Jasmine

{{More citations needed section|date=March 2023}}

Jasmine can be either deciduous or evergreen, and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. The leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/j/jasmin06.html A Modern Herbal]

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 Jasminum @ EFloras.org]. Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wNGkjn-alm8C&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA220}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula.{{GRIN |id=407300}}

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}} Jasminum polyanthum, also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from {{langx|fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}{{cite encyclopedia |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }} which is derived from the Middle Persian word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in Arabic.{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=Merriam-Webster |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }} The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England. The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}} Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=Jasminum L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}

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{{Main|List of Jasminum species}}

Species include:{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |title=Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |author-link=Germplasm Resources Information Network |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}

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• J. abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC. – forest jasmine
• J. adenophyllum Wall. – bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine
• J. andamanicum N.P.Balakr. & N.G.Nair
• J. angulare Vahl
• J. angustifolium (L.) Willd.
• J. auriculatum Vahl – Indian jasmine, needle-flower jasmine
• J. azoricum L.
• J. beesianum Forrest & Diels – red jasmine
• J. dichotomum Vahl – Gold Coast jasmine
• J. didymum G.Forst.
• J. dispermum Wall.
• J. elegans Knobl.
• J. elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd.
• J. floridum Bunge
• J. fluminense Vell.
• J. fruticans L.
• J. grandiflorum L. – Catalan jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine
• J. grandiflorum L.Vell.
• J. humile L. – Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine
• J. lanceolarium Roxb.
• J. laurifolium Roxb. ex Hornem. angel-wing jasmine
• J. malabaricum Wight
• J. mesnyi Hance – Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine
• J. multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews – Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
• J. multipartitum Hochst. – starry wild jasmine
• J. nervosum Lour.
• J. nobile C.B.Clarke
• J. nudiflorum Lindl. – winter jasmine
• J. odoratissimum L. – yellow jasmine
• J. officinale L. – common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine
• J. parkeri Dunn – dwarf jasmine
• J. polyanthum Franch.
• J. sambac (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine
• J. simplicifolium G.Forst.
• J. sinense Hemsl.
• J. subhumile W.W.Sm.
• J. tortuosum Willd.
• J. urophyllum Hemsl.
• J. volubile Jacq..

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File: Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg|Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"

File:Jsambac.jpg|A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.

File: Jasmine Bud.jpg|Jasmine buds

File: Jasmine lifecycle.jpg|Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower

File: Bunch of jasmine flowers.jpg|Jasmine flowers

{{Main|Jasmonate}}

Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.{{cite journal |author=Demole E |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 }} Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free}}

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}} It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}} Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}} They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }} and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659|url-access=subscription }}

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

File:Tea patterns p1160028.jpg|surface of Jasmine tea

File:Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg| The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century

File:Meenakshi Sundareswarar.jpg|Jasmine used as garland

File:Jasmine Flower full bloom on the plant near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 01.jpg|Jasmine flower blooming

File:Photo Jasmine flowers harvest 1965 - Touring Club Italiano 1.2940.jpg|Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

• Syria: The Syrian city Damascus is called the City of Jasmine.{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019}}
• Hawaii: Jasminum sambac ("pikake") is a common flower used in leis and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}
• Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the national flower, adopted in 1990.[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }} It goes by the name "melati putih" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java.
• Pakistan: Jasminum officinale is known as the "chambeli" or "yasmin", it is the national flower.{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Moin |date=26 October 2020 |title=Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird |url=https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ILM.com.pk}}
• Philippines: Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}
• Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}
• Tunisia: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the Tunisian Revolution.

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• Brazilian jasmine Mandevilla sanderi
• Cape jasmine Gardenia
• Carolina jasmine Gelsemium sempervirens
• Crape jasmine Tabernaemontana divaricata
• Chilean jasmine Mandevilla laxa
• Jasmine rice, a type of long-grain rice
• Madagascar jasmine Stephanotis floribunda
• New Zealand jasmine Parsonsia capsularis
• Night-blooming jasmine Cestrum nocturnum
• Night-flowering jasmine Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
• Orange jasmine Murraya paniculata
• Red jasmine Plumeria rubra
• Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides
• Tree jasmine (disambiguation)

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{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal

| url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771

| title = Jasminum Linn

| access-date = 2008-06-03

| journal = Flora of Pakistan

| page = 12

}}

• {{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words |first=Allan A. |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 }}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Wiktionary|Jasmine|Jasminum}}

• {{cite web

| url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum

| title = Flora Europaea Search Results

| access-date = 2008-06-03

| work = Flora Europaea

| publisher = Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

}}

• {{cite web

| url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an

| title = African Plants Database

| publisher = South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica}}

• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Jasmine|volume=15|pages=277–278}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Flora of Samoa

Category:Garden plants

Category:Incense material

Category:Oleaceae genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus