John L. Stevens

John Leavitt Stevens was born in 1820 in the town of Mount Vernon, Kennebec County, Maine, to Capt. John Stevens Capt. John Stevens was originally from Brentwood, New Hampshire.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LAEXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA400&dq=%22john+stevens%22+brentwood+new+hampshire&lr=&ei=VpBMSbObIIjClQTflIz6Bg] and Charlotte (Lyford) Stevens.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3X-4t4qKo-IC&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22&pg=PA1477|title=Genealogical and Family History of the State of Maine|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Little|first1=George Thomas|year=1909}}{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFUMAAAAYAAJ&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22++new+hampshire&pg=PA400|title=Essex Institute Historical Collections|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Institute|first1=Essex|year=1901}} He was a lifelong resident of Augusta in the same county, except for his time away at school and his later diplomatic service.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRY8khcvxqEC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22+augusta+maine&pg=PA160|title=Imperial Maine and Hawai'i|isbn=9780739127186|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Burlin|first1=Paul T.|date=March 2008|publisher=Lexington Books }} Stevens attended Maine Wesleyan Seminary to prepare for a minister's career in the Universalist church, which he served as pastor for a decade, becoming a leader in the anti-slavery movement. (Stevens later became a firm opponent of capital punishment, and as a Maine State Senator urged the legislature to abolish the death penalty).{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TndXFgsEpWMC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA476|title=A Bibliography of the State of Maine from the Earliest Period to 1891|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Williamson|first1=Joseph|year=1896}}

After a decade as an activist Universalist minister, Stevens was persuaded by his lifelong friend Maine Governor Anson P. Morrill to give up the pulpit and become a newspaper publisher and politician. Stevens took his friend Morrill's advice, left the ministry and became a newspaper editor and publisher before becoming a Maine delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41gjgT5C0K8C&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22&pg=PA566|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom|isbn=9780870224331|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Kuykendall|first1=Ralph S.|year=1967|publisher=University of Hawaii Press }}

Six years prior, in 1854, Stevens and his partner James G. Blaine had purchased the newspaper The Kennebec Journal in Augusta, where the pair collaborated for 14 years on editing their publication and pushing the development of Maine's Republican Party.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhVcCv1C6N0C&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22+augusta+maine&pg=PA79|title=The Indigenous Experience|isbn=9781551303000|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Maaka|first1=Roger|last2=Andersen|first2=Chris|year=2006|publisher=Canadian Scholars’ Press }} Stevens also played a large role in the 1876 Presidential campaign when he served as Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Maine. He stumped in the states of Ohio, West Virginia and Pennsylvania for the Republican Presidential ticket that year, which won him an appointment as a minister representing the United States government.

Stevens joined the United States Department of State and was appointed successively minister to Paraguay, Uruguay, Sweden and Norway,[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1877/11/13/80669127.pdf Action of the Senate on the Nominations, The New York Times, November 13, 1877] and finally to Hawaii, an appointment pushed by his old partner Blaine, who had risen to United States Secretary of State.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mLuIx6z1qcC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22+representative+men+of+maine&pg=PA125|title=Benjamin Harrison|isbn=9780805069525|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Calhoun|first1=Charles W.|date=6 June 2005|publisher=Macmillan }} When Stevens was named to the Hawaiian post, his title was changed to Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary, indicating his rise within the State Department.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/02/09/105977069.pdf John L. Stevens is Dead, The New York Times, February 9, 1895]

Soon after his installation in Hawaii,One of Stevens's predecessors in his Hawaii post was Luther Severance, a friend and political mentor to Stevens who had been the editor of the Kennebec Journal for 25 years when he was appointed United States Minister to Hawaii in 1850. An ardent Annexationist, Severance was later a columnist for the newspaper under Stevens's and Blaine's ownership.[https://books.google.com/books?id=VhVcCv1C6N0C&pg=PA79&dq=%22john+l.+stevens%22&lr=&ei=KbZZSefHH6OSkATfh7TrAg#PPA79,M1] Stevens began writing about the islands, in a steady stream of pamphlets and speeches, including his December 19, 1891, speech delivered at Founder's Day celebrations of the Kamehameha School, entitled Advice to Young Hawaiians,Advice to Young Hawaiians; His Ex. John L. Stevens at Bishop Hall, Founder's Day December 19, 1891, By John Leavitt Stevens, Published by Kamehameha School Press, 1892 and his later The Hawaiian Situation tract, written with Eugene Chamberlain and William Springer.The Hawaiian Situation, By Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, John Leavitt Stevens, William McKendree Springer, 1893

