Joan of Arc#Execution

{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation)|Joan of Arc (disambiguation)|Jehanne (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox saint

| honorific-prefix = Saint

| name = Joan of Arc

| image = Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg

| caption = Historiated initial depicting Joan of Arc{{efn|This historiated initial from the Archives Nationales has been dated to the second half of the {{nobr|15th century}}, but it may be an art forgery.{{sfn|Contamine|2007|p=[https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032 199]|ps=: Cette miniature du XV{{sup|e}} siècle, très soignée (l'étendard correspond exactement à la description que Jeanne d'Arc elle-même en donnera lors de son procès){{nbsp}}... Mais c'est précisément cette exactitude, et cette coïncidence, trop belle pour être vraie, qui éveillent—ou plutôt auraient dû éveiller—les soupçons{{nbsp}}... [This miniature from the 15th century, very neat (the banner corresponds exactly to the description that Joan of Arc herself will give during her trial){{nbsp}}... But it is precisely this exactitude, and this coincidence, too good to be true, which arouses—or rather should have aroused—suspicion{{nbsp}}...]}}}}

| alt = An image of a woman dressed in silver armor, holding a sword and a banner.

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{circa|1412}}

| birth_place = Domrémy, Duchy of Bar, Kingdom of France

| death_date = 30 May 1431 (aged {{Approx.|19}})

| death_place = Rouen, Anglo-French Kingdom

| titles = Virgin

| feast_day = 30 May

| venerated_in = {{ubl|Roman Catholic Church|Anglican Communion{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}}}}

| beatified_date = 18 April 1909

| beatified_by = Pope Pius X

| canonized_date = 16 May 1920

| canonized_by = Pope Benedict XV

| patronage = France

| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes

| signature = Jeanne d'Arc signature 16 mars 1430.svg

| signature_size = 100px}}

}}

Joan of Arc ({{langx|fr|link=yes|Jeanne d'Arc}} {{IPA|fr|ʒan daʁk||LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Jeanne d'Arc.wav}}; {{langx|frm|Jehanne Darc}} {{IPA|frm|ʒəˈãnə ˈdark|}}; {{circa|1412}} – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Claiming to be acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.

Joan was born to a propertied peasant family at Domrémy in northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles VII, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination. Convinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.

After Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charité in November. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians—French allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, aged about nineteen.

In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been described as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. She is popularly revered as a martyr. After the French Revolution, she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized by Pope Benedict XV and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous cultural works, including literature, music, paintings, sculptures, and theater.

Name

Joan of Arc's name was written in a variety of ways. There is no standard spelling of her name before the sixteenth century; her last name was usually written as "Darc" without an apostrophe, but there are variants such as "Tarc", "Dart" or "Day". Her father's name was written as "Tart" at her trial.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/220 220–221]}} She was called "Jeanne d'Ay de Domrémy" in Charles VII's 1429 letter granting her a coat of arms.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/81 81]}} Joan may never have heard herself called "Jeanne d'Arc". The first written record of her being called by this name is in 1455, 24 years after her death.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/220 220–221]}}

She was not taught to read and write in her childhood,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 21]}} and so dictated her letters.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/220 220]}} She may later have learned to sign her name, as some of her letters are signed, and she may even have learned to read.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/268 268]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/247 247]}} Joan referred to herself in the letters as {{lang|fr|Jeanne la Pucelle}} ("Joan the Maiden") or as {{lang|fr|la Pucelle}} ("the Maiden"), emphasizing her virginity, and she signed "Jehanne". In the sixteenth century, she became known as the "Maid of Orleans".{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/220 220]}}

Birth and historical background

[[File:Hundred Years War 1429 copy.svg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=A map of France, divided into various sections|France, 1429{{sfn|Barker|2009|p= [https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/n19 xviii]}}

----

{{legend|#4477aa|Controlled by Charles VII of France}}]]

Joan of Arc was born {{circa|1412|lk=no}}{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/55 55]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/278 278]}} in Domrémy, a small village in the Meuse valley now in the Vosges department in the north-east of France.{{sfnm|1a1=DLP|1y=2021|1p=|1ps=: Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges{{nbsp}}... dans la vallée de la Meuse. ["Domrémy-La-Pucelle is located in Lorraine, in the western part of the Vosges department{{nbsp}}... in the Meuse valley."]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]|2ps=}} Her date of birth is unknown and her statements about her age were vague.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]}}{{efn|Her birthday is sometimes given as 6 January. This is based on a letter by {{ill|Perceval de Boulainvilliers|fr}}, a councillor of Charles VII, stating that Joan was born on the feast of the Epiphany,{{sfn|Lucie-Smith|1976|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/6 6]}} but his letter is filled with literary tropes that make it questionable as a statement of fact.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/23 23]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/55 55]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/278 278]}} There is no other evidence of her being born on Epiphany.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/265 265]}}}} Her parents were Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée. Joan had three brothers and a sister.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/36 36]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/8 8]|Taylor|2009|3p=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT24|plainurl=yes}} 24]}} Her father was a peasant farmer{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/n15 1]}} with about {{convert|50|acre}} of land,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/221 221]}} and he supplemented the family income as a village official, collecting taxes and heading the local watch.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n33 19–20]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/221 221]}}

She was born during the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which had begun in 1337{{sfn|Aberth|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/50 50]}} over the status of English territories in France and English claims to the French throne.{{sfnm|Aberth|2000|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/61 61]|Perroy|1959|2p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000perr/page/69 69]}} Nearly all the fighting had taken place in France, devastating its economy.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/85 85–86]}} At the time of Joan's birth, France was divided politically. The French king Charles VI had recurring bouts of mental illness and was often unable to rule;{{sfn|Seward|1982|pp=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/page/143 143–144]}} his brother Louis, Duke of Orléans, and his cousin John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, quarreled over the regency of France. In 1407, the Duke of Burgundy ordered the assassination of the Duke of Orléans,{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/5 5]}} precipitating a civil war.{{sfn|Seward|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/page/144 144]}} Charles of Orléans succeeded his father as duke at the age of thirteen and was placed in the custody of Bernard, Count of Armagnac; his supporters became known as "Armagnacs", while supporters of the Duke of Burgundy became known as "Burgundians".{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/5 5]}} The future French king Charles VII had assumed the title of Dauphin (heir to the throne) after the deaths of his four older brothers{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/168 168]|2a1=Vale|2y=1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/21 21]}} and was associated with the Armagnacs.{{sfn|Vale|1974|pp=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/22 22], [https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/25 25]}}

Henry V of England exploited France's internal divisions when he invaded in 1415.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/19 19–22]|Tuchman|1982|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/distantmirrorcal00tuch/page/583 583–585]}} The Burgundians took Paris in 1418.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/29 29]|Sizer|2007}} In 1419, the Dauphin offered a truce to negotiate peace with the Duke of Burgundy, but the duke was assassinated by the Dauphin's Armagnac partisans during the negotiations. The new duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, allied with the English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/26 26–27]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/142 142]}} Charles VI accused the Dauphin of murdering the Duke of Burgundy and declared him unfit to inherit the French throne.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/29 29]}} During a period of illness, Charles's wife Isabeau of Bavaria stood in for him and signed the Treaty of Troyes,{{sfn|Gibbons|1996|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679229?seq=21 71]}} which gave their daughter Catherine of Valois in marriage to Henry V, granted the succession of the French throne to their heirs, and effectively disinherited the Dauphin.{{sfn|Barker|2009|pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/28 28–29]}} This caused rumors that the Dauphin was not King Charles VI's son, but the offspring of an adulterous affair between Isabeau and the murdered duke of Orléans.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/189 189]}} In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other; the 9-month-old Henry VI of England was the nominal heir of the Anglo-French dual monarchy as agreed in the treaty, but the Dauphin also claimed the French throne.{{sfn|Curry|Hoskins|Richardson|Spencer|2015|p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr/page/105 105]}}

Early life

File:Contemporaine afb jeanne d arc.png depicting her with long hair and a dress rather than with her hair cut short and in armor.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/31 31] |Maddox|2012|2p =[{{Google Books|id=rETxD8KcnUIC|pg=PA442|plainurl=yes}} 442]}}}}|alt=Joan in dress facing left in profile, holding banner in her right hand and sheathed sword in her left.]]

In her youth, Joan did household chores, spun wool, helped her father in the fields and looked after their animals. Her mother provided Joan's religious education.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/21 21]}} Much of Domrémy lay in the Duchy of Bar,{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15]}} whose precise feudal status was unclear;{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/89 89]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15–16]|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/24 24–25]}} though surrounded by pro-Burgundian lands, its people were loyal to the Armagnac cause.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/171 171]}} By 1419, the war had affected the area,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n35/ 21–22]}} and in 1425, Domrémy was attacked and cattle were stolen.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/266 266]}} This led to a sentiment among villagers that the English must be expelled from France to achieve peace. Joan had her first vision after this raid.{{sfn|Lowell|1896|pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n41 28–29]}}

Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, {{Circa|1425|lk=no}}, a figure she identified as Saint Michael surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/34 34–35]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/53 53–54]|Taylor|2009|3pp=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT26|plainurl=yes}} 26]–[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT27|plainurl=yes}} 27]}} After this vision, she said she wept because she wanted them to take her with them.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/22 22]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]}} Throughout her life, she had visions of St. Michael,{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]|2a1=Sackville-West|2y=1936|2p=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/58 58]|3a1=Sullivan|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/88 88]}} a patron saint of the Domrémy area who was seen as a defender of France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/18 18]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/132 132]}} She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/18 18]}} Her visions also included St. Margaret and St. Catherine; although Joan never specified, they were probably Margaret of Antioch and Catherine of Alexandria—those most known in the area.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/113 113]|2a1=Sullivan|2y=1996|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/88 88–89]}} Both were known as virgin saints who strove against powerful enemies, were tortured and martyred for their beliefs, and preserved their virtue to the death.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/26 26]|Dworkin|1987|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/115 115–117]|Sullivan|1996|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/102 102–104]}} Joan testified that she swore a vow of virginity to these voices.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/24 24]|Dworkin|1987|2p=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/107 107]}} When a young man from her village alleged that she had broken a promise of marriage, Joan stated that she had made him no promises,{{sfn|Warner|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/25 25–26]}} and his case was dismissed by an ecclesiastical court.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/33 33]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/119 119]|3a1=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n47 24]|4a1=Warner|4y=1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/14 14]}}

During Joan's youth, a prophecy circulating in the French countryside, based on the visions of {{ill|Marie Robine of Avignon|fr|Marie Robine}}, promised an armed virgin would come forth to save France.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/64 64]|Taylor|2009|2p=[{{Google book|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT34|plainurl=yes}} 34]|Warner|1981|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/25 25–26]}} Another prophecy, attributed to Merlin, stated that a virgin carrying a banner would put an end to France's suffering.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/60 60]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/7 7]|Taylor|2006|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/19 19]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/26 26]}} Joan implied she was this promised maiden, reminding the people around her that there was a saying that France would be destroyed by a woman but would be restored by a virgin.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/40]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/9 9]| Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/44 44]}}{{efn|The woman in this saying is assumed to refer to Isabeau of Bavaria,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/31 31]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/6 6]|Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/44 44]}} but this is uncertain.{{sfnm|Adams|2010|1pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XlnwD9UTCZYC&pg=PA47 47–49]|Fraioli|2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/58 58]}}}} In May 1428,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/17 17]}} she asked her uncle to take her to the nearby town of Vaucouleurs, where she petitioned the garrison commander, Robert de Baudricourt, for an armed escort to the Armagnac court at Chinon. Baudricourt harshly refused and sent her home.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/40 40–41]|Harrison|2014|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/56 56–57]}} In July, Domrémy was raided by Burgundian forces{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n47 33–34]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/16 16–17]}} which set fire to the town, destroyed the crops, and forced Joan, her family and the other townspeople to flee.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/103 103]|Richey|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/26 26]}} She returned to Vaucouleurs in January 1429. Her petition was refused again,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/34 34]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/18 18]}} but by this time she had gained the support of two of Baudricourt's soldiers, Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/56 56],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/5668 68]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n56 42–43]|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/88 88–90]}} Meanwhile, she was summoned to Nancy under safe conduct by Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, who had heard about Joan during her stay at Vaucouleurs. The duke was ill and thought she might have supernatural powers that could cure him. She offered no cures, but reprimanded him for living with his mistress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/36 36]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/18 18–19]}}

Henry V's brothers, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, and Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, had continued the English conquest of France.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/27 27–28]}} Most of northern France, Paris, and parts of southwestern France were under Anglo-Burgundian control. The Burgundians controlled Reims, the traditional site for the coronation of French kings; Charles had not yet been crowned, and doing so at Reims would help legitimize his claim to the throne.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/76 67]|Vale|1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/56 56]}} In July 1428, the English had started to surround Orléans and had nearly isolated it from the rest of Charles's territory by capturing many of the smaller bridge towns on the Loire River.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/97 97–98]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/29 29]}} Orléans was strategically important as the last obstacle to an assault on the remainder of Charles's territory.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/29 29]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/10 10]}} According to Joan's later testimony, it was around this period that her visions told her to leave Domrémy to help the Dauphin Charles.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/30 30]|Goldstone|2012|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/maidqueensecreth0000gold/page/99 99–100]|Sackville-West|1936|3p=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/70 70]}}

Baudricourt agreed to a third meeting with Joan in February 1429, around the time the English captured an Armagnac relief convoy at the Battle of the Herrings during the Siege of Orléans. Their conversations,{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n61 47]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/96 96–97]}} along with Metz and Poulengy's support,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/89 89]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/36 36]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/20 20]}} convinced Baudricourt to allow her to go to Chinon for an audience with the Dauphin. Joan traveled with an escort of six soldiers.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/36 36]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n62 48]}} Before leaving, Joan put on men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/35 35]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/32 32–33]|Warner|1981|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/143 143–144]}} which were provided by her escorts and the people of Vaucouleurs.{{sfnm|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n61 47]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/33 33]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/19 19–20]}} She continued to wear men's clothes for the remainder of her life.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 298]}}

Chinon

File:KarlVII.jpg by Jean Fouquet ({{Circa|1444|lk=no}}, Louvre, Paris)|alt=Miniature of Charles the seventh of France.]]

