Jockstrap

{{Short description|Undergarment originally designed for supporting the male genitalia}}

A jockstrap, also a jock (male), jill (female), strap, cup, groin guard, pelvic protector (female), supporter, or athletic supporter, is an undergarment for protecting the scrotum and penis or vulva during contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. This article deals chiefly with the genital protective sports gear designed for the male body, colloquially known as a "jock".

A jockstrap (males) consists of a waistband (usually elastic) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an abdominal guard (impact resistant cup, box) to protect the testicles and the penis from injury.

The jillstrap ({{aka}} a "jill") is the female equivalent of the jockstrap, but is designed to protect the vulva from getting struck.

Etymology

The word jockstrap has purportedly been in use at least since 1891, a likely contraction of "jockey strap", as the garment was first designed for bicycle-riding messengers and deliverymen, or 'bike jockeys'. The Bike Jockey Strap was the first jockstrap manufactured in America in 1874.{{cite web |url=http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx |title=Bike History |website=Bike Athletic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124113927/http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx |archive-date=2007-11-24 }} (archived from [http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124113927/http://www.bikeathletic.com/History.aspx |date=November 24, 2007 }} on 2007-11-24).{{cite book |title=Art of Dress Designing |first=Michael |last=Davis |publisher=Global Media |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-904575-7-6 |page=107 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Go4DwgEACAAJ}}

Jockey meaning 'rider', primarily a race horse rider, has been in use since 1670.{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jockey |volume=15 |page=427}} Jockey itself is the diminutive form of the Scots nickname Jock (for John) as Jackie is for the English nickname Jack. The nicknames Jack and Jackie, Jock and Jockey have been used generically for 'man, fellow, boy, common man'. From the period c.1650–c.1850, 'jock' was used as slang for penis.{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=j&p=3 |title=Jock |website=Online Etymology}}

The more recent American slang term "jock", meaning an athlete, is traced to the period of 1953 to 1963, and is itself derived from "jockstrap" and "jockey".{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Polly |title=A House Is Not a Home |date=1953 |isbn=978-1558495593 |page=89}}

History

File:Jockstrap Ad 1941 01.jpg

File:Vintage JayBee Jockstrap.jpg

The jockstrap was invented in 1874 by C. F. Bennett of a Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, to provide comfort and support for bicycle jockeys working the cobblestone streets of Boston. {{Cite web |last=Maoui |first=Zak |date=2023-08-25 |title=How the jockstrap took over men's fashion |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/jockstrap-trend-menswear-2023 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}} The original incarnation of the jockstrap resembled a thong, as it featured a strap that went between the buttocks.{{Cite web |title=The surprisingly unisex history of the thong |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/180413/the-surprisingly-unisex-history-of-the-thong |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Mic |language=en}} In 1897 Bennett's newly formed Bike Web Company patented and began mass-producing the Bike Jockey Strap.{{cite book |title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHytBAAAQBAJ |first1=Michael |last1=Kimmel |first2=Christine |last2=Milrod |first3=Amanda |last3=Kennedy |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2014|isbn=978-0-7591-2314-4 |page=97}} The Bike Web Company later became known as the Bike Company. Bike, until 2003, was a stand-alone company. In that year, the company and its trademarks were purchased by Russell Athletic. Russell Athletic continued to produce jockstraps using the Bike brand and logos until 2017 when they retired the brand. Russell had become a Fruit-of-the-Loom subsidiary, and Fruit-of-the-Loom is owned by and part of Berkshire Hathaway. On April 15, 2021, the brand's website reopened for online sales, featuring a modernized version of their trademark "No. 10" jockstrap, as well as active apparel.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The jockstrap was also influential in early 20th-century medicine with the invention of the Heidelberg Electric Belt, a low-voltage electric powered jockstrap that claimed to cure kidney disorders, insomnia, erectile dysfunction, and other ailments. Today, jockstraps are still worn in the US by adolescent and adult men for sports, weightlifting, medical purposes, and for recovery from injury or surgery for such conditions as hematocele, inguinal hernia, hydrocele, or spermatocele.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In the early 2020s, jockstraps saw a renewed popularity as underwear for men with jockstraps finding favor in place of more conventional underwear as wearing them became a fashionable trend.{{Cite web |last=Criales-Unzueta |first=Jose |date=2022-06-03 |title=With Jockstraps Hitting the Runways, Fashion is Saying Gay Loud and Clear |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-jockstraps |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}} The trend was reflected with the inclusion of the garment in the runways of various major designers including, Calvin Klein, JW Anderson, Gucci, and Rick Owens, alongside other large brands like Adidas, Diesel, and 2(x)ist making multiple styles.{{Cite web |last=Toumazou |first=Aaron |date=2021-02-06 |title=The manifold reasons to invest in a jockstrap |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/fashion/gallery/best-jockstraps |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=British GQ |language=en-GB}}