Envoy Stevens had gone on-the-record about his Manifest Destiny views concerning close allies of the United States. Presumably his views reflected those of his former partner, friend, sponsor and now boss at the State Department. In 1881, James G. Blaine had written of the necessity of "drawing the ties of intimate relationship between us and the Hawaiian Islands so as to make them practically a part of the American system without derogation of their absolute independence."

Constitutional reforms in Hawaii in 1887 had widened the gulf between foreign businessmen and native Hawaiian nationalists. In January 1891 the Hawaiian King, who had been sympathetic to the interests of the foreign businessmen, died while on a visit to the United States. He was succeeded by his sister, the Princess, who was crowned Queen Lili'uokalani. The new Queen was known to dislike the restrictive constitution of 1887, and envoy Stevens suspected the Queen's nationalist sympathies. He asked that a United States warship, the {{USS|Boston|1884|6}} be stationed indefinitely in Honolulu harbor.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn8SDywYRssC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA236|title=The Diplomacy of Involvement|isbn=9780826263537|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Pletcher|first1=David M.|year=2001|publisher=University of Missouri Press }}

In March 1892 envoy Stevens wrote to United States Secretary of State James G. Blaine, his old newspaper partner, asking how far he might deviate from standard State Department rules if a native revolutionary movement emerged. "The golden hour is near at hand," Stevens later wrote his old partner and friend Blaine. "So long as the islands retain their own independent government there remains the possibility that England or the Canadian Dominion might secure one of the Hawaiian harbors for a coaling station." Added Stevens: "Annexation excludes all dangers of this kind."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB9mHNE17jgC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA233|title=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|isbn=9780521003544|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Meleisea|first1=Malama|date=25 March 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

{{blockquote|The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.|John Leavitt Stevens{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrldzcrC_EgC&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22&pg=PA146|title=Lost Bird of Wounded Knee|isbn=9780306808227|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Flood|first1=Reneé S.|date=22 March 1998|publisher=Da Capo Press }}}}

The question had taken on significance after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1886. Seeking to capitalize on the new transcontinental link in Canada, British capitalists were said to welcome the addition of the Hawaiian Islands as an English protectorate. For aggressive Manifest Destiny advocates like Stevens, the telegraphing of English intentions – even by diplomatic innuendo – signaled the need for a preemptive American response.

Image:USS Boston landing force, 1893 (PP-36-3-002).jpg

{{main|Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii}}

At the time of the Bayonet Constitution of 1887 Grover Cleveland was president, and his secretary of state Thomas F. Bayard sent written instructions to the American minister George W. Merrill that in the event of another revolution in Hawaii, it was a priority to protect American commerce, lives and property. Bayard specified, "the assistance of the officers of our Government vessels, if found necessary, will therefore be promptly afforded to promote the reign of law and respect for orderly government in Hawaii." In July 1889, there was a small scale rebellion, and Minister Merrill landed Marines to protect Americans; the State Department explicitly approved his action. Merrill's replacement, minister John L. Stevens, read those official instructions, and followed them in his controversial actions of 1893.Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations: 1865–1900 (1976), pp 178-79,

On January 14, 1893, envoy Stevens met with two other men concerned about American territorial interests in the Pacific. That night, Stevens and American-Hawaiian businessmen Sanford DoleDole wrote later that "we [the revolutionists] knew the United States Minister was in sympathy with us."[https://books.google.com/books?id=ySapNgjfwKgC&pg=PA174&dq=%22john+l.+stevens%22&lr=&ei=EsVZSe3XB4LKlQTDqZiGAg] and Lorrin Thurston met to hatch "an audacious plot to overthrow Hawaii's Queen and bring her country into the United States," writes New York Times reporter Stephen Kinzer in his book Overthrow.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3o2BaNiJksC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA9|title=Overthrow|isbn=9780805078619|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Kinzer|first1=Stephen|date=4 April 2006|publisher=Macmillan }}

The immediate event which precipitated the meeting was Queen Lili'uokalani's attempt to promulgate a new constitution which would have restored many of the powers of the monarchy that existed prior to the forced promulgation of the "Bayonet Constitution" in 1887 that reduced the power of the Hawaiian monarch and rescinded voting rights to much of the population. The Queen's cabinet refused to go along with the planned new constitution, and Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani temporarily yielded. But to the ardent Annexationists the volatile situation provided an opportunity that they seized. The Annexation Club morphed into a Committee of Safety; it shepherded documents drafted to establish a provisional government.

The Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu. Minister Stevens, advised about these supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and propertyKinzer, S. (2006) America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. p. 30. [Minister Stevens] "certainly overstepped his authority when he brought troops ashore, especially since he knew that the 'general alarm and terror' of which the Committee of Safety had complained was a fiction." by the Committee of Safety, obliged their request and summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the Boston and two companies of U.S. sailors to land on the Kingdom and take up positions in strategic locations in Honolulu on the afternoon of January 16, 1893. 162 sailors and Marines aboard the Boston came ashore well-armed but under orders of neutrality. They were positioned around Royal residences and Hawaiian government installations, not around United States citizens' quarters. Having observed the troops' march up the street, the Queen was heard to remark that the Marines were finishing what the "missionaries" started.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySapNgjfwKgC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA174|title=Anatomy of Paradise - Hawaii and the Islands of the South Seas|isbn=9781406751734|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Furnas|first1=J. C.|date=March 2007|publisher=Read Books }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=apUH-SxCcLcC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22&pg=PA156|title=History of the Hawaiian Kingdom|isbn=9781573061506|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Potter|first1=Norris Whitfield|last2=Kasdon|first2=Lawrence M.|last3=Rayson|first3=Ann|year=2003|publisher=Bess Press }} The presence of the Marines served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself."{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) | publisher = Associated University Presses | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-945636-43-1 | page = 350 }} Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a Provisional Government.

Minister Stevens recognized the new government, giving his blessing on behalf of the United States Department of State, and commissioners were immediately dispatched to Washington to request that Hawaii be annexed by the United States. On February 9, 1893, Stevens acted preemptively, establishing a protectorate pending negotiations for annexation. On February 16, President Harrison sent a message to the Senate, formally requesting annexation of the Hawaiian kingdom.

But President Cleveland, immediately following his inauguration, sent a message to the Senate, canceling all further talk of annexation. He then sent a commissioner to the Islands to assess the situation, who reported that the newly established protectorate be withdrawn as unnecessary. Envoy Stevens immediately resigned and returned to Maine, where he spent his time in public denunciation of the new administration's Hawaiian policy.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/30/109735547.pdf Ex-Minister Stevens's Reply, The New York Times, November 30, 1893]

The Blount Report commissioned by President Grover Cleveland was submitted on July 17, 1893, and found Stevens guilty of inappropriate conduct in support of the conspiracy to overthrow Hawaii's Queen. Answering the charges from his Augusta, Maine, home, Stevens supplied his rationale: the Queen was immoral, and so needed to be dethroned.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z65BAAAAIAAJ&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22+augusta+maine&pg=PA756|title=Life of Walter Quintin Gresham, 1832-1895|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Gresham|first1=Matilda|year=1919}} The later Morgan investigation conducted by the U.S. Congress, which led to the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894, found Stevens and other U.S. agents not guilty, after which Cleveland abandoned the matter because of lack of Congressional support. Both the Blount and Morgan Reports are cited by partisans on both sides to support their claims about the legitimacy or lack thereof of the overthrow.

In 1993, Congress passed and the President signed an Apology Resolution apologizing for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii a century before. Based on the Blount Report and other historical analyses,{{cite book |last=Tate |first=Merze |author-link=Merze Tate |title=The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesthe00tate |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1965}}{{cite book |last=King |first=Pauline |title=in: Russ, William: The Hawaiian Revolution (1893-94) (Introduction) |publisher=Associated University Presses |year=1992 |isbn=0-945636-43-1 |page=xiii }} the Resolution subsequently became a touchstone in the cultural and political identification of many native Hawaiians.