Charles VII met Joan for the first time at the Royal Court in Chinon in late February or early March 1429,{{sfnm|1a1=Vale|1y=1974|1p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/46 46]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/22 22]|3a=Lowell|3y=1896|3p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n76 62]|ps=, fn 1}} when she was seventeen{{sfnm|Taylor|2009|1p=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT29|plainurl=yes}} 29]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/4 4]}} and he was twenty-six.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/40 40]}} She told him that she had come to raise the siege of Orléans and to lead him to Reims for his coronation.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/90 91]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/50 50]|Lowell|1896|3p= [https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n71 57]}} They had a private exchange that made a strong impression on Charles; Jean Pasquerel, Joan's confessor, later testified that Joan told him she had reassured the Dauphin that he was Charles VI's son and the legitimate king.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/48 48]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/51 51]}}

Charles and his council needed more assurance,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/53 53]}} sending Joan to Poitiers to be examined by a council of theologians, who declared that she was a good person and a good Catholic.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/96 96]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/53 53]|Vale=1974|3p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/55 55]}} They did not render a decision on the source of Joan's inspiration, but agreed that sending her to Orléans could be useful to the king{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/50 50]|Richey|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/34 34]}} and would test whether her inspiration was of divine origin.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/108 108]|Vale|1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/56 56]}} Joan was then sent to Tours to be physically examined by women directed by Charles's mother-in-law Yolande of Aragon, who verified her virginity.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/54 54]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/76 76]}} This was to establish if she could indeed be the prophesied virgin savior of France,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/107 107]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/55 55]}} to show the purity of her devotion,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/107 107]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/31 31]}} and to ensure she had not consorted with the Devil.{{sfnm|Michelet|1855|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/55 55]|Sackville-West|1936|2p=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/138 138]}}

The Dauphin, reassured by the results of these tests, commissioned plate armor for her. She designed her own banner and had a sword brought to her from under the altar in the church at Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/50 50–51]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/59 59–60]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/36 36–37]}} Around this time she began calling herself "Joan the Maiden", emphasizing her virginity as a sign of her mission.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/220 220]}}

Before Joan's arrival at Chinon, the Armagnac strategic situation was bad but not hopeless.{{sfnm|Warner|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/54 54]|Vale|1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/55 55]}} The Armagnac forces were prepared to endure a prolonged siege at Orléans,{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/43 43–44]}} the Burgundians had recently withdrawn from the siege due to disagreements about territory,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/108 108]}} and the English were debating whether to continue.{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/55 55]}} Nonetheless, after almost a century of war, the Armagnacs were demoralized.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/29 29]}} Once Joan joined the Dauphin's cause, her personality began to raise their spirits,{{sfn|Richey|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/39 39]}} inspiring devotion and the hope of divine assistance.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/103 103–104]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/31 31]}} Her belief in the divine origin of her mission turned the longstanding Anglo-French conflict over inheritance into a religious war.{{sfn|Vale|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/55 55]}} Before beginning the journey to Orléans, Joan dictated a letter to the Duke of Bedford warning him that she was sent by God to drive him out of France.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/78 78–79]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/34 34–35]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/34 34–35]}}

Military campaigns

=Orléans=

File:Scherrer jeanne enters orlean.jpg (1887, Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Orléans)|alt=Joan of Arc on horseback with armor and holding banner being greeted by the people of Orléans.]]

In the last week of April 1429, Joan set out from Blois as part of an army carrying supplies for the relief of Orléans.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/110 110]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/71 71]}} She arrived there on 29 April{{sfn|Barker|2009 |p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/114 114]}} and met the commander Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans.{{sfn|Richey|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/50 50]}} Orléans was not completely cut off, and Dunois got her into the city, where she was greeted enthusiastically.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/114 114–115]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/72 72]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/40 40–41]}} Joan was initially treated as a figurehead to raise morale,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/118 118]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/64 64]}} flying her banner on the battlefield.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/168 168]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/114 114]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/68 68]}} She was not given any formal command{{sfnm|Richey|2003|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/39 39]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/76 76]}} or included in military councils{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/71 71],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/75 75]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/39 39]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/64 64]}} but quickly gained the support of the Armagnac troops. She always seemed to be present where the fighting was most intense, she frequently stayed with the front ranks, and she gave them a sense she was fighting for their salvation.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/4 4]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/230 230]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/40 40]}} Armagnac commanders would sometimes accept the advice she gave them, such as deciding what position to attack, when to continue an assault, and how to place artillery.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/103 103–104]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/86 86]}}

On 4 May, the Armagnacs went on the offensive, attacking the outlying {{lang|fr|bastille de Saint-Loup}} (fortress of Saint Loup). Once Joan learned of the attack, she rode out with her banner to the site of the battle, a mile east of Orléans. She arrived as the Armagnac soldiers were retreating after a failed assault. Her appearance rallied the soldiers, who attacked again and took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/116 116]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/74 74–75]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/43 43–44]}} On 5 May, no combat occurred since it was Ascension Thursday, a feast day. She dictated another letter to the English warning them to leave France and had it tied to a bolt, which was fired by a crossbowman.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/150 150–151]|2a1=Richey|2y=2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/57 57]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/43 44]}}

The Armagnacs resumed their offensive on 6 May, capturing Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, which the English had deserted.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/117 117]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/45 45]}} The Armagnac commanders wanted to stop, but Joan encouraged them to launch an assault on les Augustins, an English fortress built around a monastery.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/117 117]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/45 45]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/58 58]}} After its capture,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/118 118]|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/82 82–85]| 3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/45 45–46]}} the Armagnac commanders wanted to consolidate their gains, but Joan again argued for continuing the offensive.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/85 85]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/78 78]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/46 46]}} On the morning of 7 May, the Armagnacs attacked the main English stronghold, les Tourelles. Joan was wounded by an arrow between the neck and shoulder while holding her banner in the trench on the south bank of the river but later returned to encourage the final assault that took the fortress.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/79 79–78]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/47 47]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/61 61]}} The English retreated from Orléans on 8 May, ending the siege.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/119 119]|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/91 91]|3a1=Gies|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/81 81]}}

At Chinon, Joan had declared that she was sent by God.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/22 22]|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/63 63]}} At Poitiers, when she was asked to show a sign demonstrating this claim, she replied that it would be given if she were brought to Orléans. The lifting of the siege was interpreted by many people to be that sign.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/56 56]|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/63 63]}} Prominent clergy such as {{ill|Jacques Gélu|fr}}, Archbishop of Embrun,{{sfn|Fraioli|2000|pp=[{{Google books|id=ul8dKmHXYt0C|pg=PA87|plainurl=yes}} 87]–[{{Google books|id=ul8dKmHXYt0C|pg=PA88|plainurl=yes}} 88]}} and the theologian Jean Gerson{{sfn|Michelet|1855|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/80 80–81]}} wrote treatises in support of Joan after this victory.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft/page/146 146–147] |Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/63 63]}} In contrast, the English saw the ability of this peasant girl to defeat their armies as proof she was possessed by the devil.{{sfnm|Boyd|1986|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744&?seq=5 116]|DeVries|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/10 10]|Gies|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/87 87]|Seward|1982|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/page/213 213–214]}}

=Loire Campaign=

{{Infobox military person

| width_style = person

| name = File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d%27Arc.svg Joan of Arc

| allegiance = Kingdom of France

| battles_label = Conflict

| battles = Hundred Years' War

| module = {{OSM Location map

| coord = {{coord|48|2}}

| zoom = 5

| float = right

| nolabels = 1

| width = 235

| height = 160

|scalemark=0

| title = Important locations

| caption = {{legend-line|#000000 dashed 2px|Joan's journey to Chinon}}{{legend|#4daf4a|Orléans and Loire Campaign}}{{legend-line|#332288 dashed 2px|March to Reims}}{{legend|#377eb8|Reims and the Siege of Paris}}{{legend|#984ea3|Campaign against Perrinet Gressard}}{{legend|#e41a1c|Compiègne}}{{legend|black|Other locations}}

|mark=Joan of Arc overlay file.png

|mark-coord={{coord|48|2}}

|mark-size=230

|mark-dim=1.48

|mark-title=none

| shape1 = circle

| label1 = Domrémy

| label-pos1 = bottom

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|48.44|5.68}}

| mark-title1 = Domrémy- Joan's birthplace and childhood home

| mark-description1 = Domrémy-la-Pucelle

| shape-color1 = black

| label-color1 = black

|label-offset-x1 = 16

|label-offset-y1 = -2

|label-size1 = 8

| mark-size1 = 7

| shape2 = circle

| label2 = Vaucouleurs

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|48.60|5.67}}

| mark-title2 = Vaucouleurs- Site of Joan's three meetings with Robert de Baudricourt to request being sent to Charles VII's Court: May and January 1428, February 1429.

| mark-description2 = Vaucouleurs

| shape-color2 = black

| label-color2 = black

|label-size2 = 8

|label-pos2 = top

|label-offset-y2 = 2

|label-offset-x2 = 0

| mark-size2 = 7

| shape3 = circle

| label3 =

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|48.6936|6.1846}}

| mark-title3 = Nancy, France- Joan meets Charles II, Duke of Lorraine: early winter 1429

| mark-description3 = Nancy

| shape-color3 = black

| label-color3 = black

| mark-size3 = 0

| shape4 = circle

| label4 = Chinon

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|47.168056|0.23611}}

| mark-title4 = Chinon- Joan meets Charles VII at his court: March 1429

| mark-description4 = Chinon

| shape-color4 = black

| label-color4 = black

| label-size4=11

| label-pos4=top

|label-offset-x4= -18

|label-offset-y4= 2

| mark-size4 = 7

| shape5 = circle

| label5 =

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|46.5803|0.3493}}

| mark-title5 = Poitiers- Joan examined by theologians of Charles VII's court during March–April 1429

| mark-description5 = Poitiers

| shape-color5 = black

| label-color5 = black

| mark-size5 = 0

| shape6 = circle

| label6 =

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|47.3971|0.6936}}

| mark-title6 = Tours- Joan's virginity attested; Joan receives her armor, banner and sword: early April 1429.

| mark-description6 = Tours

| shape-color6 = black

| label-color6 = black

| mark-size6 = 0

| shape7 = circle

| label7 =

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|47.59|1.33}}

| mark-title7 = Blois- Joan joins the army to relieve the siege of Orléans: 24 April 1429.

