Johann Burianek

{{Infobox criminal

| name = Johann Burianek

| birth_name =

| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-14812-020, Berlin, Prozeß gegen "Hildebrandt - Gruppe".jpg

| caption = Burianek in the dock at the High Court in Berlin (23 May 1952)

| imagesize = 225px

| birth_date = 16 November 1913

| birth_place = Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, German Empire

| death_date = {{death-date and age|2 August 1952|16 November 1913}}

| death_place = Münchner Platz Prison, Dresden, East Germany

| death_cause = Execution by guillotine

| occupation = Wehrmacht soldier
KgU Agent

| party =

| alma_mater =

| nationality = German

| spouse =

| criminal_penalty = Death

| conviction = Crimes against humanity
Terrorism

| conviction_status = Executed

}}

Johann Burianek (16 November 1913 – 2 August 1952) was a former Wehrmacht soldier and CIA-backed insurgent who planned and committed several attacks against the German Democratic Republic and a member of the anti-communist KGU.Hubertus Knabe: Die Täter sind unter uns: über das Schönreden der SED-Diktatur, S.277

In a 1952 trial he was condemned to death in the country's Supreme Court for preparing attacks on railway bridges. He was the first person to receive a death sentence from the new country's justice system.{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-21977938.html|title=WIDERSTAND ....verurteilt worden: Werner Tocha, 20, zu 9 Jahren Gefängnis, Gerhard Blume, 20, zu 8 Jahren Gefängnis, Gerhard Schultz, 20, zu 5 Jahren, Johann Burianek, Todesstrafe, Wolfgang Kaiser, Todesstrafe.|publisher=Der Spiegel (online) |date=19 November 1952|accessdate=27 October 2014|author=Editor in chief: Rudolf Augstein }}

Life

=Early years=

Burianek was born in the Rheinland at Düsseldorf, the son of a master shoe maker.{{cite web|url=http://bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=469|author=Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk|title=Burianek, Johann * 16.11.1913, † 2.8.1952 Widerstandskämpfer, Schauprozeßopfer|publisher=Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur|accessdate=28 October 2014}} He underwent an apprenticeship as a machinist and in 1932 relocated to Czechoslovakia, taking Czechoslovak nationality in 1932/33. He served in the Luftwaffe during the 1930s and in 1939 took back his German nationality.

=World War II=

During the Second World War, Burianek served in the Wehrmacht. In the final days of the war, Burianek arrested Herbert Kloster, a deserter whom he then delivered to his military headquarters. Kloster was nearly executed as a result of Burianek's actions. In November 1949, an East German court found Burianek guilty of crimes against humanity for reporting the deserter and sentenced him to one year in prison.{{Cite web |title=ExecutedToday.com » 1952: Johann Burianek, East German saboteur |date=2 August 2017 |url=https://www.executedtoday.com/2017/08/02/1952-johann-burianek-east-german-saboteur/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |language=en}}

=Insurgent activities=

Burianek was released on probation in April 1950, having served nearly half his sentence. He found work as a truck driver with the Volkseigener Betrieb (publicly owned business) Secura-Mechanik.Urteil des Obersten Gerichtes der DDR vom 25. Mai 1952 gegen Burianek (1 Zst (I) 6/52 ) made public in Entscheidungen des obersten Gerichts der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Vol. 1 (1952), Deutscher Zentralverlag, Pages 230 – 280 Between July 1950 and March 1951 he smuggled several thousand copies of the western newsheets Kleiner Telegraf and Tarantel into the Soviet sector of Berlin. In March 1951 he joined a militant insurgent group called "Struggle against Inhumanity" group (KgU / Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit) which was then being established by Rainer Hildebrandt with backing from the Americans.{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41761762.html|title=GEHEIMDIENSTE / TILLICH: ... "Der erste in einer langen Reihe von gutgläubigen Widerstandskämpfern, die ihre Verbindung zur KgU mit dem Tode büßen mußten, war der Kraftfahrer Ernst Burianek. Sein Schicksal ist typisch für viele ähnliche....

|publisher=Der Spiegel (online) |date=2 July 1958|accessdate=27 October 2014|author=Editor in chief: Rudolf Augstein }} His attacks on the part of the KgU included numerous acts of sabotage and unsuccessful arson attacksSiegfried Lokatis: Heimliche Leser in der DDR: Kontrolle und Verbreitung unerlaubter Literatur, Ch. Links Verlag, 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-86153-494-5}}. S. 147 [https://books.google.com/books?id=y52DX7wqTbcC&pg=PA147 auf Google Books] on the 1951 World Festival of Youth and Students.

His most ambitious project, planned for 21 February 1952, would have involved blowing up a civilian railway bridge at Erkner, on the south-eastern edge of Berlin, which would have de-railed the "Blue Express", the long-distance train running between Berlin and Moscow via Warsaw. Despite knowing this almost certainly would cause mass civilian casualties, Burianek proceeded with the plot. The necessary explosives would be provided by the KgU. However, the project failed to progress beyond the planning stage, as it proved impossible to get hold of a suitable truck to carry the explosives.Karl Wilhelm Fricke, Roger Engelmann: [https://books.google.com/books?id=JvhCmDlSvCcC Konzentrierte Schläge] Staatssicherheitsaktionen u. polit. Prozesse in der DDR 1953 – 1956, Berlin 1998 On 5 March 1952, Burianek was arrested on charges of terrorism.

=Trial and execution=

Some ten weeks later, on 15 May 1952, Burianek was tried before the Supreme Court.Falco Werkentin: Politische Strafjustiz in der Ära Ulbricht: Vom bekennenden Terror zur verdeckten Repression, Ch. Links Verlag, 1997, {{ISBN|978-3-86153-150-0}}.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-rRGTK0WoG0C&pg=PA338 auf Google Books] - The presiding judge was Hilde Benjamin, the court's vice-president. Burianek was accused and found to be an agent of the KgU.

The court delivered its verdict on 25 May 1952, and Johann Burianek became the first defendant in the German Democratic Republic to receive a death sentence. Two months after receiving his sentence, Burianek was executed by guillotine.{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article114786949/Stasi-Oberst-wegen-Geschichtsfaelschung-verurteilt.html|author=sfk|publisher= Die Welt (online)|title=Stasi-Oberst wegen Geschichtsfälschung verurteilt: Nach Überzeugung des Berliner Landgerichts hat der frühere MfS-Offizier Wolfgang Schmidt einen DDR-Widerstandskämpfer verunglimpft, der 1952 per Fallbeil hingerichtet worden war.|newspaper=Die Welt|date=26 March 2013|accessdate=27 October 2014}}

Rehabilitation by the Berlin regional court

In 2005 Johann Burianek's conviction was found to have been unconstitutional, because of "serious disregard for basic rules [of justice]"..."gravierender Missachtung elementarer materieller Vorschriften" in the original trial. The 1952 verdict was reversed. This reversal arose from an initiative by the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August" organisationThe significance of the date was that on 13 August 1961 the East German authorities had started to build the Berlin Wall. which had been established, like the KgU before it, by Rainer Hildebrandt, and which now successfully applied to the Berlin District Court to have the 1992 Criminal Rehabilitation Act invoked for the Burianek case. In a judgement delivered on 2 September 2005, the court also held that between his arrest on 5 March 1952 and his execution on 2 August 1952 Johann Burianek had been unlawfully deprived of his freedom.Werner van Bebber: [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/tod-an-der-front-des-kalten-krieges/649034.html Tod an der Front des Kalten Krieges.] In: Der Tagesspiegel vom 9. Oktober 2005.Landgericht Berlin: Beschluss vom 2. September 2005 – (551 Rh) 3 Js 28.9/05 (361/05).''

Controversial Legacy

In Germany, under §189 of the criminal code, defamation of the memory of a deceased person is a criminal offence which upon conviction may attract a fine or a prison term of up to two years.{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__189.html|publisher=Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection, Berlin|title=§ 189 Verunglimpfung des Andenkens Verstorbener|accessdate=27 October 2014}} The Burianek case hit the headlines again in 2012 and 2013 on account of a former Stasi officer, Colonel Wolfgang Schmidt, who used his internet site to describe Burianek as a "bandit" and as the "leader of a terrorist organisation".„Anführer einer terroristischen Vereinigung“ On 27 September 2012 Schmidt was convicted under §189 in respect of the matter by a court which evidently accepted that Schmidt's characterizations of Burianek had been false and defamatory. The court ordered Schmidt to pay a fine of €1,200.

The action against Schmidt had been triggered by Hubertus Knabe, the director of the Hohenschönhausen Memorial Museum on the northern edge of Berlin.The Hohenschönhausen Memorial Museum was opened in 1994 on the site of what had previously been run by the Stasi as a (still well-remembered) political prison. It was not the first time Knabe and Schmidt had come across one another, Schmidt already having been fined €2,100 in 2009 for calling Knabe himself a "publicly unrestrained rabble rouser" ("öffentlich und ungestraft als Volksverhetzer") in connection with Knabe's earlier work on the Stasi.{{cite web|url=http://www.stiftung-hsh.de/page.php?cat_id=CAT_1&page_id=1233 |title=Ex-Stasi-Oberst wegen Verunglimpfung verurteilt: Stasi-Verein hatte hingerichtetes SED-Opfer als "Banditen" bezeichnet |publisher=Gedenkstätte Berlin-Hohenschönhausen, Genslerstraße 66, 13055 Berlin |accessdate=28 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605054335/http://www.stiftung-hsh.de/page.php?cat_id=CAT_1&page_id=1233 |archivedate= 5 June 2014 }}Peter Kirschey: [http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/806111.persilschein-fuer-bombenleger.html Persilschein für Bombenleger]. neues deutschland vom 3. Dezember 2012.

Schmidt appealed against the €1,200 fine, imposed under §189 for defaming the memory of Johann Burianek, but on 18 March 2013 the District Court rejected his appeal.[http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/816175.geldstrafe-wegen-verunglimpfung.html Geldstrafe wegen Verunglimpfung]. neues deutschland vom 19. März 2013, S. 6.{{Cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/wegen-verunglimpfung-frueherer-stasi-oberst-wird-zu-geldstrafe-verurteilt/7988976.html|title=Früherer Stasi-Oberst wird zu Geldstrafe verurteilt|newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online }} Knabe welcomed the court's verdict: "I am pleased that the Justice System stands up against historical revisionism from former Stasi operatives. Even today, we must not allow the perpetrators to denigrate their victims in public.""Ich freue mich, dass die Justiz dem Geschichtsrevisionismus ehemaliger Stasi-Mitarbeiter entgegentritt. Es kann nicht sein, dass die Täter ihre Opfer auch heute noch öffentlich herabwürdigen." He also stressed the significance of a court decision which, for the first time, extended §189 of the Criminal code to include negative portrayals of those convicted by the German Democratic Republic.