Jeep Forward Control

Willys produced utility vehicles that remained almost unchanged since 1947. As the marketplace grew more competitive in the 1950s, management developed a new range of modern cab and body trucks. The independent designer that Willys contracted since the 1940s, Brooks Stevens, used styling cues from full-size cab-over-engine trucks for this new futuristic-looking space-efficient vehicle with the center grille panel made to imitate the classic seven-slot Jeep design.{{cite book|last=Foster |first=Patrick |title=The Story of Jeep|year=2004 |publisher=Krause Publications |isbn=9780873497350 |page=101 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpdUEVGU2toC&q=Brooks+Stevens+Jeep+forward+control&pg=PA101 |access-date=2 March 2018}} The unconventional forward control layout and "helicopter look" of the cab was too unusual for mainstream buyers during that era. Still, they were successful in specialty markets that included airport service vehicles, tow trucks, and railroad crew trucks that could ride the rails.{{cite book|last=Foster |first=Patrick R. |title=Jeep: The History of America's Greatest Vehicle |year=2014 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=9780760345856 |page=68 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EwWpAwAAQBAJ&q=Jeep+Forward+Control+helicopter+look+too+unusual+for+mainstream&pg=PA68 |access-date=2 March 2018}} Numerous versions of the Forward Control Jeeps were manufactured for general and specialized applications with 1957 being the top production with almost 10,000 vehicles built that year.{{cite book|last=Adamson |first=Glenn |author2=Milwaukee Art Museum |title=Industrial strength design: how Brooks Stevens shaped your world |year=2003 |publisher=Milwaukee Art Museum |isbn=9780262012072 |page=115 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7M5TAAAAMAAJ&q=Jeep.+A+wide+variety+of+these+cab-over-engine+vehicles+were+produced+1957+almost+ten+thousand |access-date=2 March 2018}}

Engineering was based on existing CJ-5. Power came from the Hurricane F-head and L-head 4-cylinder engines. The updates in 1958 on both the FC-150 and 170 versions had attained a goal established by Willys engineers to design a versatile commercial vehicle in which the ratio of the vehicle's curb weight to its payload was 1 to 1.{{cite journal|title=Jeep Forward Control|journal=The SAE Journal |date=1958 |volume=66 |page=93 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=80FKAQAAIAAJ&q=Jeep+FC+150+and+170,+have+attained+a+goal+established+a+number+of+years+ago+by+Willys+engineers:+a+versatile+commercial+vehicle+in+which+the+ratio+of+curb+weight+of+the+vehicle+to+pay+load+is+1+to+1.+This+is+believed+to+be+the+lowest+ratio+in+the+U.+S.+truck+industry+today+for+a+standard+light-duty+commercial+vehicle |publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers |access-date=2 March 2018}} According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), this was regarded as the lowest ratio offered by domestic manufacturers at that time within the standard light-duty commercial vehicle segment. The FC layout offered advantages, including a short turning radius and large cargo bed size, given the compact overall length.

Proposals included a "Forward Control Commuter" design that may have been among the earliest minivan-type vehicles. Three operational concept cars were built by Reutter in Stuttgart, West Germany. Brooks Stevens also transformed this truck platform into a passenger vehicle.{{cite web |last1=Brockhaus |first1=Craig |title=The Commuter |url= https://thefcconnection.com/the_commuter.htm |website=thefcconnection.com |access-date=21 September 2021}}

File:Willys FC150 Truck 1963.jpg

Introduced in 1956, FC-150 models were based on the CJ-5 with its {{convert|81|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase, but featuring a {{convert|78|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} long cargo box. This was a record-breaking six-foot length (with the tailgate up) load bed on a vehicle whose total {{convert|147.5|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} length was two inches shorter than the diminutive two-seat Nash Metropolitan.{{cite magazine|title=New Forward Control design |magazine=The Saturday Evening Post |date=November 1956 |volume=229 |page=39 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3foeAQAAMAAJ&q=FC+150+Forward+Control+design+puts+a+record-breaking+74%22+pickup+box+on+an+81%22+wheelbase |access-date=2 March 2018}}{{cite web|author=((Auto editors of Consumer Guide)) |title=1957-1965 Jeep |url= https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1965-jeep1.htm |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=21 August 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063339/https://auto.howstuffworks.com/1957-1965-jeep1.htm |archivedate=19 June 2018 |access-date=8 January 2022}} The rugged design and go-anywhere capability included a claim that the FC could climb grades of up to 60% and reviews by Mechanix Illustrated highlighted the vehicle's toughness and surefootedness.

In 1958, the FC-150 received a new, wider chassis. Its track was widened from {{convert|48|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to {{convert|57|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. A 1958 FC-150 concept featured an {{convert|83.5|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase, a widened track (which made production), and the new T-98 4-speed manual transmission. This model had a gross weight of {{convert|5000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.{{cite web |title=1958 Product Engineering Design Concepts |url= http://www.thefcconnection.com/willys_engineering_design_concepts.htm |website=thefcconnection.com |access-date=21 September 2021}}

File:JeepFC-170.jpg model FC-170 with pickup cargo bed]]

File:MHV Jeep Fire Engine 01.jpg

File:1961 Willys Jeep FC170 4WD ambulance rescue truck (14703513579).jpg

Introduced in 1957, FC-170 models had a {{convert|103|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase with a {{convert|108|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} bed. The forward-control layout achieved this. The cab did not tilt for engine access. The standard six-cylinder engine was mated to a three-speed transmission. A 1958 concept version of the FC-170 featured a {{convert|108|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase. This was required to accommodate a new {{convert|272|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} V8 engine (based on the Ford Y-block) with a new transfer case. A new 3-speed automatic transmission (based on the Ford Cruise-O-Matic) was only available with the inline-6 due to possible driveshaft angle issues. A T-98 4-speed manual with both engines was available. This model had a gross weight of {{convert|7000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.

A {{convert|1|ST|t|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} dual-wheeled rear axle (dually) model with a {{convert|120|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} load bed. These models have gross weights of {{convert|8000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} or {{convert|9000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.

The FC-180 was shown in concept form on paper in a 1957 Willys company brochure titled "1958 Projects - Product Engineering". It was essentially a lengthened FC-170 DRW (wheelbase increased from 103 to 123.5 in). Features included a 150 in flatbed, the {{convert|226|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} "Super Hurricane" inline-6 or the {{convert|272|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} V8 as available engines, and the T-98 4-speed manual or 3-speed automatic as available transmissions. This model had a gross weight of {{convert|10000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.

The FC-190 was also shown in concept form in 1957. It featured a {{convert|150|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase, a {{convert|202|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} flat bed and tandem dually axles. The T-98 manual transmission was standard, with the automatic as an option. No six-cylinder option was offered; standard was the {{convert|272|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} V8. The FC-190 would use components from the FC-170 and FC-180 to keep costs down. This model had a gross weight of {{convert|16000|lb|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}.

The FC Jeeps were exhibited to Jeep dealers in a closed-circuit telecast on November 29, 1956, and were on display for the public at the December 1956 National Automobile Show in New York City. The FC-150 went on sale at dealer showrooms on December 12, 1956. The initial response to the four-wheel drive FC Jeeps was favorable. Their best sales year came in 1957, when 9,738 trucks were sold. After the introduction of the FC-170 in 1957, FC-150 sales dropped to 1,546 units in 1959, before rebounding to 4,925 in 1960.

Brooks Stevens made a rendering around 1960 for a possible facelift for the FC-series.{{cite web|last=Strohl |first=Daniel |title=Wide-Trac, en Espanol?|url= https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2011/08/22/wide-trac-en-espanol/ |publisher=Hemmings |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=2 March 2018}}

The FC models did not become the big sellers that Willys had hoped. Total production in nine years was just over 30,000 units. The FC line was discontinued in 1964.{{cite web|url= http://www.carlislemediasite.com/content.asp?ArticleID=48 |last=Dieffenbach |first=Mike |title=A Brief History of the Forward Control Trucks of the Late 20th Century |website=carlislemediasite.com |date=May 2002 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014031002/http://carlislemediasite.com/content.asp?ArticleID=48 |archive-date=14 October 2007 |access-date=27 December 2023}}

Four dedicated military variants of the FC-170 were manufactured for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps under a 1964 contract.{{cite web|title=Willys Forward Control Military Trucks |url= http://olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_willys_fc.php |website=Olive Drab |access-date=2 March 2018}}{{cite web|title=History & General Information |url= http://www.thefcconnection.com/history_&_general_information.htm |website=The FC Connection |access-date=2 March 2018}} Production is estimated to have been between 400 and 700 units, mostly the M677 four-door pickups. A 1963 analysis done by Jeep concluded that the militarized FC-170s compared favorably to the aging Dodge M37, at least for behind the front-line service.{{cite web|url= http://thefcconnection.com/Military%20History%20&%20Info/Military%20History%20&%20Info/Comparison%20Study...%20%20FC170%20Cerlist%20Pickup%20vs.%20M37.pdf |title=Comparison Study... FC170 Cerlist Pickup vs. M37 |author=((Kaiser-Jeep Corporation)) |date=1 May 1963 |website=thefcconnection.com |access-date=27 December 2023}} The XM-676 prototype had a 50% larger cargo cube, could carry 12 troops in the back instead of eight in the M-37, had a 700-pound greater load rating, and yielded more than twice the mileage, but Jeep was likely more focused on landing the contract for the M715 trucks that replaced the M-37.

The official operator's and service manuals were written and published by Kaiser-Jeep, not the army. The general government description of the vehicles was Jeep' Truck, Diesel engine, 7000-pound GVW, 4x4, with the variants named:{{cite book |author=((Kaiser Jeep Corporation)) |title='Jeep' Truck, Diesel engine, 7000-pound GVW, 4x4 (SM-1020) |url= http://thefcconnection.com/Military%20History%20&%20Info/Military%20History%20&%20Info/Jeep%20M677%20Service%20manual%20.pdf |location=Toledo, Ohio |page=1 |date=May 1964 |via=/thefcconnection |access-date=27 December 2023}}

• M676 Truck, Cargo Pickup — a modified version of the commercial FC-170 pickup
• M677 Truck, Cargo Pickup w/4 Dr. Cab — a four-door crew-cab pickup with a canopy over the bed
• M678 Truck, Carry All — a van-body FC-170 with windows, and three cabin doors
• M679 Truck, Ambulance — a van-body FC-170 with two cabin doors and no further side windows, fitted as an ambulance

There were notable mechanical differences with the civilian market vehicles. First of all, the Marine Corps variants of the FC-170s were powered by a different engine – a Cerlist {{convert|85|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} three-cylinder {{convert|170|cuin|L|1|abbr=on}} two-stroke diesel. The engine was mated with a three-speed T-90A transmission and a model 18 transfer case. Other changes included a reinforced frame, a 24-volt electrical system, and limited-slip Spicer 44 front and 53 rear axles.{{cite web|last=Allen |first=Jim |title=Forward Control 101: The M-Series |url= http://www.fourwheeler.com/features/1611-forward-control-101-the-m-series/ |work=Four Wheeler |date=28 November 2016 |access-date=2 March 2018}}

Numerous versions of FC models (most not available in the domestic market) were manufactured in many other nations under collaboration agreements with successive owners of Jeep: Willys-Overland, Kaiser Jeep, and American Motors Corporation (AMC).

File:Mahindra FJ-470 (or 460) mini bus in Madurai.jpg

Mahindra & Mahindra Limited in Bombay (Mumbai), India began its vehicle business in 1947 by assembling 75 complete knock down (CKD) Jeeps in Mazagon, Bombay.{{cite web|url= https://www.mahindra.com/history |title=1947 Official history |publisher=Mahindra |accessdate=8 January 2022}} The company started FC-150 production in India in 1965 and later expanded the model range for the domestic market to include the FC-170, as well as its own intermediate-sized FC-160.

The FC-160 (and later FJ-160) uses a {{convert|93|in|cm|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} wheelbase. The pick-up box was by Mahindra, and other bodies were available. The "cowl and chassis only" FC-160 model was popular during the 1970s for conversion into mini-buses, ambulances, and other vehicles. Most have the basic front face of the FC. The manufacture of the Mahindra FC-160 pickup truck ended in the summer of 1999.

The FC-260 Diesel light truck was introduced in 1975. Mahindra's four-wheel drive FJ-460 (introduced in 1983) and two-wheel drive FJ-470 van or mini-bus vehicles retain the original Forward Control grille arrangement. These vehicles can accommodate from 11 to 15 passengers plus the driver.{{cite web |url= http://jeepfc.www5.50megs.com/fc160/fc-160.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701084304/http://jeepfc.www5.50megs.com/fc160/fc-160.htm |title=Forward Control 160? |archive-date = 2007-07-01 | work = The Jeep Forward Control Page | last = Hornberger | first = Daniel }}

{{main article|es:Jeep-Viasa SV-430}}

In the 1960s, Kaiser-Willys licensed Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas (VIASA) of Zaragoza in Aragon to build Jeeps in Spain.{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4TIikXGZdcEC&q=The+third+company,+VIASA+made+jeeps+under+licence+from+American+Motors&pg=PA127 |title=The Multinational Motor Industry |first=George |last=Maxcy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2013 |isbn= 9780415657662 |access-date=24 June 2014}} Beginning in 1970, the "SV" line of commercial trucks were built using the Commando 4x4 Jeep chassis, just like the FC models in the United States.{{cite web|url= http://cj3b.info/World/Spain.html |title=Los Jeeps: Made in Spain |first=Derek |last=Redmond |publisher=The CJ3B Page |date=12 February 2009 |access-date=24 June 2014}}

However, the Iberian models were unlike any Jeeps produced elsewhere and featured indigenously developed body designs.{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpdUEVGU2toC&q=In+Spain,+Vehiculos+Industriales+Y+Agricolas+(V.I.A.S.A.)+built+unique&pg=PA15 |page=15 |title=The Story of Jeep |first=Patrick R. |last=Foster |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2004 |isbn=9780873497350 |edition=Second |access-date=24 June 2014}} The SV line included the Campeador (one-ton pickup), Duplex (double cab pickup), Furgon (one-ton van), and the Toledo (9-seat luxury passenger van). Two engines were available: the Super Hurricane in-line six petrol and a Perkins 4-cylinder diesel. The Willys {{convert|226.2|cuin|cc|abbr=on}}engine was rated at {{convert|105|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|190|lb.ft|N·m|0|abbr=on}} of torque while the 3.0 L Perkins diesel produced {{convert|62|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|143|lb.ft|N·m|0|abbr=on}} of torque.{{cite web |last1=Hunting |first1=Benjamin |title=Jeep VIASA Vans and Trucks Are Awesome Spanish Obscurities |url= https://www.motortrend.com/vehicle-genres/jeep-forward-control-viasa-ebro-truck-van/ |website=MotorTrend |publisher=Motor Trend |access-date=5 November 2021 |date=3 April 2020}} The diesel achieved almost {{convert|30|mpgus|L/100 km mpgimp|abbr=on}}.

During the late 1970s, VIASA was absorbed by Ebro trucks, a division of Motor Ibérica. Production of the full SV line continued until 1985, including versions for the Spanish army.{{cite web|last=Cossard |first=Hubert |title=Viasa et Ebro Jeep SV 1970-1985 |url= http://www.cherokee-fr.com/~jeepfamily/Europe/Espagne/SV/EbroSV.htm| website=cherokee-fr.com |date=30 September 2010 |language=fr |access-date=2 March 2018}}

Nissan took complete control of Ebro in 1987, and the company was named Nissan Motor Ibérica.

Kaiser contracted Crown Coach Corporation, a bus manufacturer, to build a "Wide-Trac" forward control concept car that combines elements of the original Jeep FC trucks, the VIASA SV pickup, and Brooks Stevens' 1960 proposed facelift.{{cite web|last=Strohl |first=Daniel |title=Kaiser's Crown (-built Jeep) |url= https://www.hemmings.com/blog/index.php/2011/06/28/kaisers-crown-built-jeep/ |work=Hemmings |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=2 March 2018}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite web|author=((Auto Editors of Consumer Guide)) |title=1956 Kaiser-Jeep FC-150 |website=auto.howstuffworks.com |url = http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1953-1956-jeep4.htm |date=27 December 2007 |access-date=27 December 2023}}
• {{cite journal|last=Foster |first=Patrick R. |title=1957-65 Jeep Forward Control Trucks: Too Far Forward? |journal=Collectible Automobile |volume=24 |number=1 |pages=42–63 |date=June 2007}}

{{commons category|Jeep Forward Control}}

• [http://www.thefcconnection.com The FC Connection], accessed on 27 December 2023.

{{Jeep early timeline}}

Forward Control

Category:Pickup trucks

Category:All-wheel-drive vehicles

Category:Cab over vehicles

Category:Cab over off-road vehicles

Category:Vehicles introduced in 1956

Category:1950s cars

Category:1960s cars

Category:Kaiser Motors

Category:Willys vehicles

Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States

Category:Trucks of the United States

Category:Cars introduced in 1955