| mark-description7 = Blois

| shape-color7 = black

| label-color7 = black

| mark-size7 = 0

| shape8 = circle

| label8 = Orléans

|label-color8=black

|label-size8= 11

|label-pos8= top

|label-offset-x8= -20

|label-offset-y8= 2

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|47.90| 1.91}}

| mark-title8 = Siege of Orléans: 29 April 1429- 8 May 1429

| mark-description8 = Orléans

| shape-color8 = #4daf4a

| mark-size8 = 10

| label9 =

| shape9 = circle

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|47.87| 2.12}}

| mark-title9 = Battle of Jargeau: on 11 June 1429

| mark-description9 = Jargeau

| shape-color9 = #4daf4a

| label-color9 = #4daf4a

| mark-size9 = 0

| label10 =

| shape10 = circle

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|47.82|1.70}}

| mark-title10 = Battle of Meung-sur-Loire: on 15–16 June 1429

| mark-description10 = Meung-sur-Loire

| shape-color10 = #4daf4a

| label-color10 = #4daf4a

| mark-size10 = 0

| label11 =

| shape11 = circle

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|47.78|1.63}}

| mark-title11 = Battle of Beaugency: on 16 June 1429

| mark-description11 = Beaugency

| shape-color11 = #4daf4a

| label-color11 = #4daf4a

| mark-size11 = 0

| label12 =

| shape12 = circle

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|48.03|1.70}}

| mark-title12 = Battle of Patay: 18 June 1429

| mark-description12 = SE of Patay

| shape-color12 = #4daf4a

| label-color12 = #4daf4a

| mark-size12 = 0

| label13 = Reims

| shape13 = circle

|label-pos13 = top

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|49.26|4.03}}

| mark-title13 = Joan and Charles arrive at Reims: 16 July 1429

| mark-description13 = Reims

| shape-color13 = #377eb8

| label-color13 = black

| label-offset-x13 = 5

| label-offset-y13 = 2

| label-size13= 11

| mark-size13 = 10

| shape14 = circle

| label14 = Paris

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|48.86|2.32}}

| mark-title14 = Siege of Paris: 3–8 September 1429

| mark-description14 = Paris

| shape-color14 = #377eb8

| mark-size14 = 7

| label-size14= 11

| label-color14 = black

| label-pos14 = bottom

|label-offset-x14= 10

|label-offset-y14= 0

| shape15 = circle

| label15 =

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|46.79|3.12}}

| mark-title15 = Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier: October–November 1429

| mark-description15 = Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier

| shape-color15 = #984ea3

| label-color15 = #984ea3

| mark-size15 = 0

| shape16 = circle

| mark-coord16 = {{coord|47.17|3.02}}

| mark-title16 = Siege of La Charité: 24 November–25 December 1429

| mark-description16 = La Charité-sur-Loire

| shape-color16 = #984ea3

| mark-size16 = 7

|label16= La Charité

|label-size16= 8

|label-color16=black

|label-pos16 = right

|label-offset-x16=0

|label-offset-y16=0

| shape17 = circle

| label17 =

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|48.5406|2.66}}

| mark-title17 = Melun- Liberated by Joan's forces: April 1430.

| mark-description17 = Melun

| shape-color17 = #e41a1c

| label-color17 = #e41a1c

| mark-size17 = 0

| shape18 = circle

| label18 =

| mark-coord18 = {{coord|48.8788|2.7075}}

| mark-title18 = Lagny- Site of battle against Franquet D'Arras: April 1430.

| mark-description18 = Lagny

| shape-color18 = #e41a1c

| label-color18 = #e41a1c

| mark-size18 = 0

| label19 = Compiègne

|label-color19=black

|label-size19=8

| mark-coord19 = {{coord|49.41|2.82}}

| mark-title19 = Siege of Compiègne: 14–23 May 1493

| mark-description19 = Compiègne

| shape-color19 = #e41a1c

|label-pos19 = top

|label-offset-x19 = -10

|label-offset-y19 = 0

| mark-size19 = 7

| label20 =

| mark-coord20 = {{coord|49.42133|2.82345}}

| mark-title20 = Margny- Site of Joan's capture by Burgundians: 23 May 1430.

| mark-description20 = Margny

| shape-color20 = #DB3123

| label-color20 = #DB3123

| mark-size20 = 7

| shape21 = circle

| label21 =

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|49.6608|2.9133}}

| mark-title21 = Beaulieu-les-Fontaines- Joan is imprisoned in the castle keep and attempts to escape: May–June 1430.

| mark-description21 = Beaulieu-les-Fontaines

| shape-color21 = black

| label-color21 = black

| mark-size21 = 0

| shape22 = circle

| label22 =

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|50.00|3.31}}

| mark-title22 = Beaurevoir- Joan imprisoned here after her first escape attempt; Jumps from tower in another escape attempt: June–November 1430.

| mark-description22 = Beaurevoir

| shape-color22 = black

| label-color22 = black

| mark-size22 = 0

| shape23 = circle

| label23 =

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|50.292|2.78}}

| mark-title23 = Arras- Joan imprisoned here after her second escape attempt: November–December 1430

| mark-description23 = Arras

| shape-color23 = black

| label-color23 = black

| mark-size23 = 0

| shape24 = circle

| label24 = Rouen

| label-size24= 11

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|49.44|1.09}}

| mark-title24 = Rouen- Joan's final prison, place of trail and execution: 25 December 1430–30 May 1431.

| mark-description24 = Rouen

| shape-color24 = black

| label-color24 = black

|label-pos24 = left

|label-offset-x24= 7

|label-offset-y24= 10

|mark-size24=7

}}

After the success at Orléans, Joan insisted that the Armagnac forces should advance promptly toward Reims to crown the Dauphin.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/169 169–170]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/56 157]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/66 66]}} Charles allowed her to accompany the army under the command of John II, Duke of Alençon,{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/128 128]|Richey|2003|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/66 66]}} who collaboratively worked with Joan and regularly heeded her advice.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/102 102]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/90 90]}} Before advancing toward Reims, the Armagnacs needed to recapture the bridge towns along the Loire: Jargeau, Meung-sur-Loire, and Beaugency. This would clear the way for Charles and his entourage, who would have to cross the Loire near Orléans to get from Chinon to Reims.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/114 114]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/127 127–128]|Lowell|1896|3p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n132 116]}}

The campaign to clear the Loire towns began on 11 June when the Armagnac forces led by Alençon and Joan arrived at Jargeau{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/101 101]|Barker|2009|2p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/120 120]}} and forced the English to withdraw inside the town's walls. Joan sent a message to the English to surrender; they refused{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/250 250]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/104 104]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/131 131]}} and she advocated for a direct assault on the walls the next day.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/250 250]|Castor|2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/115 115]|DeVries|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/105 105]}} By the end of the day, the town was taken. The Armagnac took few prisoners and many of the English who surrendered were killed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/120 120–121]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/104 104]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/132 132]}} During this campaign, Joan continued to serve in the thick of battle. She began scaling a siege ladder with her banner in hand but before she could climb the wall, she was struck by a stone which split her helmet.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/93 93]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n141 126]}}

Alençon and Joan's army advanced on Meung-sur-Loire. On 15 June, they took control of the town's bridge, and the English garrison withdrew to a castle on the Loire's north bank.{{sfn|Burne|1956|p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/252 252]}} Most of the army continued on the south bank of the Loire to besiege the castle at Beaugency.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/121 121]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/252 252]|Gies|1981|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/94 94–91]}}

Meanwhile, the English army from Paris under the command of Sir John Fastolf had linked up with the garrison in Meung and traveled along the north bank of the Loire to relieve Beaugency.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/122 122]|Burne|1956|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/253 253–254]}} Unaware of this, the English garrison at Beaugency surrendered on 18 June.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/122 122]}} The main English army retreated toward Paris; Joan urged the Armagnacs to pursue them, and the two armies clashed at the Battle of Patay later that day. The English had prepared their forces to ambush an Armagnac attack with hidden archers,{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/118 118]}} but the Armagnac vanguard detected and scattered them. A rout ensued that decimated the English army. Fastolf escaped with a small band of soldiers, but many of the English leaders were captured.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/98 98]}} Joan arrived at the battlefield too late to participate in the decisive action,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/120 120]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/98 98]}} but her encouragement to pursue the English had made the victory possible.{{sfnm|Burne|1956|1p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/256 256]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/100 100]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/176 176–177]|Richey|2003|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/75 75]}}

=Coronation and siege of Paris=

File:BNF NAF 4811, folio 55 verso - couronnement de Charles VII.jpg in Guillaume de Nangis' Chronicon abbreviatum regum Francorum; Joan of Arc stands holding a banner of France to his left. Unknown author (15th century).|alt=Miniature of coronation of King Charles the seventh of France]]

After the destruction of the English army at Patay, some Armagnac leaders argued for an invasion of English-held Normandy, but Joan remained insistent that Charles must be crowned.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/126 126]|Gies|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/101 101–103],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/105 105]}} The Dauphin agreed, and the army left Gien on 29 June to march on Reims.{{sfnm|1a1=Michelet|1y=1855|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/86 86–87]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/62 62]}} The advance was nearly unopposed.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/126 126]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/261 261]}} The Burgundian-held town of Auxerre surrendered on 3 July after three days of negotiations,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/128 128]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/106 106]}} and other towns in the army's path returned to Armagnac allegiance without resistance.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/126 126]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/130 130]}} Troyes, which had a small garrison of English and Burgundian troops,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/130 130]|Michelet|1855|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/87 87]}} was the only one to resist. After four days of negotiation, Joan ordered the soldiers to fill the city's moat with wood and directed the placement of artillery. Fearing an assault, Troyes negotiated a surrender.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/130 130]|2a1=Michelet|2y=1855|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/89 89–90]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/63 63]}}

Reims opened its gates on 16 July 1429. Charles, Joan, and the army entered in the evening, and Charles's consecration took place the following morning.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/133 133]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/159 159]}} Joan was given a place of honor at the ceremony,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/126 126]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/162 162]}} and announced that God's will had been fulfilled.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/134 134]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/112 112]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/66 66]}}

After the consecration, the royal court negotiated a truce of fifteen days with the Duke of Burgundy,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/72 72]}} who promised he would try to arrange the transfer of Paris to the Armagnacs while continuing negotiations for a definitive peace. At the end of the truce, Burgundy reneged on his promise.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/140 140]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n179 163–164]}} Joan and the Duke of Alençon favored a quick march on Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/128 128]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/72 72]|3a1=Richey|3y=2003|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/78 78]}} but divisions in Charles's court and continued peace negotiations with Burgundy led to a slow advance.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/147 147]|Harrison|2014|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/200 200–201]|Lowell|1896|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n179 163–164]}}

As the Armagnac army approached Paris, many of the towns along the way surrendered without a fight.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/130 130]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/142 142]}} On 15 August, the English forces under the Duke of Bedford confronted the Armagnacs near Montépilloy in a fortified position that the Armagnac commanders thought was too strong to assault. Joan rode out in front of the English positions to try to provoke them to attack. They refused, resulting in a standoff.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/132 132]|DeVries|1999|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/142 142–143]}} The English retreated the following day.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/144 144]}} The Armagnacs continued their advance and launched an assault on Paris on 8 September.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/134 134]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/150 150]}} During the fighting, Joan was wounded in the leg by a crossbow bolt. She remained in a trench beneath the city walls until she was rescued after nightfall.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/136 136]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/77 77]}} The Armagnacs had suffered 1,500 casualties.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/136 136]}} The following morning, Charles ordered an end to the assault. Joan was displeased{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/152 152–153]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/78 78]}} and argued that the attack should be continued. She and Alençon had made fresh plans to attack Paris, but Charles dismantled a bridge approaching Paris that was necessary for the attack and the Armagnac army had to retreat.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/152 152]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/126 126]}}

After the defeat at Paris, Joan's role in the French court diminished. Her aggressive independence did not agree with the court's emphasis on finding a diplomatic solution with Burgundy, and her role in the defeat at Paris reduced the court's faith in her.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/156 156]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/130 130]|Harrison|2014|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/209 209]}} Scholars at the University of Paris argued that she failed to take Paris because her inspiration was not divine.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/143 143]}} In September, Charles disbanded the army, and Joan was not allowed to work with the Duke of Alençon again.{{sfnm|1a1=Barker|1y=2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/136 136–137]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/153 153]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/78 78–79]}}

=Campaign against Perrinet Gressart=

File:Jeanne d'Arc - Les vies des femmes célèbres.jpg, Nantes, France)|alt=A human figure on horseback, with the horse pointing left. The figure is wearing armor and carrying an orange banner. The horse is white and has red accessories.]]

In October, Joan was sent as part of a force to attack the territory of {{ill|Perrinet Gressart|fr}}, a mercenary who had served the Burgundians and English.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/137 137–138]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/157 157]}} The army besieged Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier, which fell after Joan encouraged a direct assault on 4 November. The army then tried unsuccessfully to take La-Charité-sur-Loire in November and December and had to abandon their artillery during the retreat.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/157 157]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/81 81]}} This defeat further diminished Joan's reputation.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/137 137]|Castor|2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/149 149]|Lowell|1896|3p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n207 191]|Richey|2003|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich/page/81 81]}}

Joan returned to court at the end of December,{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/134 134]}} where she learned that she and her family had been ennobled by Charles as a reward for her services to him and the kingdom.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/193 193]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/81 81]}} Before the September attack on Paris, Charles had negotiated a four-month truce with the Burgundians,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/132 132]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/145 145]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/174 174]}} which was extended until Easter 1430.{{sfnm|Lang|1909|1p=[https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft/page/199 199]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n209 193]}} During this truce, the French court had no need for Joan.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/138 138]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/165 165]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/212 212–214]}}

=Siege of Compiègne and capture=

The Duke of Burgundy began to reclaim towns which had been ceded to him by treaty but had not submitted.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/84 84]}} Compiègne was one such town{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/146 146]|DeVries|1999|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/167 167–168]}} of many in areas which the Armagnacs had recaptured over the previous few months.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/166 166]}} Joan set out with a company of volunteers at the end of March 1430 to relieve the town, which was under siege.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/168 168]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/136 136]}} This expedition did not have the explicit permission of Charles, who was still observing the truce.{{sfnm|1a1=Lang|1y=1909|1p=[https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft/page/226 226]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/84 84–85]|Vale|1974|p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/58 58]}} Some writers suggest that Joan's expedition to Compiègne without documented permission from the court was a desperate and treasonable action,{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/146 146]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/168 168]}} but others have argued that she could not have launched the expedition without the financial support of the court.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/136 136]|Lightbody|1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/152 152]}}

In April, Joan arrived at Melun, which had expelled its Burgundian garrison.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/136 136]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/84 85]}} As Joan advanced, her force grew as other commanders joined her.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/168 168–169]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/86 86]}} Joan's troops advanced to Lagny-sur-Marne and defeated an Anglo-Burgundian force commanded by the mercenary Franquet d'Arras who was captured. Typically, he would have been ransomed or exchanged by the capturing force, but Joan allowed the townspeople to execute him after a trial.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/169 169]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/137 137–138]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/85 85]}}

File:Panthéon - La vie de Jeanne d'Arc (hlw16 0310)- crop capture (cropped).jpg ({{circa|1886–1890|lk=no}}, Panthéon, Paris)|alt=Joan in armor and surcoat being pulled off her horse by soldiers.]]

