Job strain

Examples of positive causes of stress in the workplace include starting a new job and receiving a pay raise. Both of these situations improve performance.

On the negative side, one cause of job strain is low salaries.{{cite web |title=Coping With Stress at Work |url=https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/work-stress |website=American Psychological Association |publisher=American Psychological Association |accessdate=November 3, 2019}} Low pay causes job strain due to living expenses. Housing expenses are extremely high, which makes it difficult for minimum wage workers to afford housing. As the minimum wage increases, the cost of living increases as well.{{cite web |last1=Imbert |first1=Fred |title=Cost of living is increasingly out of reach for low-wage workers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/31/cost-of-living-is-increasingly-out-of-reach-for-low-wage-workers.html |website=CNBC |publisher=CNBC LLC |accessdate=November 14, 2019}}

The second cause of job strain comes from excessive workloads. Being exhausted from overworking is a common stressor in the workplace and can often lead to poor communication between coworkers.{{cite web |last1=Picincu |first1=Andra |title=The Effects of a Heavy Workload on Employees |url=https://bizfluent.com/info-8178431-effects-heavy-workload-employees.html |website=bizfluent |publisher=Leaf Group LTD |accessdate=November 5, 2019}} A 2019 survey by Cartridge People identified workload as the main cause of occupational stress.{{Cite web |title=What's Causing UK Workers Stress in 2019 |url=https://www.cartridgepeople.com/info/blog/uk-workers-stress-statistics |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.cartridgepeople.com |language=en}}

A lack of support from employers and employees may also cause stress. Making decisions and participating is a way of support from employers and employees.{{cite web |title=Stress at the Workplace |url=https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/stressatwp/en/ |website=World Health Organization |publisher=WHO |accessdate=November 6, 2019}}

When experiencing job strain in the form of distress at work, people are subject to headaches, stomachaches, sleep disturbances, short temper, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety, insomnia, high blood pressure, a weakened immune system, and heart disease may occur if stress at work becomes more persistent. A 2012 meta-analysis found a positive association between job strain and coronary heart disease risk. A 2015 meta-analysis found a similar association between job strain and stroke; this association was especially strong for women.{{cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=Y|last2=Xu|first2=S|last3=Hua|first3=J|last4=Zhu|first4=D|last5=Liu|first5=C|last6=Hu|first6=Y|last7=Liu|first7=T|last8=Xu|first8=D|title=Association between job strain and risk of incident stroke: A meta-analysis.|journal=Neurology|date=10 November 2015|volume=85|issue=19|pages=1648–54|doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000002098|pmid=26468409|s2cid=8477786}} Time poverty has been found to heighten the risk for depression, inflated BMI, and cardiovascular disease in women.{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=Time Poverty Is The Health Issue We’re Not Paying Attention To But Should Be |url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/a37359792/time-poverty-women/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Women's Health |language=en-US}} Job strain has been found to increase the risk of higher blood pressure,{{cite journal|last1=Landsbergis|first1=Paul A.|last2=Dobson|first2=Marnie|last3=Koutsouras|first3=George|last4=Schnall|first4=Peter|title=Job Strain and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=March 2013|volume=103|issue=3|pages=e61–e71|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.301153|pmid=23327240|pmc=3673518}} but not obesity.{{cite journal|last1=Kivimäki|first1=M|last2=Singh-Manoux|first2=A|last3=Nyberg|first3=S|last4=Jokela|first4=M|last5=Virtanen|first5=M|title=Job strain and risk of obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.|journal=International Journal of Obesity|date=November 2015|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1597–600|pmid=26041697|doi=10.1038/ijo.2015.103|pmc=4579559}}

{{See also|Gender power gap|Gender pay gap|Occupational stress#Gender}}

Men and women react differently when exposed to work situations involving stress. In 2012, a survey taken by Canadian Community Health showed that women experience higher job strain than men, and also that women feel they have lower levels of control and yet experience more coworker support than men.{{cite web |title=Gender differences in the link between psychosocial work exposures and stress |url=https://www.iwh.on.ca/summaries/research-highlights/gender-differences-in-link-between-psychosocial-work-exposures-and-stress |website=Institute for Work and Health |accessdate=November 14, 2019}} Because women have lower levels of control at work, they experience more mental health risks such as depression and anxiety. Men tend to suffer from physical risks such as heart disease from carrying higher roles at work.

A 2022 study by McKinsey & Company concluded that women are 41% more likely to be subjected to a toxic workplace culture and that their risk of burnout is elevated.{{Cite web |last=McKinsey |first=& Company |date=2022 |title=Women in the Workplace |url=https://wiw-report.s3.amazonaws.com/Women_in_the_Workplace_2022.pdf}}{{Cite journal |last=Sull |first=Donald |last2=Sull |first2=Charles |date=2023-03-14 |title=The Toxic Culture Gap Shows Companies Are Failing Women |url=https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-toxic-culture-gap-shows-companies-are-failing-women/ |journal=MIT Sloan Management Review |language=en-US}}

A 2021 WHO study concluded that working 55+ hours a week raises the risk of stroke by 35% and the risk of dying from heart conditions by 17%, when compared to a 35-hour to 40-hour work week.{{Cite journal |last=Pega |first=Frank |last2=Náfrádi |first2=Bálint |last3=Momen |first3=Natalie C. |last4=Ujita |first4=Yuka |last5=Streicher |first5=Kai N. |last6=Prüss-Üstün |first6=Annette M. |last7=Descatha |first7=Alexis |last8=Driscoll |first8=Tim |last9=Fischer |first9=Frida M. |last10=Godderis |first10=Lode |last11=Kiiver |first11=Hannah M. |last12=Li |first12=Jian |last13=Magnusson Hanson |first13=Linda L. |last14=Rugulies |first14=Reiner |last15=Sørensen |first15=Kathrine |date=2021-09-01 |title=Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03260581/file/Pega-2021-Global%2C%20regional%2C%20and%20national%20burdens%20of%20ischemic%20heart%20disease.pdf |journal=Environment International |volume=154 |pages=106595 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 |issn=0160-4120|doi-access=free }}

• Annual leave
• Critique of work
• Effects of overtime
• Karoshi
• Labor rights
• Occupational stress
• Paid time off
• Refusal of work
• Right to rest and leisure
• Wage slavery
• Work–life interface

{{Reflist}}

{{Workplace|state=collapsed}}

{{Aspects of jobs|state=collapsed}}

{{Organized labor}}

Category:Occupational stress

Category:Occupational safety and health