Nicholas Mercator

File:Nicolaus Mercator Logarithmotechnia.png

{{Short description|German mathematician (c.1620 – 1687)}}

{{distinguish|text=Gerardus Mercator the cartographer}}

Nicholas (Nikolaus) Mercator (c. 1620, Holstein – 1687, Versailles), also known by his German name Kauffmann, was a 17th-century mathematician.

He was born in Eutin, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany and educated at Rostock and Leyden after which he lived from 1642 to 1648 in the Netherlands. He lectured at the University of Copenhagen during 1648–1654 and lived in Paris from 1655 to 1657. He was mathematics tutor to Joscelyne Percy, son of the 10th Earl of Northumberland, at Petworth, Sussex (1657). He taught mathematics in London (1658–1682). On 3 May 1661 he observed a transit of Mercury with Christiaan Huygens and Thomas Streete from Long Acre, London.{{Cite journal|title=1904Obs....27..369L Page 369|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1904Obs....27..369L|access-date=2021-08-03|website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu|bibcode=1904Obs....27..369L }} On 14 November 1666 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.{{Cite web|title=Search Results|url=https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA7751&pos=1|access-date=2021-08-03|website=catalogues.royalsociety.org}} He designed a marine chronometer for Charles II.Thomas Birch (on chronometer) (1756) History of the Royal Society II : 110 to 114 and 187, and in Oldenburg to Leibnitz 18 December 1670

In 1682 Jean Colbert invited Mercator to assist in the design and construction of the fountains at the Palace of Versailles, so he relocated there, but a falling-out with Colbert followed.D. T. Whiteside [http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/mercator-nicolaus-kauffman-niklaus Nicolaus Mercator] at Encyclopedia.com

Mathematically, he is most well known for his treatise Logarithmo-technia on logarithms, published in 1668. In this treatise he described the Mercator series:

:$\backslash ln(1\; +\; x)\; =\; x\; -\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}x^2\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{3\}x^3\; -\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{4\}x^4\; +\; \backslash cdots.$

Nicholas Mercator was the first person to use the term natural logarithm.{{cite web |author-first1=J. J. |author-last1=O'Connor |author-first2=E. F. |author-last2=Robertson |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/HistTopics/e.html |title=The number e |publisher=The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive |date=September 2001 |access-date=2009-02-02}}

To the field of music, Mercator contributed the first precise account of 53 equal temperament, which was of theoretical importance, but not widely practised.Benjamin Wardhaugh (July 2010) [https://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/a-plague-of-ratios A Plague of Ratios] from Mathematics Association of America

He died at Versailles in 1687.