Joan reached Compiègne on 14 May.{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/169 169]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/138 138]}} After defensive forays against the Burgundian besiegers,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/171 171]}} she was forced to disband the majority of the army because it had become too difficult for the surrounding countryside to support.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/139 139]}} Joan and about 400 of her remaining soldiers entered the town.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/86 86]}}

On 23 May 1430, Joan accompanied an Armagnac force which sortied from Compiègne to attack the Burgundian camp at Margny, northeast of the town. The attack failed, and Joan was captured;{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/146 146]|DeVries|1999|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/174 174–177]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/227 227–228]}} she agreed to surrender to a pro-Burgundian nobleman named Lyonnel de Wandomme, a member of Jean de Luxembourg's contingent.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/140 140–142]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/88 88]}} who quickly moved her to his castle at Beaulieu-les-Fontaines, near Noyes.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/142 142]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/92 92]}} After her first attempt to escape, she was transferred to Beaurevoir Castle. She made another escape attempt while there, jumping from a window of a tower and landing in a dry moat; she was injured but survived.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/163 163]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/149 149]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/113 113]}} In November, she was moved to the Burgundian town of Arras.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/97 97]}}

The English and Burgundians rejoiced that Joan had been removed as a military threat.{{sfn|Rankin|Quintal|1964|pp=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/111 111–112]}} The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to pay Joan's ransom and transfer her to their custody. Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais, a partisan supporter of the Duke of Burgundy and the English crown,{{sfnm|1a1=Champion|1y=1920|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165959/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp 405]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/208 208–209]}} played a prominent part in these negotiations,{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/162 162–163]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/210 210–211]}} which were completed in November.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/22 22]}} The final agreement called for the English to pay 10,000 livres tournois to obtain her from Luxembourg.{{sfnm|1a1=DeVries|1y=1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/183 183]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/97 97]|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/212 212]}} After the English paid the ransom, they moved Joan to Rouen, their main headquarters in France.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/164 164]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/100 100–101]}} There is no evidence that Charles tried to save Joan once she was transferred to the English.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/143 143–144]|2a1=DeVries|2y=1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/168 168]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/97 97–98]|4a1=Vale|4y=1974|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/58 58–59]}}

Trials and execution

= Trial =

File:Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel, The Trial of Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc series - VI), c. late 1909-early 1910, NGA 195567.jpg (1909–1910, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.)|alt=Joan of Arc facing left addressing assessors, scribes. She has soldiers behind her]]

Joan was put on trial for heresy{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/14 14–15]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n14 xviii]|Russell|1972|3p=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ/page/262 262]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/22 22]}} in Rouen on 9 January 1431.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24]}} She was accused of having blasphemed by wearing men's clothes, of acting upon visions that were demonic, and of refusing to submit her words and deeds to the church because she claimed she would be judged by God alone.{{sfn|Gies|1981|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/207 207–208]|ps=; See {{harvnb|Hobbins|2005|pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/157 157–164]}} for a complete translation of the articles.}} Joan's captors downplayed the secular aspects of her trial by submitting her judgment to an ecclesiastical court, but the trial was politically motivated.{{sfnm|Peters|1989|1p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]|Weiskopf|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/118 118]}} Joan testified that her visions had instructed her to defeat the English and crown Charles, and her success was argued to be evidence she was acting on behalf of God.{{sfn|Elliott|2002|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095?seq=21 46–47]}} If unchallenged, her testimony would invalidate the English claim to the rule of France{{sfn|Hobbins|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20]}} and undermine the University of Paris,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/146 146–147]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/107 107]}} which supported the dual monarchy ruled by an English king.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/4 4]|2a1=Hobbins|2a2=2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/3 3]|3a1=Verger|3y=1972|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/universitiesinpo0000unse/page/53 53–54]}}

The verdict was a foregone conclusion.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/8 8]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?seq=33 1023–1024]|Sullivan|2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=7 313]}} Joan's guilt could be used to compromise Charles's claims to legitimacy by showing that he had been consecrated by the act of a heretic.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/20 20–21]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/106 106]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/27 27]}} Cauchon served as the ordinary judge of the trial.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102]}} The English subsidized the trial,{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/n13 xiii]|Gies|1981|2p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Lightbody|1961|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/102 102–103]}} including payments to Cauchon{{sfnm|Newhall|1934|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456?seq=2 89]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/47 47]}} and Jean Le Maître,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/214 214]}} who represented the Inquisitor of France.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} All but 8 of the 131 clergy who participated in the trial were French{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/4 4]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} and two thirds were associated with the University of Paris,{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/253 253]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/23 23]}} but most were pro-Burgundian and pro-English.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/166 166]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/48 48]}}

File:Pierre Cauchon-Jeanne Darc manuscript.jpg presiding at Joan of Arc's trial, unknown author (15th century, Bibliothèque nationale de France)|alt=miniature of Pierre Couchon]]

Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure,{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p= [https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/18 18]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/108 108]|3a1=Sullivan|3y=2011|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178?seq=5 311]|4a1=Taylor|4y=2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29]}} but the trial had many irregularities.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 157]|Hobbins|2005|2p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Peters|1989|3p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women,{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/26 26]}} but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/154 154]}} Contrary to canon law, Cauchon had not established Joan's infamy before proceeding with the trial.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/254 234–255]|Kelly|1993|2pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=28 1018],[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]|Taylor|2006|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/24 24–25]}} Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began.{{sfn|Kelly|1993|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2865494?&seq=32 1022]}} The procedures were below inquisitorial standards,{{sfn|Peters|1989|p=[{{Google books|id=TnqLow3iKd4C|pg=PA69|plainurl=yes}} 69]}} subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/88 88–89]}} without legal counsel.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|Taylor|2006|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/25 25, fn 79]}} One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan;{{sfnm|Frank|1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|Kelly|1993|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494?&seq=28 1018]}} another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed.{{sfnm|1a1=Frank|1y=1997|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909?&seq=4 54]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/156 156–157]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/126 126]}} There is evidence that the trial records were falsified.{{sfnm|1a1=Hobbins|1y=2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/7 7]|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]}}

During the trial, Joan showed great control.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Taylor|2009|2p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sV9kFj3O1noC&q=%22Joan%27s%20knowledge%20of%20tactics%22 160]}} She induced her interrogators to ask questions sequentially rather than simultaneously, refer back to their records when appropriate, and end the sessions when she requested.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} Witnesses at the trial were impressed by her prudence when answering questions.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/160 160]|Sullivan|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/102 102]}} For example, in one exchange she was asked if she knew she was in God's grace. The question was meant as a scholarly trap, as church doctrine held that nobody could be certain of being in God's grace. If she answered positively, she would have been charged with heresy; if negatively, she would have confessed her own guilt. Joan avoided the trap by stating that if she was not in God's grace, she hoped God would put her there, and if she was in God's grace then she hoped she would remain so.{{sfnm|1a1=Barstow|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/92 93]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/112 112]}} One of the court notaries at her trial later testified that the interrogators were stunned by her answer.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/166 166]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/238 238]}} To convince her to submit, Joan was shown the instruments of torture. When she refused to be intimidated, Cauchon met with about a dozen assessors (clerical jurors) to vote on whether she should be tortured. The majority decided against it.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/206 206]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/127 127–128]|3a1=Lucie-Smith|3y=1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/256 256]}}

In early May, Cauchon asked the University of Paris to deliberate on twelve articles summarizing the accusation of heresy. The university approved the charges.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/208 208–209]|2a1=Harrison|2y=2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/288 288]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} On 23 May, Joan was formally admonished by the court.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/186 186]|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n335 318]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/129 129]}} The next day, she was taken out to the churchyard of the abbey of Saint-Ouen for public condemnation. As Cauchon began to read Joan's sentence, she agreed to submit. She was presented with an abjuration document, which included an agreement that she would not bear arms or wear men's clothing.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/212 212]}} It was read aloud to her,{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/214 214]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/131 131]}} and she signed it.{{sfnm|Barstow|1986|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/115 115–116]|Castor|2015|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/190 190]|Sullivan|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/131 131]}}{{efn|The details of Joan's abjuration are unclear because the original document, which may have been only eight lines long,{{sfn|Harrison|2014|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/290 290–291]}} was replaced with a longer one in the official record.{{sfnm|1a1=Lucie-Smith|1y=1976|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/266 266–267]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/130 130–131]|3a1=Rankin|3a2=Quintal|3y=1964|3p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/113 101]}} {{Harvnb|Quicherat|1841a|pp=[https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1/page/446 446–448]}} provides the official text of the abjuration document in French. See {{Harvnb|Linder|2017}} for an English translation.}}

=Execution=

Public heresy was a capital crime,{{sfn|Megivern|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/deathpenaltyhist1997megi/page/128 128]}} in which an unrepentant or relapsed heretic could be given over to the judgment of the secular courts and punished by death.{{sfn|Noonan|1998|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025339 703]}} Having signed the abjuration, Joan was no longer an unrepentant heretic but could be executed if convicted of relapsing into heresy.{{sfnm|Kelly|2014|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195?seq=14 949]|Noonan|1987|2pp=[https://jstor.org/stable/1051025?seq=3 204–205]}}

As part of her abjuration, Joan was required to renounce wearing men's clothes.{{sfn|Noonan|1987|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051025 203]}} She exchanged her clothes for a woman's dress and allowed her head to be shaved.{{sfnm|Schibanoff|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/37 37]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/271 271]}} She was returned to her cell and kept in chains{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|pp=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA64|plainurl=yes}} 64–65]}} instead of being transferred to an ecclesiastical prison.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/138 138 fn3]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/269 269]}}

Witnesses at the rehabilitation trial stated that Joan was subjected to mistreatment and rape attempts, including one by an English noble,{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp= [https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302–303]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/216 216]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/273 273]|Michelet|1855|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/222 222]}} and that guards placed men's clothes in her cell, forcing her to wear them.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/272 272] |3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]}} Cauchon was notified that Joan had resumed wearing male clothing. He sent clerics to admonish her to remain in submission, but the English prevented them from visiting her.{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p= [https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n347 329]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/273 273]}}

File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 10.jpg)|alt= Joan in red dress being bound to a stake as a group of men look on]]

On 28 May, Cauchon went to Joan's cell, along with several other clerics. According to the trial record, Joan said that she had gone back to wearing men's clothes because it was more fitting that she dress like a man while being held with male guards, and that the judges had broken their promise to let her go to mass and to release her from her chains. She stated that if they fulfilled their promises and placed her in a decent prison, she would be obedient.{{sfnm|1a1=Bullough|1y=1974|1p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140?seq=9 1389]|2a1=Crane|2y=1996|2p= [https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302]|3a1=Hobbins|3y=2005|3p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/24 24]

|4a1=Pernoud|4a2=Clin|4y=1986|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132–133]|5a1=Sullivan|5y=1999|5pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/132 132–133]}} When Cauchon asked about her visions, Joan stated that the voices had blamed her for abjuring out of fear, and that she would not deny them again. As Joan's abjuration had required her to deny her visions, this was sufficient to convict her of relapsing into heresy and to condemn her to death.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/217 217]|Hobbins|2005|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/24 24–25]}} The next day, forty-two assessors were summoned to decide Joan's fate. Two recommended that she be abandoned to the secular courts immediately; the rest recommended that the abjuration be read to her again and explained.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/218 218–219]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/134 134–135]}} In the end, they voted unanimously that Joan was a relapsed heretic and should be abandoned to the secular power, the English, for punishment.{{sfnm|Hobbins|2005|1p=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/198 198]|Sullivan|1999|3p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/139 139]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/222 222]}}

At about the age of nineteen, Joan was executed on 30 May 1431. In the morning, she was allowed to receive the sacraments despite the court process requiring they be denied to heretics.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/219 219–220]|Harrison|2014|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/296 296]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/279 279–280]}} She was then taken to Rouen's Vieux-Marché (Old Marketplace), where she was publicly read her sentence of condemnation.{{sfnm|Sullivan|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/148 148]|Taylor|2006|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/225 225]}} At this point, she should have been turned over to the appropriate authority, the bailiff of Rouen, for secular sentencing, but instead was delivered directly to the English{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/135 135]}} and tied to a tall plastered pillar for execution by burning.{{sfnm|Lucie-Smith|1976|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/282 281–282]|Michelet|1855|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/228 228–229]}} She asked to view a cross as she died, and was given one by an English soldier made from a stick, which she kissed and placed next to her chest.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/222 223]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n359 341]|Michelet|1855|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/238 238]}} A processional crucifix was fetched from the church of Saint-Saveur. She embraced it before her hands were bound, and it was held before her eyes during her execution.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Lucie-Smith|2y=1976|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/282 282–283]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/136 136]}} After her death, her remains were thrown into the Seine River.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/223 223]|2a1=Lowell|2y=1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n359 341]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/137 137]}}

=Aftermath and rehabilitation trial=

File:Monument commémoratif de la réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc.jpg).{{efn|In the foreground of this allegorical work, Guillaume Bouillé, who opened the inquest, is handing Joan, who died twenty years previously but is symbolically present, the text of her rehabilitation. The figures in the background are Jean Bréhal (standing), the inquisitor; Jean Juvénal des Ursins, archbishop of Reims (enthroned in the center); and one of the other commissioners (enthroned), either Guillaume Chartier (bishop), bishop of Paris or Richard Olivier de Longueil, bishop of Coutances.{{sfn|LGPC|2022}}}}|alt=A group of highly detailed and realistic painted plaster statues depicting four men wearing various ecclesiastical garments. They are arranged in a complex composition around a representation of Joan of Arc on a set of stairs.]]

