Deborah

{{Infobox person

| image = Johanna Unger – Debora (cropped).jpg

| caption = Deborah by {{ill|Johanna Unger|de}}, 19th century

| occupation = Prophetess of God, Fourth Judge of Israel

| nationality =

| predecessor = Shamgar

| successor = Gideon

| other_names = Debora, Débora, Dvora, Debra

| spouse = Lapidoth (possibly)

}}

According to the Book of Judges, Deborah ({{langx|he|דְּבוֹרָה}}, Dəḇōrā) was a prophetess of Judaism, the fourth Judge of pre-monarchic Israel, and the only female judge mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. Many scholars contend that the phrase, "a woman of Lappidoth", as translated from biblical Hebrew in Judges 4:4 denotes her marital status as the wife of Lapidoth.Van Wijk-Bos, Johanna WH. The End of the Beginning: Joshua and Judges. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2019. Alternatively, "lappid" translates as "torch" or "lightning", therefore the phrase, "woman of Lappidoth" could be referencing Deborah as a "fiery woman."García Bachmann, Mercedes L., Ahida E. Pilarski, and Barbara E. Reid. "Judges." Wisdom commentary, Liturgical Press, 2018. Deborah told Barak, an Israelite general from Kedesh in Naphtali, that God commanded him to lead an attack against the forces of Jabin king of Canaan and his military commander Sisera (Judges 4:6–7); the entire narrative is recounted in chapter 4.

Judges 5 gives the same story in poetic form. This passage, often called The Song of Deborah, may date to as early as the twelfth century BCE,{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael David|author-link=Michael Coogan|title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context|edition=|page=216|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=2006|isbn=978-0195139112|url=https://archive.org/details/oldtestamenthist0000coog/page/216/mode/1up}} and is perhaps the earliest sample of Hebrew poetry.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Deborah |volume=7 |page=904 |first=Stanley |last=Cook|authorlink=Stanley Arthur Cook}}

Bible narrative

{{multiple image

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| image1 = Tissot Deborah Beneath the Palm Tree.jpg

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| caption1 = Deborah Beneath the Palm Tree (c. 1896–1902), James Tissot

| image2 = Barak devorah.jpg

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| caption2 = Grave near Kedesh attributed to Barak or Deborah}}

In the Book of Judges, it is stated that Deborah was a prophetess, a judge of Israel and the wife of Lapidoth.{{bible verse ||Judges|4:4|NIV}}[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5027-deborah "Deborah"], Jewish Encyclopedia. She rendered her judgments beneath a date palm tree between Ramah in Benjamin and Bethel in the land of Ephraim.{{bible verse||Judges|4:5|NIV}}

The people of Israel had been oppressed by Jabin, the king of Canaan, whose capital was Hazor, for twenty years. Stirred by the wretched condition of Israel she sends a message to Barak, the son of Abinoam, at Kedesh in Naphtali, and tells him that the Lord God had commanded him to muster ten thousand troops of Naphtali and Zebulun and concentrate them upon Mount Tabor, the mountain at the northern angle of the great plain of Esdraelon. At the same time she states that the Lord God of Israel will draw Sisera, commander of Jabin's army, to the Kishon River. Barak declines to go without the prophet. Deborah consents, but declares that the glory of the victory will therefore belong to a woman. As soon as the news of the rebellion reaches Sisera, he collects nine hundred chariots of iron and a host of people.

Then Deborah said, according to {{bibleverse||Judges|4:14|NIV}}:

{{quote|"Go! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands. Has not the Lord gone ahead of you?" So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with ten thousand men following him.}}

As Deborah prophesied, a battle is fought (led by Barak), and Sisera is completely defeated. He escapes on foot while his army is pursued as far as Harosheth Haggoyim and destroyed. Sisera comes to the tent of Jael and lies down to rest. He asks for a drink, she gives him milk and he falls asleep. While he is asleep she hammers a tent-pin through his temple.

The Biblical account of Deborah ends with the statement that after the battle, there was peace in the land for 40 years ({{bibleverse||Judges|5:31|NIV}}).

