Jish

Jish is the ancient Giscala.Hulot & Rabot, "Actes de la societé géographie," Seance du 6 décembre 1907, La Géographie, Volume 17, Paris, 1908, page 78 The Arabic name el-Jish is a variation of the site's ancient name Gush Halav in Hebrew,{{cite book|page=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxzFzzGZWbIC&q=jish+arabic+gischala&pg=PA63|title=Papers Presented to the Tenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford, 1987: Historica, theologica, gnostica, Biblica et Apocrypha|author=Elizabeth A. Livingstone|publisher=Peeters Publishers|year=1989|isbn=978-90-6831231-7}} literally "block of milk" or "a lump of milk," which may be a reference to either the production of milk and cheese (for which the village has been famous since at least the early Middle Ages) or else to the fertile surroundings, which are well-suited for various forms of agriculture. Other scholars believe the name Gush Halav refers to the light color of the local limestone, which contrasts with the dark reddish rock of the neighboring village, Ras al-Ahmar.

Settlement in Jish dates back 3,000 years. The village is mentioned in the Mishnah as Gush Halav, a city "surrounded by walls since the time of Joshua Ben Nun" (m. Arakhin 9:6).The Mishnah, (ed.) Herbert Danby, Arakhin [https://archive.org/stream/DanbyMishnah#page/n581 9:6 (p. 553 - note 9)] Canaanite and Israelite remains from the Early Bronze and Iron Ages have also been found there.

{{Further|Siege of Gush Halav}}

File:Jish-Gush-Halav-785.jpg

During the Classical period, the town was known as Gischala, a Greek transcription of the Hebrew name Gush Halav. Both Josephus and later Jewish sources from the Roman-Byzantine period mention the fine olive oil for which the village was known.The Guide to Israel, Zev Vilnay, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 539. According to the Talmud, the inhabitants also engaged in the production of silk. Eleazar b. Simeon, described in the Talmud as a very large man with tremendous physical strength, was a resident of the town. According to one version of events, he was initially buried in Gush Halav but later reinterred in Meron, next to his father, Shimon bar Yochai.{{Cite web |url=http://www.adventure-tours-israel.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=490:2010-10-12-13-18-30&catid=48:2010-10-12-07-50-50&Itemid=224&lang=en |title=el-Jish/Gush Halav |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112025/http://www.adventure-tours-israel.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=490:2010-10-12-13-18-30&catid=48:2010-10-12-07-50-50&Itemid=224&lang=en |url-status=dead }}Pesikta de-Rav Kahana (1949), p. 94a Jerome recorded that Paul the Apostle lived with his parents in "Giscalis in Judea," which is understood to be Gischala.{{cite book |last1= Machen |first1= John Gresham |title= The Origin of Paul's Religion |date= 1921 |publisher= The MacMillan Company |location= New York |page= [https://archive.org/details/originpaulsreli01machgoog/page/n60 44] |url= https://archive.org/details/originpaulsreli01machgoog |access-date=1 May 2019}}{{cite book |author=Jerome |author-link=Jerome |title= De Viris Illustribus |trans-title= On Illustrious Men |chapter=5. Paul |url= http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm |translator=Richardson, Ernest Cushing |access-date=1 May 2019 |quote= Paul...was of the tribe of Benjamin and the town of Giscalis in Judea. When this was taken by the Romans he removed with his parents to Tarsus in Cilicia.}}{{cite book |author=Jerome |author-link=Jerome |title=Commentaria in Epistolam ad Philemonem |trans-title=Commentary on the Epistle to Philemon |language=la |url=http://www.mlat.uzh.ch/MLS/xfromcc.php?tabelle=Hieronymus_Stridonensis_cps2&rumpfid=Hieronymus_Stridonensis_cps2,%20Commentaria%20in%20Epistolam%20ad%20Philemonem,%20%20%20%20%20p2 |access-date=1 May 2019 |quote=Aiunt parentes apostoli Pauli de Gyscalis regione fuisse Iudaeae |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223170331/http://www.mlat.uzh.ch/MLS/xfromcc.php?tabelle=Hieronymus_Stridonensis_cps2&rumpfid=Hieronymus_Stridonensis_cps2,%20Commentaria%20in%20Epistolam%20ad%20Philemonem,%20%20%20%20%20p2 |url-status=dead }}

