist Kateřina Šašková, featuring Ur III and Neo-Assyrian cuneiform shapes, their composition and pronunciations]
{{Ancient Mesopotamia}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuneiform Script}}
Category:Obsolete writing systems
Category:Hurro-Urartian languages
Category:Ugaritic language and literature
Category:4th-millennium BC establishments