The military situation was not changed by Joan's execution. Her triumphs had raised Armagnac morale, and the English were not able to regain momentum.{{sfnm

}} Charles remained king of France,{{sfnm

|1a1=Allmand|1y=1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/57 57]|2a1=Fuller|2y=1954|2p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/490 490]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/166 166]}} despite a rival coronation held for the ten-year-old Henry VI of England at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris in 1431.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/229 229]}} In 1435, the Burgundians signed the Treaty of Arras, abandoning their alliance with England.{{sfnm|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/228 228]|DeVries|1999|2p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/186 186]|Fuller|1954|3p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full/page/494 494]}} Twenty-two years after Joan's death, the war ended with a French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453,{{sfnm|Allmand|1988|1p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm/page/36 36]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/342 342]}} and the English were expelled from all of France except Calais.{{sfnm|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/230 230]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/231 231]}}

Joan's execution created a political liability for Charles, implying that his consecration as the king of France had been achieved through the actions of a heretic.{{sfnm

|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/224 224]|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|Harrison|2014|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/313 313–314]|Vale|1974|4p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/62 62]}} On 15 February 1450, a few months after he regained Rouen, Charles ordered Guillaume Bouillé, a theologian and former rector of the University of Paris, to open an inquest.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1955|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/3 3–4]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/189 189]}} In a brief investigation, Bouillé interviewed seven witnesses of Joan's trial and concluded that the judgment of Joan as a heretic was arbitrary. She had been a prisoner of war treated as a political prisoner, and was put to death without basis.{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/230 230]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/149 149–155]}}

Bouillé's report could not overturn the verdict but it opened the way for the later retrial.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/121 121]|Pernoud|1955|2p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/18 318]}}

In 1452, a second inquest into Joan's trial was opened by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, papal legate and relative of Charles, and Jean Bréhal, the recently appointed Inquisitor of France,{{sfnm

|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]

|2a1=Lightbody|2y=1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]

|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/151 151]}} who interviewed about 20 witnesses.{{sfnm

|Castor|2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/228 228–229]

|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/4 4]}} The inquest was guided by 27 articles describing how Joan's trial had been biased.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/152 152–155]}} Immediately after the inquest, d'Estouteville went to Orléans on 9 June and granted an indulgence to those who participated in the ceremonies in Joan's honor on 8 May commemorating the lifting of the siege.{{sfnm

|Pernoud|1955|1p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/34 34]

|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}}

For the next two years d'Estouteville and Bréhal worked on the case.{{sfnm

|Lightbody|1961|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122–123]

|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n368 350–351]

|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_372 372]

|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]

}} Bréhal forwarded a petition from Joan's mother, Isabelle, and Joan's two brothers Jean and Pierre, to Pope Nicholas V in 1454.{{sfnm|Pernoud|1962|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/264 264]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]}} Bréhal submitted a summary of his findings to theologians and lawyers in France and Italy,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 128]|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n367 350]}} as well as a professor at the University of Vienna,{{sfn|Pernoud|1955|p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]}} most of whom gave opinions favorable to Joan.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]|Lightbody|1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/122 122]}} After Nicholas V died in early 1455, the new pope Callixtus III gave permission for a rehabilitation trial, and appointed three commissioners to oversee the process: Jean Juvénal des Ursins, archbishop of Reims; Guillaume Chartier, bishop of Paris; and Richard Olivier de Longueil, bishop of Coutances. They chose Bréhal as Inquisitor.{{sfnm

|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/124 124]

|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]

|Murray|1902|3p=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-h/57389-h.htm#Page_373 373]

}}

The rehabilitation trial began on 7 November 1455 at Notre Dame Cathedral when Joan's mother publicly delivered a formal request for her daughter's rehabilitation,{{sfnm

|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/235 235]

|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n369 351]

|Pernoud|1955|3p=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/37 37]

|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190]

}} and ended on 7 July 1456 at Rouen Cathedral, having heard from about 115 witnesses.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/156 156]}} The court found that the original trial was unjust and deceitful; Joan's abjuration, execution and their consequences were nullified.{{sfnm

|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/236 236]

|Lowell|1896|2p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n373 355]

|Pernoud|1955|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/287 287–288]}} In his summary of the trial, Bréhal suggested that Cauchon and the assessors who supported him might be guilty of malice and heresy.{{sfn|Napier|2017|p=[{{Google Books|id=H2AuDwAAQBA|pg=PT62|plainurl=yes}} 67]|ps=; see {{harvnb|Bréhal|1456|loc=[https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/104 pt I, ch. VIII (p. 104-105) ]|ps=: {{lang|la|Unde, quatinus ille episcopus et alii in hoc ei faventes se a malicia manifesta contra ecclesiam romanam, aut etiam ab heresi, se debite excusare possent, non video.}} [How that bishop [Cauchon] and others who favored him in this respect [that is, in continuing the trial] can excuse themselves from malice toward the Roman Church, or even from heresy, I cannot see.]}}}} To emphasize the court's decision, a copy of the Articles of Accusation was formally torn up. The court ordered that a cross should be erected on the site of Joan's execution.{{sfnm

|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/241 241]

|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/237 237]

|Pernoud|1962|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/268 268]}}

Visions

File:Jeanne d' Arc (Eugene Thirion).jpg

Joan's visions played an important role in her condemnation, and her admission that she had returned to heeding them led to her execution.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/217 217]|Hobbins|2005|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani/page/24 24–25]|Taylor|2006|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/33 33]}} Theologians of the era believed that visions could have a supernatural source.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/24 24]|Taylor|2006|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/13 13], [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/27 27]}} The assessors at her trial focused on determining the specific source of Joan's visions,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/24 24]|Sullivan|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/86 86]|Weiskopf|1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/127 127]}} using an ecclesiastical form of {{lang|li|discretio spirituum}} (discernment of spirits).{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/32 32]}} Because she was accused of heresy, they sought to show that her visions were false.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29]}} The rehabilitation trial nullified Joan's sentence, but did not declare her visions authentic.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/236 236]|Lightbody|1961|2p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/140 140]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/190 190] }} In 1894, Pope Leo XIII pronounced that Joan's mission was divinely inspired.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/222 220–223]}}

Modern scholars have discussed possible neurological and psychiatric causes for her visions.{{sfnm|Harrison|2014|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/35 35–36]|Henker|1984|2loc=[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6390693/ abstract]|Schildkrout|2017|3loc=[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948 §6]}} Her visions have been described as hallucinations arising from epilepsy{{sfnm|1a1=d'Orsi|1a2=Tinuper|1y=2006|1loc=[https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(06)00175-2/fulltext abstract]|2a1=Foote-Smith|2a2=Bayne|2y=1991|2loc=[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x abstract]|3a1=Nicastro|3a2=Fabienne|3y=2016|3loc=[https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(15)00698-8/fulltext abstract]}} or a temporal lobe tuberculoma.{{sfn|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107688607900413 235]}} Others have implicated ergot poisoning,{{sfn|Sherman|Zimmerman|2008|loc=[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J053v02n03_08 abstract]}} schizophrenia,{{sfn|Allen|1975|pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131228212724/https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf 4–7]}} delusional disorder,{{sfn|Mackowiak|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/postmortemsolvin0000mack/page/140 140]}} or creative psychopathy induced by her early childhood rearing.{{sfn|Henderson|1939|ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107688607900413 234]}}}} One of the Promoters of the Faith at her 1903 canonization trial argued that her visions may have been manifestations of hysteria.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/220 220]}} Other scholars argue that Joan created some of the visions' specific details in response to the demands of the interrogators at her trial.{{sfnm|Huizinga|1959|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/menideashistoryt00huiz/page/223 223–224]|Sullivan|1996|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/104 104–105]|Taylor|2009|3pp=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT37|plainurl=yes}} 37]–[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT38|plainurl=yes}} 38]|Warner|1981|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/130 130–131]}}

Many of these explanations have been challenged;{{sfn|Phillips|Fallon|Majeed|Meador|2023}}

{{efn| For example, {{harvnb|Mackowiak|2007|pp=[https://archive.org/details/postmortemsolvin0000mack/page/138 138–139]}} points out problems with assuming Joan had schizophrenia, ergot poisoning or temporal lobe issues; {{harvnb|Hughes|2005|loc= [https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(04)00354-3/fulltext abstract]}} disputes the conjecture that she had epilepsy; {{harvnb|Nores|Yakovleff|1995|loc =[https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/119218 abstract]}} argue against her visions being caused by tuberculosis; one of Joan's advocates at the canonization trial pointed out that her case did not meet the clinical descriptions of hysteria;{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/222 222]}} and {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|pp=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107688607900413 234–235]}} critiques diagnosing Joan as a creative psychopath.}} the trial records designed to demonstrate that Joan was guilty of heresy are unlikely to provide the objective descriptions of symptoms needed to support a medical diagnosis.{{sfn|de Toffol|2016|p=81|ps=: "it would seem very difficult to defend a medical diagnosis that was based on this available information [the trial record]. The format of the ... interrogation does not allow one to gather the necessary facts about the symptoms ... the orientation of the questions aimed at achieving a guilty verdict and the thinking of that era both serve to weaken the capacity to conclude a valid medical diagnosis."}}

Joan's firm belief in the divinity of her visions strengthened her confidence, enabled her to trust herself,{{sfnm|DeVries|1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/38 38–39]|1ps=|Gies|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/28 28]|2ps=|Henderson|1939|3p=|3ps=, cited in {{harvnb|Ratnasuriya|1986|p=[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014107688607900413 234]}}|Schildkrout|2017|4loc=[https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948 §8]|4ps=}} and gave her hope during her capture and trial.{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/140 140]}}

Clothing

{{Main|Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality of Joan of Arc}}

Joan's cross-dressing was the topic of five of the articles of accusation against her during the trial.{{sfnm|Garber|1993|1p=[https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb/page/215 215]|Schibanoff|1996|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/32 32–33]}} In the view of the assessors, it was the emblem of her heresy.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/117 117]|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31 31]}} Her final condemnation began when she was found to have resumed wearing men's clothes,{{sfnm|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/217 217–218]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]|3a1=Schibanoff|3y=1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31 31]|4a1=Sullivan|4y=1999|4p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/132 132]}} which was taken as a sign that she had relapsed into heresy.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/38 38]}}

File:Statue Jeanne Arc place Pyramides Paris 4 (cropped).jpg, a gilded bronze statue by Emmanuel Frémiet (1874, Place des Pyramides)|alt=see caption]]

From the time of her journey to Chinon to her abjuration, Joan usually wore men's clothes{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran/page/74 74]|Fraioli|2000|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/28 28, fn18]}} and cropped her hair in a male fashion.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 307]|Schibanoff|1996|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/42 42]}} When she left Vaucouleurs to see the Dauphin in Chinon, Joan was said to have worn a black doublet, a black tunic, and a short black cap.{{sfn|Crane|1996|p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 307]}} By the time she was captured, she had acquired more elaborate outfits. At her trial, she was accused of wearing breeches, a mantle, a coat of mail, a doublet, hose joined to the doublet with twenty laces, tight boots, spurs, a breastplate, buskins, a sword, a dagger, and a lance. She was also described as wearing furs, a golden surcoat over her armor, and sumptuous riding habits made of precious cloth.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/192 192]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/34 34]}}

