Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was established on the basis of an agreement signed on 26 March 1956, in Moscow by representatives of the governments of the eleven founding countries, with a view to combining their scientific and material potential. The USSR contributed 50 percent, the People's Republic of China 20 percent. In February 1957, the JINR was registered by the United Nations. The institute is located in Dubna, 120 km north of Moscow.

At the time of the creation of JINR, the Institute of Nuclear Problems (INP) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR already existed at the site of the future Dubna since the late 1940s, and it launched a program of fundamental and applied research at the synchrocyclotron. The Electrophysics Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (EFLAN) was established, and under the guidance of Academician Vladimir Veksler, work began to create a new accelerator – a proton synchrophasotron – with a record energy of 10 GeV at that time.

By the mid-1950s, there was a worldwide consensus that nuclear science should be accessible and that only broad cooperation could ensure the progressive development of this research, as well as the peaceful use of atomic energy. Thus, in 1954, near Geneva, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) was established. At about the same time, the countries that belonged to the socialist community decided to establish a Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the INP and EFLAN.

The first director of the United Institute was Professor D. I. Blokhintsev, who just completed the creation of Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk. The first vice-directors of JINR were professors Marian Danysz (Poland) and V. Votruba (Czechoslovakia).

The history of the formation of the JINR is associated with the names of prominent scientists and Professors. The following list provides some of the names of prominent scientists.

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• Nikolay Bogolyubov
• Lajos Jánossy
• Leopold Infeld
• Igor Kurchatov
• Heinz Pose
• Heinz Barwich
• {{ill|Karl Lanius|de||ru|Ланиус, Карл}}
• Igor Tamm
• {{ill|Aleksandr Topchiev|be|Аляксандр Васільевіч Топчыеў|de|Alexander Wassiljewitsch Toptschijew|ru|Топчиев, Александр Васильевич}}
• Alexander Baldin
• Wang Ganchang
• Vladimir Veksler
• Nikolay Govorun
• Venedikt Dzhelepov
• Jaroslav Kožešník
• {{ill|Kroó Norbert|eo|Norbert Kroó|hu}}
• Moisey Markov
• Șerban Țițeica
• Georgi Nadjakov
• {{ill|Nguyen Van Hieu|vi|Nguyễn Văn Hiệu}}
• Le Van Thiem
• Yuri Oganessian
• {{ill|Lénárd Pál|arz|لينارد پال|eo|Lénárd Pál|hu|Pál Lénárd|ru|Пал, Ленард}}
• Bruno Pontecorvo
• Boris Arbuzov
• {{ill|Aureliu Emil Săndulescu|ro}}
• Albert Tavkhelidze
• Georgy Flyorov
• Ilya Frank
• {{ill|Andrzej Hrynkiewicz|pl}}
• F. Shapiro
• Dmitry Shirkov
• E. Yanik (Polish: Jerzy Janik)Объединенный институт ядерных исследований (Дубна){{cite web |url=http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/pract08/30.06/JINR-eng-2008.pdf |title=International Intergovernmental Organization Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |publisher=Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=18 July 2008 |access-date=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061058/http://newuc.jinr.ru/img_sections/file/pract08/30.06/JINR-eng-2008.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2011}}

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The JINR cooperates with many organizations. One of the main organizations with which JINR cooperates is UNESCO. Its collaboration with JINR started in 1997 in order to develop basic sciences and try to achieve sustainable development. Joint activities include training programmes and grant mechanisms for researchers in the basic science. This international scientific cooperation and knowledge sharing in key scientific fields is one of the main 2030 UNESCO goals, the achievement of Sustainable Development.{{Cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-and-joint-institute-nuclear-research-20-years-collaboration-support-basic-sciences-0 |title=UNESCO and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research: 20 years of collaboration in support of basic sciences for sustainable development |date=15 February 2018}}

The United Nations General Assembly and UNESCO General Conference named 2019 as The International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPTE 2019). This reinforced the cooperation between these two organizations. JINR was one of the observers of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 2014 till 25 March 2022.{{Cite web |url=https://international-relations.web.cern.ch/stakeholder-relations/states/jinr-observer-status-suspended |title=JINR (Observer status suspended) | International Relations |website=international-relations.web.cern.ch |access-date=7 July 2023}}

As of 1 January 2023, 13 JINR state members are active and three suspended:{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/jinr_member_states-en/ |title=Member States}}

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• {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
• {{Flag|Armenia}}
• {{Flag|Belarus}}
• {{Flag|Bulgaria}} (suspended)
• {{Flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}} (suspended)
• {{Flag|Vietnam}}
• {{Flag|Georgia}}
• {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
• {{Flag|Cuba}}
• {{Flag|Moldova}}
• {{Flag|Mongolia}}
• {{Flag|Russia}}
• {{Flag|Romania}}
• {{Flag|Slovakia}} (suspended)
• {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
• {{flag|Egypt}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vyzkumne-infrastruktury.cz/en/2021/11/egypt-became-full-fledged-jinr-member-state/ |title=Egypt became full-fledged JINR Member State – Výzkumné infrastruktury}}

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Associate members are:

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• {{flag|Germany}}
• {{flag|Hungary}}
• {{flag|Italy}}
• {{flag|South Africa}}
• {{flag|Serbia}}

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Scientific collaboration with organizations including:

• CERN – since 2014, subject to restrictions detailed in the CERN Council resolutions 3671{{cite web |url=https://council.web.cern.ch/sites/default/files/c-e-3671_Resolution_Decision_making_JINR_June22.pdf |title=3671 Resolution Decision making JINR |website=cern.ch |access-date=7 July 2023}} and 3638{{cite web |url=https://council.web.cern.ch/sites/default/files/c-e-3638Corr_Council%20Resolution_JINR.pdf |title=3638 Resolution Decision making JINR |website=cern.ch |access-date=7 July 2023}} following the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Collaboration to be reviewed well in advance of January 2025, the expiration date of the International Cooperation Agreement.
• UNESCO – since 1997
• BMBF, since 1991.{{cite web |url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/684125/contributions/2884172/attachments/1673521/2685684/MATVEEV__Physics_at_JINR__23_June_2018_Italy_SHORT.pdf |title=Physics at JINR |website=cern.ch |access-date=7 July 2023 |date=23 June 2018}}
• INFN, since 1996.
• University of Turin, since 1999.{{Cite web |url=https://www.disat.polito.it/research/research_groups/fundint/theory_of_fundamental_interactions |title=DISAT - Theory of Fundamental Interactions}}
• EPS, since 1990.{{cite web |url=https://www.eps.org/page/distinction_sitesDU |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023083201/https://www.eps.org/page/distinction_sitesDU |archive-date=23 October 2020 |title=EPS Historic Sites - JINR in Dubna - European Physical Society (EPS)}}

Former members: In December 2022 the Czech Republic,{{Cite web |url=https://ruski.radio.cz/chehiya-vyshla-iz-sostava-uchastnikov-rossiyskogo-obedinennogo-instituta-8770954 |title=From Czech Radio (in Russian) |date=31 December 2022}} Poland{{Cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20220301/sotrudnichestvo-1775896192.html |title=Польша заявила о прекращении научно-технического сотрудничества с Россией |publisher=РИА Новости |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301173652/https://ria.ru/20220301/sotrudnichestvo-1775896192.html}} and Ukraine{{Cite web |url=https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/ukraina-vykhodyt-zi-skladu-chleniv-obiednanoho-instytutu-iadernykh-doslidzhen |title=Кабінет Міністрів України - Україна виходить зі складу членів Об'єднаного інституту ядерних досліджень |website=www.kmu.gov.ua |access-date=7 July 2023 |language=uk}} terminated their membership and Bulgaria and Slovakia suspended their participation in JINR.{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-infrastructure-2022-7-eu-countries-pulling-back-from-joint-research-institute-in-russia/ |title=EU countries pulling back from joint research institute in Russia |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=26 March 2024}} The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was one of the founding states in 1956. It has been suspended from participating in JINR since 2015.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/map_maps/democratic-people-s-republic-of-korea/ |title=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) |access-date=7 July 2023}}

The main fields of the institute's research are:

• Theoretical physics
• Elementary particle physics
• Relativistic nuclear physics
• Heavy ion physics
• Low and intermediate energy physics
• Nuclear physics with neutrons
• Condensed matter physics
• Radiobiology
• Computer networking, computing and computational physics
• Educational programme

The JINR possess eight laboratories and University Centre.

The Superheavy Element Factory (SHE factory) at the JINR, opened in 2019, is a new experimental complex dedicated to superheavy element research. Its facilities enable a tenfold increase in beam intensity; such an increase in sensitivity enables the study of reactions with lower cross sections that would otherwise be inaccessible. Sergey Dmitriev, director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, believes that the SHE factory will enable closer examination of nuclei near the limits of stability, as well as experiments aimed at the synthesis of elements 119 and 120.{{cite journal |last1=Dmitriev |first1=S. |last2=Itkis |first2=M. |last3=Oganessian |first3=Y. |title=Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory |date=2016 |journal=EPJ Web of Conferences |volume=131 |issue=8001 |page=08001 |doi=10.1051/epjconf/201613108001 |bibcode=2016EPJWC.13108001D |url=https://inspirehep.net/record/1502737/files/epjconf-NS160-08001.pdf |doi-access=free}}{{cite web |title=Inauguration of the Factory of superheavy elements |date=26 March 2019 |publisher=Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |url=http://www.jinr.ru/posts/inauguration-of-the-factory-of-superheavy-elements/ |access-date=4 September 2019}}

More than 40 major achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at JINR, including:

• 1957 – prediction of neutrino oscillation, published in JETP by Bruno Pontecorvo{{cite journal |last1=Pontecorvo |first1=B. |year=1957 |title=Inverse beta processes and nonconservation of lepton charge |journal=Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki |volume=34 |page=247}} reproduced and translated in {{cite journal |year=1958 |title=[no title cited] |journal=Soviet Physics JETP |volume=7 |page=172}}
• 1976 – element 107 (bohrium){{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/bohrium#ref133868 |title=Bohrium | chemical element}}
• 1999 – element 114 (flerovium){{cite journal |last1=Oganessian |first1=Yu. Ts. |display-authors=etal |date=1999 |title=Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the ⁴⁸Ca + ²⁴⁴Pu Reaction |url=http://flerovlab.jinr.ru/linkc/flnr_presentations/articles/synthesis_of_Element_114_1999.pdf |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=83 |issue=16 |page=3154 |bibcode=1999PhRvL..83.3154O |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154 |access-date=17 March 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730232521/http://flerovlab.jinr.ru/linkc/flnr_presentations/articles/synthesis_of_Element_114_1999.pdf |url-status=dead}}
• 2000 – element 116 (livermorium){{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301 |title=Observation of the decay of ²⁹²116 |date=2000 |author=Oganessian, Yu. Ts. |journal=Physical Review C |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=011301 |bibcode=2000PhRvC..63a1301O |last2=Utyonkov |last3=Lobanov |last4=Abdullin |last5=Polyakov |last6=Shirokovsky |last7=Tsyganov |last8=Gulbekian |last9=Bogomolov|last10=Gikal |last11=Mezentsev |last12=Iliev |last13=Subbotin |last14=Sukhov |last15=Ivanov |last16=Buklanov |last17=Subotic |last18=Itkis |last19=Moody|last20=Wild |last21=Stoyer |last22=Stoyer |last23=Lougheed |last24=Laue |last25=Karelin |last26=Tatarinov}}
• 2002 – element 118 (oganesson){{Cite web |url=https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2018/oganesson-noble-but-not-a-gas/ |title=Oganesson - noble but not a gas}}
• 2003 – element 115 (moscovium) and element 113 (nihonium){{cite journal |url=http://www.jinr.ru/publish/Preprints/2003/178(E7-2003-178).pdf |title=Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction ²⁴³Am(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^291−x115 |author=Oganessian |display-authors=etal |journal=JINR Preprints |date=2003}}
• 2010 – synthesis of element 117 (tennessine){{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/07/science/07element.html?hp |work=The New York Times |title=Scientists Discover Heavy New Element |first=James |last=Glanz |date=6 April 2010}}

JINR has instituted awards to honour and encourage high-level research in the fields of physics and mathematics since 1961.

• The Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists – an award for young researchers in theoretical physics.
• The Bogolyubov Prize – an international award to scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics.
• The Bruno Pontecorvo Prize – is an award to scientists with contribution to elementary particle physics.

The first award was dedicated to Wang Ganchang, deputy director from 1958 to 1960 and the Soviet Professor Vladimir Veksler for the discovery of antisigma-minus hyperon.{{cite web |url=http://lhe.jinr.ru/StaraLesna2003/pdf/malakh.pdf |title=50thAnniversary of the Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |publisher=Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research |date=27 October 2003 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028173727/http://lhe.jinr.ru/StaraLesna2003/pdf/malakh.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Clarify|reason=which award?|date=February 2024}}

• Dmitry Blokhintsev (1956–1965)
• Nikolay Bogolyubov (1966–1988)
• {{ill|Dezső Kiss|hu|Kiss Dezső (fizikus)}} (1989–1991)
• Vladimir Kadyshevsky (1992–2005)
• {{ill|Alexei Sisakian|ru|Сисакян, Алексей Норайрович}} (2005–2010)
• {{ill|Mikhail G. Itkis|ru|Иткис, Михаил Григорьевич}} (May 2010–September 2011) ad interim
• Victor A. Matveev (2012–2020)
• Grigory V. Trubnikov (since 2021)

Wang Ganchang early 1950s.jpg|Wang Ganchang

USSR 1976 4503 2692 0.jpg|Postage stamp of the USSR, 1976

RUSMARKA-1660.jpg|Georgy Flyorov, founder of JINR

Yuri Oganessian.jpg|Yuri Oganessian

RIAN archive 110291 Kozulin checking the experiment readiness of the supersensitive analyzer.jpg|Eduard Kozulin, head of group at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, checking the experiment readiness of the super sensitive analyzer of heavy atoms mass.

Г.Дубна,_Московская_обл.,_Россия._-_panoramio_-_Oleg_Yu.Novikov_(2).jpg| a picture of JINR members

• Nuclotron
• Institute for Nuclear Research
• Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in Novosibirsk
• Institute for High Energy Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located south of Moscow
• Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located in Moscow proper
• Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists, an award for young scientists provided by JINR

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{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.jinr.ru JINR Website]
• [https://t.me/jinrofficial JINR Telegram Channel]
• [http://flnp.jinr.ru Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Website] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021195132/http://flnp.jinr.ru/ |date=21 October 2016 }}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Joint Institute For Nuclear Research}}

Category:Research institutes established in 1956

Category:Research institutes in Russia

Category:Nuclear research institutes

Category:Research institutes in the Soviet Union

Category:International research institutes

Category:Particle physics facilities

Category:Nuclear research institutes in Russia

Category:Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union

Category:Institutes associated with CERN