Jewish Combat Organization

The ŻOB was formed on 28 July 1942, six days after the German Nazis under SS General Jurgen Stroop began the Grossaktion Warsaw sealing the fate of the Jews confined in the Warsaw Ghetto: "All Jewish persons living in Warsaw, regardless of age and gender, [would] be resettled in the East."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjJimC--9-kC&q=%22all+jewish+persons+living+in+warsaw+regardless+of+age+and+sex%22+%22be+resettled+in+the+east%22&pg=PA73|title=Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945|first=Gunnar S.|last=Paulsson|authorlink=Gunnar S. Paulsson|date=20 October 2018|publisher=Yale University Press|access-date=20 October 2018|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0300095463}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007745 |title=The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising |website=www.ushmm.org |language=en |access-date=2018-05-03}} Thus began massive "deportations" of about 254,000 Jews, all of whom were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Grossaktion lasted until 12 September 1942. Overall it reduced the once thriving Warsaw Jewish community of some 400,000 to a mere 55,000 to 60,000 inhabitants.

The youth groups that were instrumental in forming the ŻOB had anticipated German intentions to annihilate Warsaw Jewry and began to shift from an educational and cultural focus to self-defense and eventual armed struggle.{{in lang|pl}} 23 IV 1943, Warsaw:

[http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/skarb,Odezwa_Zydowskiej_Organizacji_Bojowej_do_walki_o_wolnosc_z_dnia_23_IV_1943_roku,gid,116293,cid,2389.htm?body=desc Odezwa Żydowskiej Organizacji Bojowej z pozdrowieniami z walczącego getta i wezwaniem do walki o wspólną wolność Żydów i Polaków.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020202706/http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/skarb,Odezwa_Zydowskiej_Organizacji_Bojowej_do_walki_o_wolnosc_z_dnia_23_IV_1943_roku,gid,116293,cid,2389.htm?body=desc |date=2008-10-20 }} Polska.pl Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego; Nask, 2008

Unlike the older generation, the youth groups took these reports seriously and had no illusions about the true intentions of the Germans.{{cn|date=May 2024}} A document published three months before the start of the deportations by Hashomer Hatzair declared: "We know that Hitler's system of murder, slaughter and robbery leads steadily to a dead end and the destruction of the Jews."[http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part2/doc125.html Call to Armed Self-Defense, from Ha-Shomer Ha-Zair newspaper in the Warsaw Underground Jutrznia ("Dawn"), March 28, 1942.]

A number of the left Zionist youth groups, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Dror, proposed the creation of a self-defense organization at a meeting of Warsaw Jewish leaders in March 1942. The proposal was rejected by the Jewish Labour Bund who believed that a fighting organization would fail without the help of the Polish resistance. Others rejected the notion of armed insurgency saying that there was no evidence of a threat of deportation. Moreover, they argued any armed resistance would provoke the Germans to retaliate against the whole Jewish community.{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/artzi.html|title=The Kibbutz Artzi Federation|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=20 October 2018}}[http://www.hashomerhatzair.net Hashomer Hatzair World Movement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912202154/http://www.hashomerhatzair.net/ |date=2008-09-12 }}{{better source|date=May 2024}}

In November 1942, ŻOB officially became part of and subordinated its activities to the High Command of the Armia Krajowa. In return the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) began providing ŻOB with weapons and training, with the first shipment of guns and ammunition being provided in December 1942.{{cite book|first=Stefan|last=Korboński|authorlink=Stefan Korboński|title=Jews Under Occupation|pages=123-124 and 130|url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html|access-date=2008-09-14|archive-date=2011-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072018/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html|url-status=dead}} The organization was spied upon by Jewish collaborators which the Nazis called the Society of Free Jews (Towarzystwo Wolnych Żydów).{{cite book|title=The Eagle Unbowed |first=Halik |last=Kochanski|authorlink=Halik Kochanski|page=306|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 2012}}

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On 18 January 1943, the Nazis began a second wave of deportations. The first Jews the Germans rounded up included a number of ŻOB fighters who had intentionally crept into the column of deportees. Led by Mordechai Anielewicz they waited for the appropriate signal, then stepped out of formation, and fought the Nazis with small arms. The column scattered and news of the ŻZW and ŻOB action quickly spread throughout the ghetto. During this small deportation, the Nazis only managed to round up about 5,000 to 6,000 Jews.