During the trial proceedings, Joan is not recorded as giving a practical reason why she cross-dressed.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA67|plainurl=yes}} 67]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/144 144]}} She stated that it was her own choice to wear men's clothes,{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/35 35–37]|Sackville-West|1936|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/91 91–92]}} and that she did so not at the request of men but by the command of God and his angels.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 298]|Garber|1993|2p=[https://archive.org/details/vestedinterestsc00garb/page/216 216]|Lucie-Smith|1976|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/32 32–33]|Warner|1981|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/144 144–146]}} She stated she would return to wearing women's clothes when she fulfilled her calling.{{sfn|Sullivan|2011|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178 316]}}

Although Joan's cross-dressing was used to justify her execution, the church's position on it was not clear. In general, it was seen as a sin, but there was no agreement about its severity.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|2000|p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA61|plainurl=yes}} 61]}} Thomas Aquinas stated that a woman may wear a man's clothes to hide herself from enemies or if no other clothes were available,{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/43 42]}} and Joan did both, wearing them in enemy territory to get to Chinon,{{sfnm|Sackville-West|1936|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/92 92–93]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/41 41]}} and in her prison cell after her abjuration when her dress was taken from her.{{sfnm|1a1=Hotchkiss|1y=2000|1p=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA66|plainurl=yes}} 66]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/132 132]}} Soon after the siege of Orléans was lifted, Jean Gerson said that Joan's male clothes and haircut were appropriate for her calling, as she was a warrior and men's clothes were more practical.{{sfnm|1a1=Crane|1y=1996|1p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 301]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/184 184]}}

Cross-dressing may have helped her maintain her virginity by deterring rape:{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 302–303]|Harrison|2014|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/251 251–252]}} witnesses at the nullification trial stated that Joan gave this as one of the reasons for returning to men's clothes after she had abjured wearing them.{{sfnm|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/216 216]|Pernoud|1962|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern/page/219 219–220]|Taylor|2009|3p=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PR68|plainurl=yes}} LXVII]}} However, scholars have stated that when she was imprisoned, wearing men's clothes would only have been a minor deterrent to rape as she was shackled most of the time.{{sfnm|Hotchkiss|2000|1pp=[{{Google books|id=frPPPIJvUDgC|pg=PA64|plainurl=yes}} 64–65]|Schibanoff|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/58 58]}} For most of her active life, Joan did not cross-dress to hide her gender.{{sfnm|Bullough|1974|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140 1390]|Crane|1996|2p=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 310]|Sproles|1996|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706 163]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/147 147]}} Rather, it may have functioned to emphasize her unique identity{{sfnm|Crane|2002|1p=[https://archive.org/details/performanceofsel0000cran/page/78 78]|Warner|1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/142 142]}} as {{lang|fr|La Pucelle}}, a model of virtue that transcends gender roles and inspires people.{{sfnm|Crane|1996|1pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf 305–306]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/146 146–147]}}

Legacy

Joan is one of the most studied people of the Middle Ages,{{sfn|DeVries|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/n19 3]|}} partly because her two trials provided a wealth of documents.{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/16 16–17]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/6 4–6]}} Her image, changing over time, has included being the savior of France, an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence.{{sfn|Sexsmith|1990|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458 125], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458?seq=5 129]}}

=Military leader and symbol of France=

File:Statue of Jeanne d'Arc in Orléans A (cropped).jpg (1855, Orléans)|alt=Joan of Arc on horseback, with sword in right hand ]]

Joan's reputation as a military leader who helped drive the English from France began to form before her death. Just after Charles's coronation, Christine de Pizan wrote the poem Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc, celebrating Joan as a supporter of Charles sent by Divine Providence and reflecting French optimism after the triumph at Orléans.{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1a2=Varty|1y=1977|1p=[{{Google Books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|pg=PA1|plainurl=yes}} 1]|2a1=Warner|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/25 25]|ps= . See {{harvnb|de Pizan|1497|pp=[{{Google books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|pg=PA41|plainurl=yes}} 41–50]}} for an English translation.}} As early as 1429, Orléans began holding a celebration in honor of the raising of the siege on 8 May.{{sfn|Hamblin|2003|p=[{{Google books|id=e04BDgAAQBAJ|pg=PA209|plainurl=yes}} 209]}}

After Joan's execution, her role in the Orléans victory encouraged popular support for her rehabilitation.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/118 118]}} Joan became a central part of the annual celebration, and by 1435, a play, {{lang|fr|Mistère du siège d'Orléans}} (Mystery of the Siege of Orléans),{{sfnm|1a1=Hamblin|1y=2003|1p=[{{Google books|id=e04BDgAAQBAJ|pg=PA217|plainurl=yes}} 217]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/243 243]|2ps=; also see {{harvnb|Hamblin|1984|pp=[https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687 9–10]}}}} portrayed her as the vehicle of the divine will that liberated Orléans.{{sfn|Hamblin|1988|pp=[https://jstor.org/stable/1347436?seq=3 63–64]}} The Orléans festival celebrating Joan continues in modern times.{{sfnm|1a1=Orléans|1y=2021|1p=|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/242 242–245]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/192 192]}}

Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, Pope Pius II wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France.{{sfn|Taylor|2006|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/350 350–352]}} Louis XII commissioned a full-length biography of her {{Circa|1500|lk=no}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrison|1y=2014|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/page/316 316]|1ps=|2a1=Rankin|2a2=Quintal|2y=1964|2p=[https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank/page/3 3] |2ps=. See {{harvnb|Anon.|1500}} for an English translation.}}

Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the divine right of the monarchy to rule France.{{sfnm|Fraioli|2000|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000frai/page/56 56]|Mackinnon|1902|2p=[https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft/page/78 78]|Wood|1988|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcrichard0000wood/page/150 150]}} During the French Revolution, her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion,{{sfnm|Lightbody|1961|1p=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/15 15]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/39 39]}} and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793.{{sfn|France|1909|pp=[https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19488/19488-h/19488-h.htm#INTRODUCTION lix–lx]}} In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte authorized its renewal{{sfn|Warner|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/256 256]}} and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, stating, "The illustrious Joan ... proved that there is no miracle which French genius cannot accomplish when national independence is threatened."{{sfnm|Conner|2004|1p=[https://archive.org/details/ageofnapoleon0000conn/page/89 89]|Guillemin|1970|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/249 249]}}

Since then, she has become a prominent symbol as the defender of the French nation. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, Joan became a rallying point for a new crusade to reclaim Lorraine, the province of her birth.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/250 250]|Maddox|2012|2p=[{{Google books|id=rETxD8KcnUIC|pg=PA444|plainurl=yes}} 444]}} The Third Republic held a patriotic civic holiday in her honor{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=12 450]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/144 144]}} on 8 May to celebrate her victory at Orléans.{{sfnm|Guillemin|1970|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/254 255]|Sexsmith|1990|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42630458?&seq=5 129]}} During World War I, her image was used to inspire victory.{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=11 449]|Gaehtgens|2018|2p=[{{Google books|id=YgldDwAAQBAJ|pg=PA45|plainurl=yes}} 45]}} In World War II, all sides of the French cause appealed to her legacy:{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA130|plainurl=yes}} 130]}} she was a symbol for Philippe Pétain in Vichy France,{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248?&seq=14 452]|Cohen|2014|2p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA130|plainurl=yes}} 130]}} a model for Charles de Gaulle's leadership of the Free French,{{sfnm|Cohen|2014|1p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA138|plainurl=yes}} 138]| Dunn|2021|2p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA62|plainurl=yes}} 62] }} and an example for the Communist resistance.{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/220 220]}} More recently, her association with the monarchy and national liberation has made her a symbol for the French far right, including the monarchist movement Action Française{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA62|plainurl=yes}} 62] }} and the National Front Party.{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1p=[{{Google books|id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC|pg=PA165|plainurl=yes}} 165]|Margolis|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/265 265]}} Joan's image has been used by the entire spectrum of French politics,{{sfnm|Brown|2012|1p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248 439]|Mock|2011|2p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/3 3]}} and she is an important reference in political dialogue about French identity and unity.{{sfn|Mock|2011|p=[https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock/page/145 145]}}

=Saint and heroic woman=

File:Albert Lynch - Jeanne d'Arc.jpg (1903, in Figaro Illustré magazine)|alt=Joan of Arc depicted with short black hair in full body armor holding a flag and a sword; the breastplate reads "Jesus and Mary" in Latin]]

Joan is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. She was viewed as a religious figure in Orléans after the siege was lifted, and an annual panegyric was pronounced there on her behalf until the 1800s.{{sfnm|Gildea|1996|1pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC&q=panegyric 155–156]|Warner|1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/311 311–312, fn 24]}} In 1849, the Bishop of Orlėans Félix Dupanloup delivered an oration that attracted international attention{{sfn|Taylor|2012|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=223 238]}} and in 1869, petitioned Rome to begin beatification proceedings.{{sfnm|1a1=Gildea|1y=1996|p=[{{Google books|id=-JcLOEKvJ2kC|pg=PA156|plainurl=yes}} 156]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/244 244–245]|3a1=Taylor|3y=2012|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=23 238]}} She was beatified by Pope Pius X in 1909, and canonized on 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV.{{sfnm|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/245 245]|2a1=Taylor|2y=2012|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=25 240]}} Her feast day is 30 May, the anniversary of her execution.{{sfn|Castor|2015|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/244 244]}} In an apostolic letter, Pope Pius XI declared Joan one of the patron saints of France on 2 March 1922.{{sfn|Pius XI|1922|p=[https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-apostolicae-sedis_1922-04-03_14_7/page/187 187]|ps=:{{lang|li| Sanctam Ioannam Virginem Arcensem, uti Patronam minus principalem Galliae, libentissime declaramus et constituimus}} [We most gladly declare and appoint Saint Joan of Arc, the virgin, as the Secondary Patron Saint of France]}}

Joan was canonized as a Virgin,{{sfn|Sullivan|1999|p=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/162 162]|ps=; see {{harvnb|Benedict XV|1920}} for the text of the papal bull canonizing Joan.}} not as a Christian martyr{{sfnm|Chenu|1990|1p=[https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen/page/98 98]|Ghezzi|1996|2p=|Sullivan|1996|3p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/106 106 fn8]|Warner|1981|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/264 264]}} because she had been put to death by a canonically constituted court,{{sfn|Guillemin|1970|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/256 256]}} which executed her not for her faith in Christ,{{sfn|Harrison|2002|p=[{{Google books|id=F3qFtB-Lq14C|pg=PA105|plainurl=yes}} 105]}} but for her private revelation.{{sfn|Kelly|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]}} Nevertheless, she has been popularly venerated as a martyr since her death:{{sfnm|Lowell|1896|1p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n360 842]|Meltzer|2001|2p=[{{Google book|id=_SEPFzzpvp0C|pg=PA192|plainurl=yes}} 192]|Pernoud|1955|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/6 6],[https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi/page/252 252]|Taylor|2006|4p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/page/29 29 fn86]}} one who suffered for her modesty and purity,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]|Michelet|1855|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich/page/249 249]|McInerney|2003|3pp=[{{Google books|id=grHIDAAAQBAJ|pg=PA210|plainurl=yes}} 210]–[{{Google books|id=grHIDAAAQBAJ|pg=PA211|plainurl=yes}} 211]

|Sullivan|1999|4pp=[https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull/page/30 30–31]}} her country,{{sfnm|Kelly|1996|1p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/210 210]|Guillemin|1970|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanmaidoforlean0000guil/page/249 249]|Warner|1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/268 268]}} and the strength of her convictions.{{sfn|Chenu|1990|pp=[https://archive.org/details/bookofchristianm00chen/page/98 98–99]}} Joan is also remembered as a visionary in the Church of England with a commemoration on 30 May.{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}} She is revered in the pantheon of the Cao Dai religion.{{sfn|Boal|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo2005unse/page/208 208]}}

During her lifetime, Joan was already being compared to biblical women heroes, such as Esther, Judith, and Deborah.{{sfn|Fraioli|1981|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364 811], [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364?seq=3 813–814]}} Her claim of virginity, which signified her virtue and sincerity,{{sfnm|1a1=Dworkin|1y=1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/126 126–127]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/30 30–31]|3a1=Meltzer|3y=2001|3p=[{{Google books|id=_SEPFzzpvp0C|pg=PA94|plainurl=yes}} 94]}} was upheld by women of status from both the Armagnac and Burgundian-English sides of the Hundred Years' War: Yolande of Aragon, Charles's mother-in-law, and Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford.{{sfnm|1a1=Castor|1y=2015|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/97 97],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/168 168]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/54 54], [https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/154 154]|3a1=Pernoud|3a2=Clin|3y=1986|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/30 30–31],[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/105 105]}}

