Jing Fang

Jing Fang ({{lang|zh|京房}}) (78–37 BC),{{efn|{{zh|c=京房|p=Jīng Fáng|w=Ching Fang}}}} born Li Fang ({{lang|zh|李房}}), courtesy name Junming ({{lang|zh|君明}}), was a Chinese music theorist,https://soundingchina.fas.harvard.edu/Service.html mathematician and astronomer born in present-day Puyang, Henan{{efn|東郡頓丘{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}}}{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). Although better known for his work in musical measurements, he also accurately described the basic mechanics of lunar and solar eclipses.

Yijing

The historian Ban Gu (32–92 AD) wrote that Jing Fang was an expert at making predictions from the hexagrams of the ancient Yijing. A book on Yijing divination attributed to him describes the najia method of hexagram interpretation, which correlates their separate lines with elements of the Chinese calendar.Fung, Yu-lan; A History of Chinese Philosophy; Princeton University Press Not only was he instrumental in the development of Yijing correlative cosmology, but he has also shed a new light on China's history, in particular Qin and Han.{{Cite book |last=Matthew |first=William |title=Cosmic Coherence a Cognitive Anthropology through Chinese Divination |year=2021 |pages=128}}

Music theory

According to the 3rd-century historian Sima Biao, Jing Fang received an appointment as an official in the Music Bureau under Emperor Yuan of Han (r. 48–33 BC).McClain and Ming, 208.

Jing Fang was the first to notice how closely a succession of 53 just fifths approximates 31 octaves. He came upon this observation after learning to calculate the pythagorean comma between 12 fifths and 7 octaves, McClain and Ming, 207. and extended this method fivefold to a scale composed of 60 fifths, finding that after 53 new values became incredibly close to tones already calculated. The pythagorean comma had been published ca. 122 BC in the Huainanzi, a book is written for the prince of Huainan. Huainanzi emphasizes that the number of musical temperament and calendar reflect the path of heaven and earth.{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Xifan |title=General History of Chinese Art: From the Qin Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties |year=2022}}

He accomplished this calculation by beginning with a suitable large starting value ( $3^{11} = 177147$ )McClain and Ming, 213. that could be divided by three easily, and proceeded to calculate the relative values of successive tones by the following method:

Divide the value by three. $177147/3 = 59049$
Add this value to the original. $177147 + 59049 = 236196$
The new value is now equal to $4/3$ of the original, or a perfect fourth, which is equivalent to a perfect fifth inverted at the octave. (Alternatively, he would subtract $1/3$ from the interval, equivalent to a perfect fifth down, to keep all of the values greater than 177147, or less than 354294, it's double, effectively transposing them all into the range of a single octave.)
Proceed now from this new value to generate the next tone; repeat until all tones have been generated.

To produce an exact calculation, some 26 digits of accuracy would have been required.McClain and Ming, 212. Instead, by rounding to about 6 digits, his calculations are within 0.0145 cents of exactness, which is a difference much finer than is usually perceptible. The final value he gave for the ratio between this 53rd fifth and the original was

— $177147 / 176776$ .{{Cite web |title=後漢書/卷91 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B791 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=zh.wikisource.org |language=zh}}

This value would later be calculated precisely by Nicholas Mercator in the 17th century (see: history of 53 equal temperaments).

Astronomy

He was also an advocate of the theory that the light emanating from the spherical Moon (as seen from Earth) was merely a reflection of sunlight. This was known as the 'radiating influence' theory in ancient China, which stated that the light of the Moon was merely the light reflected from the Sun and that the celestial bodies were spherical. This accurate theory was dismissed by the philosopher Wang Chong (27–97 AD), yet embraced by the mathematician, inventor, and scientist Zhang Heng (78–139 AD).

Jing Fang stated:

{{cquote|The moon and the planets are Yin; they have shape but no light. This they receive only when the sun illuminates them. The former masters regarded the sun as round like a crossbow bullet, and they thought the moon had the nature of a mirror. Some of them recognized the moon as a ball too. Those parts of the moon which the sun illuminates look bright, those parts which it does not, remain dark.Needham, Volume 3, 227.}}

Death

It is recorded that he was executed by beheading in the marketplace in 37 BC under the Emperor's orders after he allegedly slung false accusations at a high official for infringing upon the law.

Notes

References

Huang, Xiangpeng, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095358/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=70470&Query=1 "Jing Fang"]. Encyclopedia of China (Music and Dance Edition), 1st ed.
McClain, Ernest and Ming Shui Hung. "Chinese Cyclic Tunings in Late Antiquity," Ethnomusicology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (1979): 205–224.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
Complete table of Jing Fang's hexagram values: [https://archive.today/20130110223521/http://www.flyingstars-fengshui.com/hexagrams1.htm Jing Fang Hexagram Table] (obsolete)
Comparing Jing Fang's and other hexagram sequences: [http://www.biroco.com/yijing/sequence.htm Yijing Dao - Shao Yong square, Xiantian diagram, Jing Fang's 8 Palaces, biga, Mawangdui, and King Wen sequences]
Matthews, William. Cosmic Coherence a Cognitive Anthropology through Chinese Divination. Berghahn, 2022.
LI, XIFAN. General History of Chinese Art: From the Qin Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties. DE GRUYTER, 2022.