Following his forced retirement in 1893 because of the overthrow of Hawaii, Stevens spent his time lecturing and writing and working in Republican Party circles. He died two years later. During his retirement, Stevens worked to rehabilitate his image following his humiliating firing by the new President. In 1894, the former preacher and newspaper editor published Picturesque Hawaii: A Charming Description of Her Unique History, Strange People, Exquisite Climate, Wondrous Volcanoes, Luxurious Productions, Beautiful Cities, Corrupt Monarchy, Recent Revolution and Provisional Government, a strange volume of part memoir, part travelogue and part political tract meant to provide a rationale for his actions in the Islands.Picturesque Hawaii: A Charming Description of Her Unique History, Strange People, Exquisite Climate, Wondrous Volcanoes, Luxurious Productions, Beautiful Cities, Corrupt Monarchy, Recent Revolution and Provisional Government, By John Leavitt Stevens, W. B. Oleson, Nellie M. Stevens, Published by Hubbard Publishing Co., 1894

File:Liliuokalani, c. 1891.jpg

During his life, Stevens authored several other books, including a two-volume biography Harper's Magazine called Stevens's work on the Swedish King "a very full and capable presentation of the genius and work" of the monarch. Although the former newspaper editor's writing style was "stiff, ungraceful and a little obscure", the biography benefitted from "the richness and authenticity of the materials he has collected."[https://books.google.com/books?id=jnUCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155&dq=%22john+l.+stevens%22&lr=&ei=_sdZSfucBo_GlQTWr4S3BA] of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus and his involvement in the Thirty Years War,{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0YDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22&pg=PA48|title=The Book Buyer|work=google.com|year=1900|access-date=31 August 2015}} praised by The New York Times as showing "extensive research and much patient reading."[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/02/09/105977069.pdf John L. Stevens Is Dead, The New York Times, February 9, 1895] The prolific Stevens also authored assorted letters, speeches and tracts, many of them advocating his Manifest Destiny views on American foreign policy.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TndXFgsEpWMC&q=%22john+l.+stevens%22+augusta+maine&pg=PA476|title=A Bibliography of the State of Maine from the Earliest Period to 1891|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Williamson|first1=Joseph|year=1896}} Stevens was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Laws by Tufts College in 1882.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaoaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22++new+hampshire&pg=PA163|title=Semi-centennial Edition of the Register of Officers of Instruction and ...|work=google.com|year=1905|access-date=31 August 2015}} American author and orientalist William Elliot Griffis dedicated his book America in the East to Stevens, who, Griffis wrote, "believing that the lives and property of American citizens abroad ought to be as well protected as if they were at home, acting according to his faith."{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IboNAAAAIAAJ&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22&pg=PP11|title=America in the East|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Griffis|first1=William Elliot|year=1899|publisher=A.S. Barnes |isbn=9780722279014}}

John L. Stevens was married to the former Mary Lowell SmithStevens's wife Mary Lowell (Smith) Leavitt was the daughter of Capt. Daniel Smith and Dorcas (Lowell) Smith of Hallowell, Maine, a descendant of Percival Lowell, progenitor of Boston's Lowell family. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F4lSS27eATAC&pg=PA370&dq=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22++maine&lr=&ei=l25MSZ2MDIX-kwTp-LzSCQ#PPA370,M1] of Hallowell, Maine, on May 10, 1845.{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4lSS27eATAC&q=%22john+leavitt+stevens%22++maine&pg=PA370|title=The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899|work=google.com|access-date=31 August 2015|last1=Lowell|first1=Delmar Rial|year=1899}} The couple had one son and three daughters, one of whom drowned on January 20, 1893 – three days after the Hawaiian overthrow Stevens helped engineer – and an event said to have sent the diplomat into crippling depression.

Hon. John L. Stevens died at his home in Augusta, Maine, at 4 a.m. on February 8, 1895, of heart disease.

In 1898 the United States government officially annexed Hawaii. A seven-piece silver service made of melted silver dollars and given to Stevens after his Hawaiian tenure by pro-Annexation forces in Hawaii is still owned by Stevens's descendants. The tea service, and the career of its controversial owner, were the subject of a Public Broadcasting Service documentary in 1998 entitled The Nation Within.{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mecreadf/rdfldkhs.htm|title=Kents Hill School Notables|work=ancestry.com|access-date=31 August 2015}} A one-act play entitled "Cry for the Gods" was written by Judge Paul Handy which presents a dramatized, fictional meeting between Stevens and the Queen on the night of January 16, 1893. It has been performed in Maryland and as part of the Capital Fringe Festival in Washington, DC.