Joan has been described as a model of an autonomous woman who challenged traditions of masculinity and femininity{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/123 123–125]|Sullivan|1996|2p=[https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/103 103]}} to be heard as an individual{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=1 24–29]}} in a patriarchal culture{{sfn|Barstow|1985|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=1 24–29]}}—setting her own course by heeding the voices of her visions.{{sfn|Barstow|1986|pp=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcheretic0000bars/page/127 127–129]}} She fulfilled the traditionally male role of a military leader,{{sfnm|Dworkin|1987|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/104 104–105]|Fraioli|1981|2p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364?seq=7 817]|Sproles|1996|3p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706?&seq=5 162]|Taylor|2012|4p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136?&seq=2 217]|Warner|1981|5p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/216 216]}} while maintaining her status as a valiant woman.{{sfn|Dworkin|1987|p=[https://archive.org/details/intercourse0000dwor/page/104 104]}} Merging qualities associated with both genders,{{sfn|Barstow|1985|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571?&seq=4 29]}} Joan has inspired numerous artistic and cultural works for many centuries. In the nineteenth century, hundreds of works of art about her—including biographies, plays, and musical scores—were created in France, and her story became popular as an artistic subject in Europe and North America.{{sfn|Dunn|2021|p=[{{Google books|id=SG4HEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA38|plainurl=yes}} 38]}} By the 1960s, she was the topic of thousands of books.{{sfn|Lightbody|1961|pp=[https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh/page/16 16–17]}} Her legacy has become global, and inspires novels, plays, poems, operas, films, paintings, children's books, advertising, computer games, comics and popular culture across the world.{{sfn|Cohen|2014|p=[{{Google book|id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ|pg=PA110|plainurl=yes}} 110]}}

References

=Notes=

=Citations=

{{Reflist|32em|refs=

}}

=Sources=

:Books

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{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Brian |year=2002|title=Abortion and Martyrdom: The Papers of the Solesmes Consultation and an Appeal to the Catholic Church|chapter=Aborted Infants as Martyrs: Are There Wider Implications?|editor-last=Nichols|editor-first=Aidan|publisher=Gracewing|isbn=9780852445433|oclc=49989918}}
{{Cite book |last=Harrison|first=Kathryn|year=2014|title=Joan of Arc: A Life Transfigured|publisher=Doubleday|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclifetra0000harr/|url-access=registration|isbn=9780385531207|oclc=1194440229}}
{{cite book|author-last=Henderson|author-first=David Kennedy|year=1939|title=Psychopathic States|publisher=W. W. Norton|oclc=912042868}}
{{cite book|author-last=Hobbins|author-first=Daniel|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Hobbins|editor-first=Daniel|year=2005|title=The Trial of Joan of Arc|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=1–32|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc00dani|url-access=registration|isbn=9780674038684|oclc=1036902468}}
{{cite book|last=Hotchkiss|first=Valerie R.|year=2000|title=Clothes Make the Man: Female Cross Dressing in Medieval Europe|publisher=Garland|isbn=9780815337713|oclc=980891132}}
{{cite book|author-last=Huizinga|author-first=Johan|year=1959|title=Men and Ideas: History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance; Essays|publisher=Meridian|url=https://archive.org/details/menideashistoryt00huiz|url-access=registration|oclc=1036539966}}
{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1996|chapter=Joan of Arc's Last Trial: The Attack of the Devil's Advocates|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=205–236|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/205|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|year=1909|title=The Maid of France: Being the Story of the Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc|publisher=Longmans, Green|url=https://archive.org/details/maidoffrancebein00languoft|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=697990421}}
{{cite book|last=Lightbody|first=Charles Wayland|year=1961|title=The Judgements of Joan: Joan of Arc, A Study in Cultural History|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/judgementsofjoan0000ligh|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1150088435}}
{{cite book|last1=Lowell|first1=Francis Cabot|title=Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc00loweiala|date=1896|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|oclc=457671288}}
{{Cite book |last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |url-access=registration |isbn=0713908572 |oclc=1280740196 }}
{{cite book|last=Mackinnon|first=James|year=1902|title=The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy|publisher=Longmans|url=https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineoff00mackuoft|oclc=1017332942}}
{{cite book|last=Maddox|first=Margaret Joan|pages=417–450|year=2012|editor-last=Matheson|editor-first=Lister M.|chapter=Joan of Arc|title=Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Rebels, and Saints|publisher=Greenwood|volume=2|isbn=9780313340802|oclc=728656735}}
{{cite book|last=Mackowiak|first=Philip A.|year=2007|title=Post Mortem: Solving History's Great Medical Mysteries|publisher=American College of Physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/postmortemsolvin0000mack/page/140|url-access=registration|isbn=9781930513891 |oclc=1285753937}}
{{cite book|last=Margolis|first=Nadia|year=1996|chapter=The "Joan Phenomenon" and the Right|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=265–287|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/265|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
{{Cite book|last=McInerney|first=Maud Burnett|year=2003|title=Eloquent Virgins: The Rhetoric of Virginity from Thecla to Joan of Arc|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137064516|oclc=1083464793}}
{{cite book|last=Megivern|first=James|year=1997|title=The Death Penalty: An Historical and Theological Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/deathpenaltyhist1997megi/|url-access=registration|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=9780809104871|oclc=1244600248}}
{{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=9780226519821|oclc=46240234}}
{{cite book|last=Mock|first=Steven|year=2011|title=Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/symbolsofdefeati0000mock|url-access=registration|isbn=9781107013360|oclc=1097164619}}
{{Cite book|last=Michelet|first=Jules|year=1900|orig-date=1855|translator-last=Ketcham|translator-first=Henry|title=Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. From Mitchelet's History of France|publisher=A. L. Burt|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcmaidofo00mich|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1047498185|ref={{SfnRef|Michelet|1855}}}}
{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=T. Douglas|year=1902|chapter=Introductory Note to the Rehabilitation|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=T. Douglas|title=Jeanne D'Arc, Maid of Orleans, Deliverer of France, Being the Story of Her Life, Her Achievements, and Her Death, As Attested on Oath and Set Forth in the Original Documents|publisher=William Heinemann|pages=371–376|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629192136/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57389/57389-0.txt|archive-date=29 June 2018|via=Project Gutenberg|oclc=903887215}}
{{cite book|last=Napier|first=Gordon|year=2017|title=Maleficium: Witchcraft and Witch Hunting in the West|publisher=Amberly|isbn=9781445665115|oclc=1000454943}}
{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=2007|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|orig-date=1955|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00regi|url-access=registration|isbn=9781586171780|oclc=1338471|translator-last=Cohen|translator-first=|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1955}}}}
{{cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|year=1966|orig-date=1962|title=Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses|translator-last=Hyams|translator-first=Edward|publisher=Stein and Day|isbn=|oclc=1035912459|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcbyherse00pern|url-access=registration|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|1962}}}}
{{cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|first2=Marie-Véronique|last2=Clin|translator-last=duQuesnay Adams|translator-first=Jeremy|editor-last=Wheeler|editor-first=Bonnie|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|year=1999|orig-date=1986|publisher=St. Martin's Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/|url-access=registration|isbn=9780312214425|oclc=1035889959|ref={{SfnRef|Pernoud|Clin|1986}}}}
{{cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|year=1959|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000perr|url-access=registration|isbn=9780413213709|oclc=1149428397}}
{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Edward|year=1989|title=Inquisition|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520066304|oclc=970384852}}
{{cite book|author1-last=Rankin|author1-first=Daniel|author2-last=Quintal|author2-first=Claire|chapter=Authors' Comments|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|year=1964|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|url=https://archive.org/details/firstbiographyof0000rank|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}
{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|year=2003|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|url-access=registration|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780275981037|oclc=52030963}}
{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Jeffrey Burton|year=1972|title=Witchcraft in the Middle Ages|publisher=Cornell University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/witchcraftinmidd0000russ|url-access=registration|isbn=9780801406973|oclc=1151774229}}
{{cite book|last=Sackville-West|first=Victoria|year=1936|title=Saint Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/|publisher=Cobden-Sanderson|url-access=registration|isbn=|oclc=1151167808}}
{{cite book|last=Schibanoff|first=Susan|year=1996|chapter=True Lies: Transvestism and Idolatry in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=31–60|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/31|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
{{cite book|last=Seward|first=Desmond|year=1982|title=The Hundred Years War: The English in France|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/|publisher=Atheneum|url-access=registration|isbn=9780689706288|oclc=1280811695}}
{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1996|chapter='I Do Not Name to You the Voice of St. Michael': The Identification of Joan of Arc's Voices|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|pages=85–112|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/85|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Karen|year=1999|title=The Interrogation of Joan of Arc|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationofj00sull|url-access=registration|isbn=9780816689866|oclc=236342924}}
{{cite book|editor-last=Taylor|editor-first=Craig|year=2006|title=Joan of Arc: La Pucelle (Selected Sources Translated and Annotated)|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarclapucel00unse/|publisher=Manchester University Press|url-access=registration|isbn=9780719068478|oclc=1150142464}}
{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Larissa|year=2009|title=The Virgin Warrior: The Life and Death of Joan of Arc|publisher=Yale University Press|type=eBook|isbn=9780300161298|oclc=794005335}}
{{cite book|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara|year=1982|title=A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/distantmirrorcal00tuch/|publisher=Knopf|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394400266|oclc=1033665932}}
{{cite book|last=Vale|first=M. G. A.|year=1974|title=Charles VII|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/|publisher=Eyre Methuen|url-access=registration|isbn=0413280802|oclc=1280787240}}
{{cite book|last=Verger|first=Jacques|year=1972|chapter=The University of Paris at the End of the Hundred Years' War|pages=47–78|title=Universities in Politics: Case Studies from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period|editor1-last=Baldwin|editor1-first=John W.|editor2-last=Goldthwaite|editor2-first=Richard A.|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|isbn=0801813727|oclc=1151833089}}
{{Cite book|last=Warner|first=Marina|year=1981|title=Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism|publisher=Knopf|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn|url-access=registration|isbn=9780394411453|oclc=1150060458}}
{{cite book|last=Weiskopf|first=Steven|year=1996|chapter=Readers of the Lost Arc: Secrecy, Specularity, and Speculation in the Trial of Joan of Arc|title=Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc|editor1-last=Wheeler|editor1-first=Bonnie|editor2-last=Wood|editor2-first=Charles T.|pages=113–132|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/freshverdictsonj0000unse/page/113|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Garland|isbn=0815336640|oclc=847627589}}
{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Charles|year=1988|title=Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcrichard0000wood|url-access=registration|isbn=9780198021094|oclc=519442443}}