Design

Jockstraps are fairly consistent in design with variations appearing in details like width of waistband and fabrics. Some jockstraps are designed for specific sports: Swim jocks, for example, have a narrow waistband, and hockey jocks sometimes have adjustable elastic straps and garter clips that hold hockey socks in place while the bulky goalie protector has genital and abdominal foam padding. Windproof jockstraps have a special layer of fabric to protect the wearer from wind and cold in winter sports. Jockstraps are made in other materials as fetish wear.{{cite web |url=http://www.internationaljock.com/articles/leather-jockstraps.html |title=Leather Jockstraps |website=Internationaljock.com |access-date=2016-01-11}} Aside from the aforementioned "fashion jockstraps", the 2000s have seen a resurgence in jockstrap designs and brands.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Alternatives to jockstraps include the jock brief, or support briefs, which have the wide waistband of a jockstrap combined with a full seat and are made of an elastic supportive material. A thong style strap, sometimes called a dance belt, has one narrow elastic strap attached to the bottom of the pouch, passing between the legs and attaching to the waistband at the middle of the back. A strapless garment, called a jock sock or sometimes a slingshot,{{cite web |url=http://www.jockstrapcentral.com/history.php |title=A History of the Jockstrap |website=Jockstrap Central |access-date=2016-01-11}} has only an elastic waist band with an elastic pouch that holds the genitals from the front.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In Europe, from the time of the Middle Ages, undergarments available were limited to a loose fitting trouser-like piece of clothing called a braies. This article of clothing was stepped into and then laced or tied around the waist and legs at about mid-calf and provided no support to the male genitals. This allowed the scrotum unlimited movement under clothing and resulted in injury from carts, carriages with wooden planks for seats or the saddle as the body took all of the force of the motion. The suspensory was developed around the early 1820s as a way to lift the scrotum away from the plank seat and saddle thereby preventing injury while in a cart, carriage or horseback riding. Today the suspensory is used primarily as a medical device after genital surgery to aid in post operative healing. General Custer's suspensory can be seen in the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument museum, near Crow Agency Montana.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Protective cup

File:Protective cup.jpg

File:TradCup.jpg

Optional cups offer additional protection for contact sports and are made of hard plastic or steel, perforated for ventilation.{{cite web |url=http://www.jockstrappedstuds.com/pages/news/jock_cup_hist.htm |title=Jockstrap and Cup Historical Background |date=2007-08-21 |website=The Jockstrap and Cup Site |access-date=2021-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821141215/http://www.jockstrappedstuds.com/pages/news/jock_cup_hist.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2007}} A more flexible and comfortable soft cup is also offered for low contact sports such as soccer. A flex cup variation features a hard exterior melded with a soft lining.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

A similar piece of protective equipment in the sport of cricket is known as a box. In cricket, a box is usually worn by only a batsman, a wicket-keeper, and sometimes other close-up fielders. For fielders farther from the batsman, the wearing of a box would impede their movement and running (for batsmen the benefits outweigh the disadvantages).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

An abdominal guard (also called "compression cup", "box", or "L Guard") is a hard usually plastic cup that is inserted in a jockstrap to protect male genitalia. Some jockstraps have a lined front pouch for this purpose. The abdominal guard is usually constructed from high density plastic with a padded edge, shaped like a hollow half-pear, and inserted into the jockstrap or jockstrap-style underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used to protect the genitals against impact from the ball.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Many sports require the use of an athletic cup. These include cricket, fencing, martial arts, boxing, lacrosse, hockey, baseball, paintball, football and many others.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Fashion jocks often incorporate soft-lined front pouches or they may be designed to bring the male genitalia forward or upward. The purpose of these modifications is to enhance the masculine appearance of the wearer. Wearers of fashion jocks may also wear abdominal guards for the same purpose.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

With the decline in the use of jockstraps in sports, the use of the necessary abdominal guard has also declined despite the safety implications. Typically cups are worn in the pouch of a jockstrap which may be double-lined to hold the cup, or in compression shorts or sport-specific briefs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Cups for some combat sports (e.g. mixed martial arts, kick boxing) have a waistband and straps attached directly to the cup designed to be worn over a regular jockstrap or briefs. Some sports such as boxing use an oversized cup and jock combined into a single item which has layered foam padding that protects the groin, kidneys and abdomen.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

<span id="Jillstrap"></span> Jockstraps for women

The pelvic protector is the female equivalent of the male jockstrap. It is currently unclear who was responsible for the first invention of the female pelvic protector. It is designed to protect the female genitalia from bruising or tearing. The area protected includes the entire vulva, including the clitoris, the clitoral hood and the delicate labia minora which protrude from the vulva in some women and are therefore especially vulnerable to bruising from impact. It is also occasionally nicknamed a "jill" or "jillstrap".{{cite book| first=Cara| last=Hedley| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbeLGtCWuqMC&pg=PA69| title=Twenty Miles| page=69| publisher=Coach House Books| year=2007| isbn=978-1-5524-5186-1}} Women wear the garment during contact sports or activities. The garment cups around the genitals and is usually reinforced with rigid material.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Gay subculture

File:Herrengeschäft Stefan am Marstall Hannover Jockstrap Jock String Steintor Rotlichtviertel.jpg, Germany.]]

Since the 1950s and 1960s, some gay men use jockstraps as an erotic attire, particularly those belonging to the leather and BDSM subcultures.{{cite web |url=https://inmagazine.ca/2019/02/how-the-jockstrap-became-part-of-the-gay-male-uniform/ |title=How The Jockstrap Became Part Of The Gay Male Uniform|website=inmagazine.ca |date=February 28, 2019 |access-date=2022-08-08}} The garment has become especially popular between gay men and the LGBTQ community in the 2020s, with major brands producing rainbow-colored, pride-themed jockstraps.