After the fall of Gamla, Gush Halav was the last Jewish stronghold in the Galilee and Golan region during the Great Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73 CE), and the home of John of Giscala.[https://books.google.com/books?id=x8LRPQp_-y8C&pg=PA68 Redefining ancient borders: The Jewish scribal framework of Matthew's Gospel, Aaron M. Gale][https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-vWh51B1AMC&pg=PA22 Excavations at the ancient synagogue of Gush Ḥalav, Eric M. Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, James F. Strange]

Two ancient synagogues were discovered at Jish. The first was located at the top of the hill, below the current Maronite Church. The second one was discovered at the foot of the hill, close to a spring; one of its columns is inscribed in Aramaic with the name of a particular "Yose son of Tanhum". This synagogue went through several phases of construction and reconstruction, one destruction being dated by excavator Eric M. Meyers to the earthquake of 551.{{cite book |last=Hachlili |first=Rachel |title=Ancient Synagogues - Archaeology and Art: New Discoveries and Current Research |publisher=BRILL |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25772-6 |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1, Ancient Near East; vol. 105 = Handbuch der Orientalistik |pages=586, 588 |chapter=Dating of the Upper Galilee Synagogues |access-date=8 April 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRjhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA588}} In addition to Jewish structures and burial sites dated to the 3rd through 6th centuries, both Jewish and Christian amulets have also been discovered nearby.[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-1OsGWvw8C&pg=PA14 The missing century: Palestine in the fifth century: growth and decline, Zeev Safrai] Christian artifacts from the Byzantine period have been found at the site.{{cite book |author= Eliya Ribak |title= Religious Communities in Byzantine Palestina |page= 53 |series= BAR International Series 1646 |year= 2007 |publisher= Archaeopress |place= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-4073-0080-1}}

According to local tradition, two nearby rock-cut tombs contain the graves of 1st century BCE Jewish sages Shemaiah and Avtalyon.

Historical sources from the 10th to the 15th centuries describe it as a large Jewish village, and it is mentioned in the 10th century by Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi.{{cite book |author=Al-Muqaddasi |author-link=Al-Muqaddasi |title=Description of Syria |year=1885 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028534265#page/n56/mode/1up |translator=Le Strange, Guy |page=32}} Jewish life in the 10th and 11th centuries is attested to by documents in the Cairo Geniza.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} In 1172, the Jewish traveler Benjamin of Tudela found about 20 Jews living there.{{cite book | author = A. Asher | title = The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela | volume = 1 | page = 82 | year = c. 1840 | publisher = Hakesheth | place = NY}} This passage is not present in the edition of {{cite book | author = M. N. Adler | title = The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela | year = 1907 | place = London | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 29}} Ishtori Haparchi also attended a megilla reading when he visited in 1322.{{verify source|date=October 2011}}

In 1596, Jish appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Jira, of the Liwa Safad. It had a population of 71 households and 20 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on goats and beehives, but most of its taxes were in the form of a fixed sum: total taxes amounted to around 30,750 akçe.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9

In the 17th century, the village had been inhabited by Druze, but they later departed from it. The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi, who passed by the village in 1648, wrote:

Then comes the village of Jish, with one hundred houses of accursed believers in the transmigration of souls (tenāsukhi mezhebindén). Yet what beautiful boys and girls they have! And what a climate! Every one of these girls has queenly, gazelle-like, bewitching eyes, which captivate the beholder—an unusual sight.{{cite journal | title = Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, II. | author = Stephan H. Stephan | author-link = Stephan Hanna Stephan| journal = The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine | volume = 4 | year = 1935 | pages = [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56294/2015.56294.Quarterly-Of-The-Department-Of-Antiquities-In-Palestine-Vol4#page/n286/mode/1up 154]–164}}