{{reflist}}

• {{Internet Archive author |sname=John L. Stevens |sopt=t}}
• [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/02/09/105977069.pdf John L. Stevens Is Dead, The New York Times, Feb. 9, 1895]
• [http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=9607 Letter from S. B. Elkins to John L. Stevens, 1888, Maine Historical Society, Maine Memory Network]
• [http://www.mainememory.net/bin/Detail?ln=9590 Letter to John L. Stevens on Blaine nomination, 1888, Maine Historical Society, Maine Memory Network]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609063505/http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/theses.asp?Cmd=abstract&ID=ocm51445415 Diplomacy as Applied to United States Interests: The Career of John Leavitt Stevens, 1870–1884, Thesis, 1967, G. Alexander Gray, Fogler Library, University of Maine]
• [http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/a-condensed-timeline-of-histor.asp A Condensed Timeline of Historic Honolulu, Hawaiian Encyclopedia, hawaiianencyclopedia.com]
• [http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/part-i.-n257-m333299-hawaiithe.asp Queen Lili'uokalani and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy, Hawaiian Encyclopedia, hawaiianencyclopedia.com]
• [https://archive.org/details/historyofgustav00stevuoft History of Gustavus Adolphus, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1884]
• [https://archive.org/details/memoiraneventfu00velagoog Memoir of an Eventful Expedition in Central America, John L. Stevens, Esq., and Other Travelers, J. W. Bell, New York, 1850]
• [http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/images/pic3.html John L. Stevens, Photo, Libweb.hawaii.edu]
• [http://www.alohaquest.com/archive/gresham.htm Report of Hon. John H. Blount, Special Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands, Letter to President Grover Cleveland, alohaquest.com]
• [http://www.hawaii-nation.org/mandamus.html Writ of Mandamus, Charging John L. Stevens and Others with High Treason, hawaii-nation.org]
• [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/038.html United States Public Law 103-150, 103rd Congress, Joint Resolution, Apology to the Kingdom of Hawaii]
• {{Find a Grave|100681018}}

• Baker, George W. "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation." Pacific Historical Review 33.3 (1964): 295-309. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636837 online]
• {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=John |first2=W B |last2=Oleson |first3=Nellie M |last3=Stevens |title=Riches and marvels of Hawaii : a charming description of her unique history, strange... people, exquisite climate, wondrous volcanoes, lux |publisher=Edgewood Pub. Co |location=Philadelphia, PA |year=1900 |hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t82j6km8c |isbn=9781331264002 |oclc=681901846}}
• {{cite book | last=Stevens | first=John | title=History of Gustavus Adolphus | publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons | location=New York, London | year=1884 | isbn=9781241446543 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgustav00stevuoft | oclc=581221717}}
• {{cite book |title=John L. Stevens correspondence 1888-1894 |publisher=Maine Historical Society |location=Portland, ME |oclc=192095724}}

• James G. Blaine
• Kalakaua
• Liliuokalani
• Lorrin A. Thurston
• Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
• Paraguayan War
• Sanford B. Dole

{{s-start}}

{{s-dip}}

|- style="text-align: center;"

{{s-bef

| rows = 2

| before = Robert C. Kirk (Uruguay)
Martin T. McMahon (Paraguay)

}}

{{S-ttl

| title = United States Minister Resident, Uruguay

| years = 6 July 1870–19 May 1873

}}

{{s-aft

| rows = 2

| after = John C. Caldwell

}}

|-

{{S-ttl

| title = United States Minister Resident, Paraguay

| years = 26 August 1870–19 May 1873

}}

{{succession box| title= United States Minister Resident and Envoy Extraordinary & Minister Plenipotentiary, Hawaii| before=George W. Merrill| after=James H. Blount| years=23 September 1889–18 May 1893}}

{{end}}

{{US Ambassadors to Sweden}}

{{US Ambassadors to Uruguay}}

{{US Ambassadors to Hawaii}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stevens, John L.}}

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Category:People associated with the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

Category:People from Mount Vernon, Maine

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Category:19th-century American clergy

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