=The Song of Deborah=

File:053.Deborah Praises Jael.jpg (1865)]]

The Song of Deborah is found in [http://studylight.org/desk/?l=en&query=Judges+5%3A2-31§ion=0&translation=nrs&oq=&sr=1 Judges 5:2–31] and is a victory hymn, sung by Deborah and Barak, about the defeat of Canaanite adversaries by some of the tribes of Israel. The song itself differs slightly from the events described in Judges 4. The song mentions six participating tribes: Ephraim, Benjamin, Machir—a group associated with the Tribe of Manasseh—Zebulun, Issachar and Naphtali, as opposed to the two tribes in [http://studylight.org/desk/?l=en&query=Judges+4%3A6§ion=0&translation=nrs&oq=Judges%25204%3A2&new=1&nb=jud&ng=4&ncc=4 Judges 4:6] (Naphtali and Zebulun) and does not mention the role of Jabin (king of Hazor).Nelson, Richard (2006). "Judges". The HarperCollins Study Bible, rev. ed. Eds. Attridge, Harold & Wayne Meeks. New York: HarperCollins, p. 353. The song also rebukes three other tribes (Reuben, Dan, and Asher) for their lack of patriotism,{{cite book|editor-last=Singer|editor-first=Isidore|editor-link=Isidore Singer|title=The Jewish Encyclopedia|edition=3|volume=4|chapter=Deborah, The Song of|pages=490|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|location=New York|year=1912|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/the-jewish-encyclopedia-vol.-4/page/490/mode/1up}} not mentioning the tribes of Gad, Simeon and Judah. Michael Coogan writes that for the redactors of the Song of Deborah, that the Canaanite general Sisera ends up being murdered by a woman (Jael)—the ultimate degradation—"is a further sign that Yahweh ultimately is responsible for the victory".{{cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael David|author-link=Michael Coogan|title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in its Context|edition=|page=217|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=2006|isbn=978-0195139112|url=https://archive.org/details/oldtestamenthist0000coog/page/217/mode/1up}}

Though the presence of victory hymns is conventional in the Hebrew Bible, the Song of Deborah is unusual in that it is a hymn that celebrates a military victory of two women: Deborah, the prophetess and Jael, the warrior.{{cite book|last=Niditch|first=Susan|series=The Old Testament Library|title=Judges: a commentary|chapter=Tales of Deborah and Jael, Warrior Women|pages=59–67|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Kentucky|year=2011|isbn=978-1611644937|oclc=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46Z1BwAAQBAJ}} Jael—the heroine of the Song of Deborah—shares parallels with the main character of the Book of Judith, who uses her beauty and charm to kill an Assyrian general who has besieged her city, Bethulia.

The Song of Deborah is commonly identified as among the oldest texts of the Bible,{{Cite book |title=How Old Is the Hebrew Bible?: A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study |last=Hendel |first=Ronald |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23488-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efR0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |last2=Joosten |first2=Jan |page=104 |quote=The archaic nature of the Song of Deborah is granted by most scholars. [...] The consilience of linguistic and historical data indicate that this is a very early text, composed in the premonarchical or early monarchical period. It belongs to the oldest age of biblical literature.}} but the date of its composition is controversial. Many scholars claim a date as early as the 12th century BCE, while others claim it to be as late as the 3rd century BCE. Some hold that the song was written no earlier than the 7th century BCE.{{cite journal |last1=Frolov |first1=S. |title= How Old is the Song of Deborah? |doi=10.1177/0309089211423720 |journal=Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |volume=36 |issue= 2 |pages=163–84 |year= 2011 |s2cid=170121702 |quote='To be sure, the consensus outlined here is by no means perfect; several publications that appeared in the 1980s and 1990s diverge from it, sometimes in a major way. In particular, Alberto Soggin, Ulrike Schorn, and Barnabas Lindars see the Song, or at least the bulk thereof, as a product of the early monarchy; Ulrike Bechmann and Manfred Görg place it in the late pre-exilic period; Michael Waltisberg advocates early post-exilic provenance (fifth to third centuries BC); and B.-J. Diebner shifts the composition's date to the turn of the era.' (p. 165); 'With the text’s internal parameters and the external conditions of its existence considered systematically, what we know as Judg. 5.2–31a presents itself as an integral part of the Deuteronomistic oeuvre and should be dated, accordingly, between c. 700 and c. 450 BCE.' (p. 183)}}

Traditional chronology

Traditional Jewish chronology places Deborah's 40 years of judging Israel ({{bibleverse ||Judges|5:31|NIV}}) from 1107 BC until her death in 1067 BC.[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112073/jewish/Deborah-the-Prophetess.htm Jewish History: Deborah the Prophetess], Chabad. The Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World claims that she might have lived in the period between 1200 BC to 1124 BC.{{cite book|last= Northen Magill|first=Frank and Christina J. Moose|title= Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World | chapter = Deborah|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC&pg=PA326 |access-date=1 April 2013|isbn=978-1-57958040-7|date= 2003-01-23|publisher=Taylor & Francis }} Based on archaeological findings, different biblical scholars have argued that Deborah's war with Sisera best fits the context of either the second half of the 12th century BC{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3218855| jstor = 3218855 | title = Further Light on the History of Israel from Lachish and Megiddo| journal = Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research| volume = 68 | issue = 68 | pages = 22–26 | year = 1937| last1 = Albright | first1 = W. F.| s2cid = 163435967 }} or the second half of the 11th century BC.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1516506| jstor = 1516506 | title = The Historical Context of the Battle against Sisera| journal = Vetus Testamentum| volume = 19| issue = 3 | pages = 353–360 | year = 1969| last1 = Mayes | first1 = A. D. H.}} Sisera is a non-Semitic name, and the story is set "in the days of Shamgar," a hero famous for killing 600 Philistines. Many scholars, such as Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò, believes the story is really about the Sea Peoples.Niesiolowski-Spano, Ł., & Kantor, M. (2015). Goliath's legacy: Philistines and Hebrews in biblical times (Philippika). Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN: 978-3447103466. One archaeological stratum of Hazor dating from around 1200 BCE shows signs of catastrophic fire.https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/history/Pages/Hatzor%20-%20The%20Head%20of%20all%20those%20Kingdoms.aspx {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}

Some scholars like Israel Finkelstein, who associated first monarchy of Israel with Gibeon-Gibeah polity of the early to mid 10th century BC,Finkelstein, Israel (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem". In Joachim J. Krause; Omer Sergi; Kristin Weingart (eds.). Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-88414-451-9.Finkelstein, Israel (2019). "First Israel, Core Israel, United (Northern) Israel". Near Eastern Archaeology. American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). 82 (1): 12. doi:10.1086/703321. S2CID 167052643. Retrieved 22 March 2020. placed the background of the Song of Deborah in the early 10th century BC associating with the Late Iron Age I (c. 1050–950 BCE) destruction of Megiddo, which dates to c. 1000-985 BCE.Albright Live (2021). Episode Twenty-one: Heroic Stories in the Book of Judges, 12:25–19:45. However, this is not a mainstream idea.

Gallery

{{Gallery

|title=Artistic depictions of Deborah

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|align=center

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|File:Débora et Baraq BnF Latin 10525 fol. 47v.jpg

|alt1=

|Deborah and Barak in a miniature from the 13th-century Psalter of St. Louis

|File:Solomon de Bray - Jael, Deborah, and Barak.jpg

|alt2=

|Jael, Deborah, and Barak (c. 1630) by Salomon de Bray

|File:Aix-en-Provence Mausolee Joseph Sec 08 20061227.jpg

|alt3=

|A statue of Deborah (1792) in Aix-en-Provence, France

|File:Cathedral Basilica of Saint Clement, Tenancingo, Mexico State, Mexico04.jpg

|alt4=

|Deborah depicted in a pendentive of a church dome in Tenancingo, Mexico

|File:Nebraska State Capitol NW corner W panel 1.JPG

|alt5=

|Deborah Judging Israel, west-facing panel at the northwest corner of the Nebraska State Capitol

}}

References

External links

[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=689&letter=J&search=Judges Book of Judges article], Jewish Encyclopedia
[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04663a.htm Debbora], Catholic Encyclopedia
[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb.htm Biblical Hebrew Poetry - Reconstructing the Original Oral, Aural and Visual Experience]
[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/anc_heb_6.htm#Deborah Song of Deborah (Judges 5) Reconstructed]

{{Succession box| before = Shamgar| title = Judge of Israel|years=| after = Gideon}}

Category:12th-century BC women

Category:12th-century BCE Hebrew people

Category:Biblical women in ancient warfare

Category:Book of Judges people

Category:Hebrew Bible judges

Category:Women in the Hebrew Bible

Category:12th-century BC Hebrew women