The deportations lasted four days during which the Germans met other acts of resistance from the ŻOB. When they left the ghetto on 22 January 1943, the remaining Jews regarded it as a victory, however Israel Gutman, a member of the ŻOB who subsequently became one of the leading authors on Jewish Warsaw wrote, "It [was] not known [to the Jews] that the Germans had not intended to liquidate the entire ghetto by means of the January deportations." However, Gutman concludes that the "[January] deportations... had a decisive influence on the ghetto's last months."

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File:Odezwa ŻOB 23 kwietnia 1943.jpg

File:Plakat wydany przez Zydowska Organizacje Bojowa.png

The final deportation began on the eve of Passover, 19 April 1943. The streets of the ghetto were vacant; most of the remaining 30,000 Jews were hiding in carefully prepared bunkers including their headquarters located in Ulica Miła 18, many of which had electricity and running water, however they offered no route of escape.

When the Germans marched into the ghetto, they met fierce armed resistance from fighters attacking from open windows in vacated apartments. The defenders of the ghetto used guerrilla warfare tactics and had the strategic advantage not only of surprise but also of being able to look down on their opponents. This advantage was lost when the Germans began systematically burning all of the buildings of the ghetto forcing the fighters to seek cover in the underground bunkers. The fires above consumed much of the available oxygen below ground, turning the bunkers into suffocating death traps.

On May 8 in the bunker at 18 Mila Street, Jurek Wilner called on the fighters to commit mass suicide to avoid falling into Germans' hands. As the first one, Lutek Rotblat initially shot his mother and then himself. In the bunker most of the members of the Combat Organization found their deaths, including Commander Mordechaj Anielewicz.{{Cite book |last=Krall |first=Hanna |title=Shielding the Flame |isbn=0-03-006002-8}}

By 16 May 1943, the German Police General Jürgen Stroop, who had been in charge of the final deportation, officially declared what he called the Grossaktion, finished. To celebrate he razed Warsaw's Great Synagogue. The ghetto was destroyed and what remained of the uprising was suppressed.

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Even after the destruction of the ghetto, small numbers of Jews could still be found in the underground bunkers on both sides of the ghetto wall. In fact, during the last months of the ghetto some 20,000 Jews fled to the Aryan side. Some Jews who escaped the final destruction of the ghetto, including youth group members and leaders Kazik Ratajzer, Zivia Lubetkin, Yitzhak Zuckerman and Marek Edelman, would participate in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising against the Nazis.

While many members and leaders of the youth groups perished in the Warsaw Ghetto, Zionist and non-Zionist youth movements remain active. One can still find the left Zionist youth groups Hashomer Hatzair and Habonim Dror in countries such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States and Uruguay. There are still remnants of the non-Zionist Jewish Labour Bund's S.K.I.F. in Australia, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. The right youth group Betar operates in Australia, Brazil, Western Europe and the United States, and Bnei Akiva, a religious Zionist organization, operates worldwide.

A second Jewish resistance organization called the Jewish Military Union ({{langx|pl|Żydowski Związek Wojskowy}}, ŻZW), formed primarily of former officers of the Polish Army in late 1939, operated side by side with ŻOB & was also instrumental in the Jewish armed struggle.{{cite book |first=David |last=Wdowiński |author-link=Dawid Wdowiński | title=And We Are Not Saved | year=1963 | publisher=Philosophical Library | location=New York | isbn=0802224865 | quote=Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the single author.}}

File:Mordechai Anielewicz.jpg|Mordechai Anielewicz

File:Mira Fuchrer.jpg|Mira Fuchrer

File:Yitzhak Zukermann, during his testimony at the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann D408-073 (cropped).jpg|Yitzhak Zukermann

File:Zivia_Lubetkin.jpg|Zivia_Lubetkin

File:Marek Edelman - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.jpg|Marek Edelman

File:Izrael Kanal.jpg|Izrael Kanal

File:Itzhak Katzenelson.jpg|Itzhak Katzenelson

File:MichaelKlepfisz.jpg|Michael Klepfisz

File:Vladka Meed (2005).jpg|Vladka Meed

File:Symcha Ratajzer i Agnieszka Arnold 052 (cropped).JPG|Symcha Ratajzer

File:Yitzhak Sukenik.jpg|Yitzhak Sukenik

File:Dawid Wdowiński.jpg|Dawid Wdowiński [ZZW]

{{Reflist}}

• {{Commonscatinline}}
• [http://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/warsaw-ghetto?WT.mc_id=wiki The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising] on the Yad Vashem website

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Category:Military units and formations established in 1942

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