According to Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Maronites first settled in Jish during the early 18th century. This may have happened as a result of the Battle of Ain Dara (1711), in which the Qaysis defeated the Yamanis and drove many of them from Mount Lebanon. Ben-Zvi recorded a local tradition, according to which two families in the village preceded the Maronite immigration; One of them—the Hashouls, the oldest family in the village— were Maronites of Jewish ancestry and were originally known by the name Shaul.{{Cite book |last=בן-צבי |first=יצחק |title=שאר ישוב |publisher=Yad Ben Zvi יד בן צבי |year=1966 |edition=2nd |location=Jerusalem |pages=103–104 |language=he |trans-title=She'ar Yishuv - The Remnant of the Yishuv |author-link=Yitzhak Ben-Zvi}}

The Galilee earthquake of 1837 caused widespread damage and over 200 deaths. Three weeks afterward, contemporaries reported "a large rent in the ground...about a foot wide and fifty feet long." All the Galilee villages that were badly damaged at the time, including Jish, were situated on the slopes of steep hills. The presence of old landslides has been observed on aerial photographs. The fact that the village was built on dip slopes consisting of soft bedrock and soil has made it more vulnerable to landslides.[http://zadok.org/research/1927/landslides.html Damage Caused By Landslides During the Earthquakes of 1837 and 1927 in the Galilee Region] According to Andrew Thomson, no houses in Jish were left standing. The church fell, killing 130 people, and the old town walls collapsed. A total of 235 people died, and the ground was left fissured.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3. pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/368/mode/1up 368]-369 At the time, the village was noted as a mixed Muslim and Maronite village in the Safad district.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/134/mode/1up 134]

At the end of the 19th century, Jish was described as a "well-built village of good masonry" with about 600 Christian and 200 Muslim inhabitants.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/198/mode/1up 198]

A population list from about 1887 showed El Jish to have about 1,935 inhabitants; 975 Christians and 960 Muslims.Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n214/mode/1up 189]

File:גוש חלב - מראה כללי.-JNF028417.jpeg

File:גוש חלב.-JNF028416.jpeg

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Jish had a population of 721–380 Christians and 341 Muslims.Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41] The Christians were classified as 71% Maronite and 29% Greek Catholic (or Melchite).Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n53/mode/1up 51] By the 1931 census, Jish had 182 inhabited houses and a population of 358 Christians and 397 Muslims.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 107]

In the 1945 statistics, Jish had a population of 1,090; 350 Christians and 740 Muslims,Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p09.jpg 09] and the village spanned 12,602 dunams, mostly Arab-owned.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Safad/Page-070.jpg 70] Of this, 1,506 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 6,656 used for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-119.jpg 119] while 72 dunams were built-up (urban) land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-169.jpg 169]

{{Further|1948 Palestine war|1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight}}

{{Nakba}}

Israeli forces captured Jish on 29 October 1948, during Operation Hiram.Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA473 473] A massacre was perpetrated by Israeli troops.Morris 2004 Historian Saleh Abdel Jawad has estimated "at least 100 fatalities".{{refn|Saleh Abdel Jawad, 2007, Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War. "Indiscriminate killings and killings of prisoners occur. Sources emphasise different details, but agree that civilians and fighters who had surrendered are rounded up and killed. Those killed include four Maronite Christians, a woman and her baby, ten Moroccan prisoners, and surrendered soldiers. There are at least 100 fatalities (author's estimate)."}} Historian Benny Morris wrote that "the troops apparently murdered about 10 Moroccan POWs (who had served with the Syrian Army) and a number of civilians, including, apparently, four Maronite Christians, and a woman and her baby."Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA481 481], citing Israeli sources but noting their lack of clarity

The Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered an investigation of the deathsGelber, 2001, p.226 but no IDF soldiers were brought to trial,Morris, 2008, p. 345 though a military investigation concluded with the order that those responsible for the unjustified killings were to be tried 'immediately'.{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem revisited |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn= |edition=2. |series=Cambridge Middle East studies |location=Cambridge |pages=487}}

Many of the residents of Jish were forced to leave the village in 1948 and became Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. Some Christians from the nearby town of Kafr Bir'im resettled in Jish, where today they are citizens of Israel, but continue to press for their right of return to their former villages. In October 1950, Israeli forces raided Jish and detained seven suspected smugglers who were stripped, bound, and beaten. They were released without charge.Morris, 1993, p. 167

Elias Chacour, now Archbishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, whose family resettled in Jish, wrote that when he was eight years old he discovered a mass grave containing two dozen bodies.{{cite book|author1=Elias Chacour|author-link1=Elias Chacour|author2=David Hazard|title=Blood Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbrothersexp00elia|url-access=registration|access-date=2 October 2011|year=2003|publisher=Chosen Books|isbn=978-0-8007-9321-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodbrothersexp00elia/page/n58 57]}}

File:Jish-Gush-Halav-614.jpg Maronite Church in Jish, 2019]]

In December 2010, a hiking and bicycle path known as the Coexistence Trail was inaugurated, linking Jish with Dalton, a neighboring Jewish village. The 2,500 meter-long trail, accessible to people with disabilities, sits 850 meters above sea level and has several lookout points, including a view of Dalton Lake, where rainwater is collected and stored for agricultural use.[http://www.jpost.com/GreenIsrael/PEOPLEANDTHEENVIRONMENT/Article.aspx?id=201417 Galilee Coexistence Trail Inaugurated], Jerusalem Post

Jish is known for its efforts to revive Aramaic as a living language. In 2011, the Israeli Ministry of Education approved a program to teach the language in Jish elementary schools. Some local Maronite activists in Jish say that Aramaic is essential to their existence as a people, in the same way that Hebrew and Arabic are for Jews and Arabs.

{{Further|Arab citizens of Israel|Maronites in Israel|Arameans in Israel}}

Today, 55% of the inhabitants of Jish are Maronite Christians, 10% percent are Melkites and 35% percent are Muslims. The {{Israel populations|Year)}} population of the village was {{Israel populations|Jish(gush Halav)}}.

File:Profet Joel Tomb in Jish 3.jpg

Jish is located in Upper Galilee, in the Northern district of Israel. The town is close to Mount Meron, the tallest standing mountain of Galilee. Recently, a new road has connected Jish with the nearby Jewish village of Dalton.

The tombs of Shmaya and Abtalion, a pair of Jewish sages who taught in Jerusalem in the early 1st century BCE, are located in Jish.

According to tradition, the Israelite prophet Joel was also buried there.[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/Gush_HaLav.html Gush Halav] The structure traditionally believed to be his tomb is situated on the western outskirts of the modern village, and contains several ancient rock-cut tombs.Cinamon, G. (2013). Gush Halav. Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel/חדשות ארכיאולוגיות: חפירות וסקרים בישראל.

According to Christian tradition, the parents of Saint Paul were from Jish.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-vWh51B1AMC&dq=st.+paul+gush+halav&pg=PA22 Galilee villages launch campaign to attract Christian pilgrims] John of Giscala, the son of Levi, was born in Jish. Other churches in Jish are a small Maronite Church that was rebuilt after the 1837 earthquake and the Elias Church, the largest in the village, which operates a convent.

File:Gush Halav1.jpg

File:The Mausoleum in Jish.jpg

Eighteen archaeological sites have been excavated to date in Jish and vicinity. Archaeologists have excavated two synagogues in use since the Roman and Byzantine periods (3rd to 6th centuries CE).[http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?id=50&subject_id=6&site_id=27 Projects - Preservation] One synagogue is located at the top of the village and the other east of it.Conder and Kitchener (1881), p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/224/mode/1up 224] On the remains of the upper synagogue, found by Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of Mar Boutros was built. Jewish-Christian amulets were discovered nearby.