:Journal articles, dissertations, and theses

{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=Clifford |year=1975| title=The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc |journal=History of Medicine (London) |volume=6 |issue=3–4 |pages=4–9|pmid=11630627|url=https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228212724/https://www.medievalists.net/files/09012321.pdf|archive-date=28 December 2013}}
{{cite journal|last=Barstow|first=Anne Llewellyn|year=1985|title=Mystical experience as a feminist weapon: Joan of Arc|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=13|issue=2|pages=26–29|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-access=registration|jstor=40003571|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125005059/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003571|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Beverly|year=1986|title=Wyclif, Joan of Arc, and Margery Kempe|journal=Mystics Quarterly|volume=12|issue=3|pages=112–118|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-access=registration|jstor=20716744|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209003500/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20716744|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Frederick|year=2012|title=The battle for Joan|journal=The Hudson Review|volume=65|issue=3|pages=439–452|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-access=registration|jstor=43489248|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184249/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43489248|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Bullough|first=Vern L.|year=1974|title=Transvestites in the Middle Ages|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=79|issue=6|pages=1381–1394|doi=10.1086/225706|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-access=registration|jstor=2777140|pmid=12862078 |s2cid=3466059|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224200319/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777140|url-status=live |issn = 0002-9602}}
{{Cite journal|last=Contamine|first=Philippe|year=2007|language=fr|title=Remarques critiques sur les étendards de Jeanne d'Arc|trans-title=Critical remarks on the banners of Joan of Arc|journal=Francia|volume=34|issue=1|pages=187–200|doi=10.11588/fr.2007.1.45032|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507092851/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/45032|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Crane|first=Susan|year=1996|title=Clothing and gender definition: Joan of Arc|journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies|volume=26|issue=2|pages=298–320|url=https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705094811/https://faculty.smu.edu/bwheeler/joan_of_arc/olr/08_clothingjoanofarc_crane.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016}}
{{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=Dyan|year=2002|title=Seeing double: John Gerson, the discernment of spirits and Joan of Arc|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=107|issue=1|pages=26–54|doi=10.1086/532095|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-access=registration|jstor=10.1086/532095|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222174713/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/532095|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last1=Foote-Smith|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Bayne|first2=Lydia|title=Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsia |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=810–815 |year=1991|doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05537.x |pmid=1743152 |s2cid=221736116 }}
{{cite journal|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|year=1981|title=The literary image of Joan of Arc: Prior influences|journal=Speculum|volume=56|issue=4|pages=811–930|doi=10.2307/2847364|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-access=registration|jstor=2847364|s2cid=161962500|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124201754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847364|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Frank|first=John P.|year=1997|title=The trial of Joan of Arc|journal=Litigation|volume=69|issue=5|pages=51–54|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-access=registration|jstor=29759909|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223230005/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29759909|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Gibbons|first=Rachel|year=1996|title=Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France (1385–1422): The creation of a historical villainess|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|volume=6|pages=51–73|doi=10.2307/3679229 |jstor=3679229|s2cid=162409969 }}
{{cite thesis|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1984|type=PhD|title=The Fifteenth-century French Mistere du Siege D'Orléans: An Annotated Edition (Portions in French Text)|publisher=University of Arizona|url=https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108210255/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/187687|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Hamblin|first=Vicki L.|year=1988|title=The Mistère du siège d'Orléans as a representational drama|journal=The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=61–68|doi=10.2307/1347436|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-access=registration|jstor=1347436|s2cid=194274410|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108230259/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1347436|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last=Henker|first= F. O. |year= 1984|title=Joan of Arc and DSM III |journal=Southern Medical Journal |volume=77 |issue=12 |pages=1488–1490|doi=10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003|pmid=6390693 |s2cid=44528365 }}
{{Cite journal| last = Hughes| first = J. R.| year = 2005| title = Did all those famous people really have epilepsy?| journal = Epilepsy & Behavior| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 115–139| doi = 10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.11.011|pmid = 15710295| s2cid = 10436691}}
{{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=1993|title=The right to remain silent: Before and after Joan of Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=68|issue=4|pages=992–1026|doi=10.2307/2865494|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-access=registration|jstor=2865494|s2cid=162858647|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224091933/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2865494|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Kelly|first=Henry Ansgar|year=2014|title=Inquisitorial deviations and cover-ups: The prosecutions of Margaret Porete and Guiard of Cressonessart, 1308–1310|journal=Speculum|volume=89|issue=4|pages=936–973|doi=10.1017/S003871341400164X|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-access=registration|jstor=43577195|s2cid=170115473|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227215646/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577195|url-status=live}}
{{cite book|contributor1-last=Kennedy|contributor1-first=Angus J.|contributor2-last=Varty|contributor2-first=Kenneth|contribution=Introduction|year=1977|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|url={{Google Books|id=qogHAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}}|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616120159/https://www.smu.edu/ijas/cdepisan/intro.html|archive-date=16 June 2008|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|isbn=9780950595504|oclc=1083468869}}
{{cite journal|last=Newhall|first=Richard A.|year=1934|title=Payment to Pierre Cauchon for presiding at the trial of Jeanne d'Arc|journal=Speculum|volume=9|issue=1|pages=88–91|doi=10.2307/2846456|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-access=registration|jstor=2846456|s2cid=162439379|access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070959/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846456|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last1=Nicastro|first1=Nicholas|last2=Fabienne|first2=Picard |title=Joan of Arc: Sanctity, witchcraft or epilepsy |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=57|issue=Part B |pages=247–250 |date=2016|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.043|pmid=26852074|s2cid=3841213}}
{{cite journal|last=Noonan|first=John T.|year=1987|title=Principled or pragmatic foundations for the freedom of conscious?|journal=Journal of Law and Religion|volume=5|issue=1|pages=203–212|doi=10.2307/1051025|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051025|url-access=registration|jstor=1051025|s2cid=170525217 |access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227215634/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051025|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Noonan|first=John T.|year=1998|title=The Death Penalty. An historical and Theological Survey by James T. Megivern|department=Book Review|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=84|issue=4|pages=703–705|doi=10.1353/cat.1998.0239|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025339|url-access=registration|jstor=25025339|s2cid=159923086|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226182146/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025339|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last1=Nores|first1= J. M.|last2=Yakovleff|first2=Y.|title=A historical case of disseminated chronic tuberculosis |journal=Neuropsychobiology |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=79–80 |year=1995 |doi=10.1159/000119218 |pmid=7477805 }}
{{cite journal |last1=d'Orsi|first1=Giuseppe|last2=Tinuper|first2=Paolo |title="I heard voices ...": from semiology, an historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc |journal=Epilepsy & Behavior |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=152–157 |date=2006 |pmid=16750938 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.020 |s2cid=24961015}}
{{cite journal|last1=Phillips|first1=James|last2=Fallon|first2=Brian|last3=Majeed|first3=Salman|last4=Meador|first4=Keith|last5=Merlino|first5=Joseph|last6=Neely|first6=Hunter|last7=Nields|first7=Jenifer|last8=Saunders|first8=David|last9=Norko|first9=Michael|year=2023|title=Undiagnosing St. Joan|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=211|number =8|pp=559–565|PMID=37015107|doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000001654|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10979324/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202071235/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10979324/|archive-date=2 Feb 2025|type=Author manuscript of published article|pmc=10979324}}
{{cite journal |last=Ratnasuriya|first=R. H.|year=1986|title=Joan of Arc, creative psychopath: Is there another explanation?|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=79|issue=Part B |pages=247–250|doi=10.1177/014107688607900413|pmid=3517329|pmc=1290282 }}
{{cite journal |last=Schildkrout|first=Barbara|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc{{snd}}Hearing voices|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=174|issue=12 |pages=1153–1154|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17080948|pmid=29191033|doi-access=free}}
{{cite journal|last=Sexsmith|first=Dennis|year=1990|title=The Radicalization of Joan of Arc: Before and after the French Revolution|journal=RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review|volume=17|issue=2|pages=125–130|doi=10.7202/1073071ar|jstor=42630458|doi-access=free}}
{{cite journal |last1=Sherman|first1=Larry R.|last2=Zimmerman|first2=Michael R.|year=2008|title=Ergotism and its effects on society and religion|journal=Journal of Nutritional Immunology |volume=2|issue=3 |pages=127–136|doi=10.1300/J053v02n03_08}}
{{cite journal|last=Sizer|first=Michael|year=2007|title=The calamity of violence: Reading the Paris massacres of 1418|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002/--calamity-of-violence-reading-the-paris-massacres-of-1418?rgn=main;view=fulltext|oclc=990058151|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224130820/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0035.002?view=text;rgn=main|archive-date=24 February 2014|journal=Journal of the Western Society for French History|volume=35|pages=19–39}}
{{cite journal|last=Sproles|first=Karyn Z.|year=1996|title=Cross-dressing for (imaginary) battle: Vita Sackville-West's biography of Joan of Arc|journal=Biography|volume=19|issue=2|pages=158–177|doi=10.1353/bio.2010.0242|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-access=registration|jstor=23539706|s2cid=161108684|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124204405/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539706|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Winnifred Fallers|year=2011|title=Joan's two bodies: A study in political anthropology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-access=registration|journal=Social Research|volume=78|issue=2|pages=307–324|doi=10.1353/sor.2011.0038 |jstor=23347178|s2cid=140471170 |access-date=24 December 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217180858/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23347178|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Larissa Juliet|year=2012|title=Joan of Arc, the church, and the papacy|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=98|issue=2|pages=217–240|doi=10.1353/cat.2012.0129|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-access=registration|jstor=23240136|s2cid=154958228|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=12 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112210827/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23240136|url-status=live}}
{{cite journal|author-last=de Toffol|author-first=Bertrand|year=2016|title=Comment on "Joan of Arc: Sanctity, witchcraft, or epilepsy?"|journal=Epilepsy & Behavior|volume=61|pages=80–81|doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.052|pmid=27337158 |s2cid=137295144 }}

:Online sources

{{cite web|title=The Calendar|date=2021|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|website=The Church of England|language=en|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|The Calendar|2021}}}}
{{cite web|title=Bienvenue sur la site de Domremy-la-pucelle [Welcome to the Domremy-La-Pucelle Website]|website=Domremy la Pucelle: village Natal de Jaenne d'Arc [Domremy La Pucelle: Birth Village of Joan of Arc]|language=fr|url=https://www.domremy.fr/|date=2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416011007/https://www.domremy.fr/|archive-date=16 April 2021|ref={{SfnRef|DLP|2021}}}}
{{cite web|last=Ghezzi|first=Burt|year=2021|orig-date=1996|title=Saint Joan of Arc, 1412–1431|website=Loyola Press|url=https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114013658/https://www.loyolapress.com/catholic-resources/saints/saints-stories-for-all-ages/saint-joan-of-arc-1412-1431/|archive-date=14 January 2022|ref={{SfnRef|Ghezzi|1996}}}}
{{cite web|title=Joan of Arc Celebrations|year=2021|website=Metropolis of Orléans|url=https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation#googtrans(fr%7Cen)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516055500/https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/fetes-de-jeanne-d-arc/presentation|archive-date=16 May 2021|url-status=live|ref={{SfnRef|Orléans|2021}}}}
{{cite web |last=Linder|first=Douglas O.|year=2017|title=Joan of Arc's Abjuration (May 24, 1431)|website=Famous Trials|url=https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702230448/https://www.famous-trials.com/the-trial-of-joan-of-arc-1431/2366-joan-of-arc-s-abjuration-may-24-1431 |archive-date=2 July 2017}}
{{cite web|title=Groupe scuplté (grandeur nature): la réhabiitation de Jeanne d'Arc|trans-title=Group Sculpture (Life Size): The Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc|website=L'inventaire général du patrimoine culture, Conseil régional Hauts-de-France [The General Inventory of Cultural Heritage, Hauts-de-France Regional Council]|url=https://inventaire.hautsdefrance.fr/dossier/groupe-sculpte-grandeur-nature-la-rehabilitation-de-jeanne-d-arc/b921bcb8-ea61-4d85-a171-81a6c23b70ce|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813105736/https://inventaire.hautsdefrance.fr/dossier/groupe-sculpte-grandeur-nature-la-rehabilitation-de-jeanne-d-arc/b921bcb8-ea61-4d85-a171-81a6c23b70ce|archive-date=13 August 2022|ref={{SfnRef|LGPC|2022}}}}

:Primary sources

{{cite web|last=Benedict XV|title=Divina Disponente|year=2021|orig-date=1920|website=The Holy See|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225064159/https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html|archive-date=25 February 2021|ref={{SfnRef|Benedict XV|1920}}}}
{{cite book|contributor-last=Bréhal|contributor-first=Jean|contribution=Livre Quatrième: Texte de la Recollectio|trans-contribution= Book Four: Text of the Recollectio|last1=Belon|first1=Marie-Joseph|last2=Balme|first2=François|year=1893|language=fr,la|title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisiteur de France, et la Réhabilitation of Jeanne D'Arc|trans-title=Jean Bréhal, Grand Inquisitor of France, and the Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc|contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/jean-brehal-grand-inquisiteur-de-france/page/n205|publisher=P. Lethielleux|orig-date=1456|ref={{SfnRef|Bréhal|1456}}|oclc=1143025136}}
{{cite journal|author=Pius XI|year=1922|language=latin|title=Galliam, Ecclesiae filiam|trans-title=France, Daughter of the Church|journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedia|volume=14|number=7| pages=185–187|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-apostolicae-sedis_1922-04-03_14_7}}
{{cite web|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|year=1977|orig-date=1493|title=Christine de Pisan: Ditié de Jehanne D'Arc|translator-last1=Kennedy|translator-first1=Angus J.|translator-last2=Varty|translator-first2=Kenneth|website=Jeanne dárc la pucelle|url=https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024201/https://www.jeanne-darc.info/contemporary-chronicles-other-testimonies/christine-de-pizan-le-ditie-de-jehanne-darc/|archive-date=1 November 2020|publisher=Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature|ref={{sfnRef|de Pizan|1497}}}}
{{Cite book|date=c. 1500|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=https://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|editor1-last=Rankin|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Quintal|editor2-first=Claire|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/https://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2011 |ref={{SfnRef|Anon.|1500}}|isbn=|oclc=1153286979}}

:Transcripts of Joan of Arc's trial and the rehabilitation trial

{{Cite book|translator-last=Barrett|translator-first=Wilfred Philips|year=1932|title=The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818165959/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/joanofarc-trial.asp|archive-date=18 August 2016|publisher=Gotham House|oclc=1314152|ref=none}} (English language translation of Joan's trial.)
{{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841a|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=I|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=310772260|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV1|language=la,fr}} (Latin text of Joan's trial.)
{{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1841b|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=II|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=310772267|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV2|language=la,fr|ref=none}} (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume I.)
{{Cite book |last=Quicherat |first=Jules |year=1845|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc, dite La Pucelle |trans-title=The Trials of the Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, known as The Maid |volume=III|publisher=Renouard|isbn=|oclc=162464167|url=https://archive.org/details/ProcesDeCondamnationV3|language=la,fr|ref=none}} (Latin text of the rehabilitation trial, volume II.)

External links

[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007l3yq "The Siege of Orleans"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale & Matthew Bennett (In Our Time, 24 May 2007)

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