Coins indicate that Jish had strong commercial ties with the nearby city of Tyre. On Jish's western slope, a mausoleum was excavated, with stone sarcophagi similar to those seen at the large Jewish catacomb at Beit She'arim National Park. The inner part of the mausoleum contained ten hewn loculi, burial niches known in Hebrew as kokhim. In the mausoleum, archaeologists found several skeletons, oil lamps and a glass bottle dating to the fourth century CE.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}

A network of secret caves and passageways in Jish, some of them located under private homes, is strikingly similar to hideaways in the Judean lowlands used during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[http://www.eretz.com/NEW/article/jish.html ERETZ Magazine]

• Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region - covers entire Palestine region/Land of Israel
• Ancient synagogues in Israel - covers the modern State of Israel
• Hanna Jubran
• Elinor Joseph
• Arab localities in Israel
• Population displacements in Israel after 1948
• Arameans in Israel
• Nahal Gush Halav

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book| editor = Barron, J.B.| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922| url = https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922| publisher = Government of Palestine| year = 1923}}
• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=1}}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
• Gelber, Y. (2001), Palestine 1948, Sussex Academic Press
• {{cite journal|last=Getzov|first=Nimrod|date=2010-12-23|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1604&mag_id=117|title=Gush Halav Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=122}}
• {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n112/mode/2up 94] ff)
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
• {{cite journal|last=Hartal|first=Moshe|date=2006-09-06|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=411&mag_id=111|title=Gush Halav (A) Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=118}}
• {{cite journal|last=Hartal|first=Moshe|date=2006-11-09|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=435&mag_id=111|title=Gush Halav (B) Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=118}}
• {{cite journal|last=Hartal|first=Moshe|date=2006-11-19|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=443&mag_id=111|title=Gush Halav (C) Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=118}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }}
• {{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
• {{cite book|title=Israel's Border Wars, 1949 - 1956. Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War|author-link=Benny Morris|first=B.|last=Morris|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn= 0-19-827850-0}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
• {{cite book |author=Mukaddasi |author-link=Al-Muqaddasi |year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534265 |title=Description of Syria, including Palestine |location=London |publisher=Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society }}
• {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
• {{cite book |last=Pesikta de-Rav Kahana |author-link=Pesikta de-Rav Kahana |title=(Pesiqata Derav Kahana) |editor=Salomon Buber |editor-link=Salomon Buber |date=1949 |location=New York |language=he |url=https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/vl/psiktakahana/psiktakahana11.pdf |oclc=232694058 }} (reprinted in 1980)
• {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=2018-12-03 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}}
• {{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }}
• {{cite journal | title = Evliya Tshelebi's Travels in Palestine, IV | author = Stephan, Stephan H. | author-link=Stephan Hanna Stephan | journal = The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine | volume = 6 | year = 1937 | pages = 84–97}}

{{Refend}}

• {{Official website}}
• {{OSM relation|1393009}}
• [http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Jish__Gush_Halav__1231/index.html Welcome To Jish (Gush Halav)]
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons]
• [http://chromeyellow.blogspot.co.il/2013/08/going-back-for-wonderful-figs-of-gush.html Gush Halav Synagogue]
• [https://dbs.bh.org.il/he/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A3-%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95-%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98-%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94-%D7%94-3-%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7-%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91/%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 A lintel with an eagle relief from the 3rd century CE in the ancient synagogue in Gush Halav]
• [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6321 Photos of the Gush Halav synagogue and church] at the Manar al-Athar photo archive

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{{Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War}}

Category:Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel

Category:Arab Christian communities in Israel

Category:Arab localities in Israel

Category:Archaeological sites in Israel

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Category:Melkite Greek Catholic Church in Israel

Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee