Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm ({{langx|ru|И́горь Евге́ньевич Тамм}}; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery and demonstration of Cherenkov radiation. He also predicted the quasi-particle of sound: the phonon; and in 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, proposed the Tokamak system.

Biography

File:Igor Tamm 2000 Russian stamp.jpg

Igor Tamm was born in 1895 in Vladivostok into the family of Eugene Tamm, a civil engineer, and his wife Olga Davydova. According to Russian sources, Tamm had German noble descent on his father's side through his grandfather Theodor Tamm, who emigrated from Thuringia.{{Cite web|url=http://elib.biblioatom.ru/text/priroda_1995_07/go,6/|title=К 100-летию Игоря Евгеньевича Тамма: "Природа". – 1995, № 7 – Электронная библиотека "История Росатома"|website=elib.biblioatom.ru}}{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.peoples.ru/science/physics/tamm/|title=Igor Tamm|last=Chernenko|first=Gennady|date=19 October 2004|encyclopedia=biographical encyclopedia peoples.ru|access-date=7 September 2009}} Although his surname "Tamm" is rather common in Estonia, other sources state he was Jewish or had Jewish ancestry.{{cite book |title = Understanding American Jewry|author=Sklare, Marshall |page =108| publisher = Transaction Publishers| year=1982|isbn=978-0-87855-454-6|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SUsUKZgDtX8C&pg=PA108}}{{cite book |title = Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament|author1=Comay, Joan |author2=Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia |page=362|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-26030-5}}{{cite book |title = The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995|author1=Schlessinger, Bernard S.|author2=Schlessinger, June H.|publisher=Oryx Press|year=1996|page=201|isbn=978-0-89774-899-5|quote=Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.}}{{cite book |title = Driven to innovate: a century of Jewish mathematicians and physicists|author=James, Ioan Mackenzie |publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=978-1-906165-22-2|page=262|author-link=Ioan James }}Van Huyssteen, Wentzel (2003). Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Volume 2. MacMillan Reference USA. p. 493.{{cite journal|last=Kuchment|first=Mark|date=June 1988|title=Reminiscences About I.E. Tamm|journal=Physics Today|volume=41|issue=6|doi=10.1063/1.2811465|page=82|quote=It is the story of a baptized German Jew (Tamm means "naive" in Hebrew)...|bibcode=1988PhT....41f..82F}}{{cite book|first=Noah|last=Efron|author-link=Noah Efron|title=A Chosen Calling: Jews in Science in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781421413822|quote=...Ilya Frank, Igor Tamm, and Lev Landau... Frank, Tamm and Landau – were, like Ioffe himself, born to Jewish parents...}}{{cite book|first=Burton|last=Feldman|title=The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige|url=https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld|url-access=registration|publisher=Arcade Publishing|year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld/page/407 407]|isbn=978-1559705929}}{{cite book|first=Darryl|last=Lyman|title=Jewish Heroes & Heroines: Their Unique Achievements|publisher=Jonathan David|year=1996|page=116|isbn=978-0824603885}}

He studied at a gymnasium in Elisavetgrad (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine). In 1913–1914 he studied at the University of Edinburgh together with his school-friend Boris Hessen.

At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the army as a volunteer field medic. In 1917 he joined the Revolutionary movement and became an active anti-war campaigner, serving on revolutionary committees after the March Revolution.[http://www.hipersona.ru/nobel-laureates/nl-physics/1463-igor-tamm Игорь Тамм] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308050249/http://www.hipersona.ru/nobel-laureates/nl-physics/1463-igor-tamm |date=8 March 2016 }}. Hipersona.ru. Retrieved on 14 July 2014. He returned to the Moscow State University from which he graduated in 1918.

Tamm married Nataliya Shuyskaya (1894–1980) in September 1917. Shе belonged to a noble Rurikid Shuysky family. They eventually had two children, Irina (1921–2009, chemist) and Evgeny (1926–2008, experimental physicist and famous mountain climber, leader of the Soviet Everest expedition in 1982[http://www.russianclimb.com/newsarchives50_en.html Mountaineering, climbing. January – February 2008 news]. Russianclimb.com. Retrieved on 14 July 2014.).

On 1 May 1923, Tamm began teaching physics at the Second Moscow State University. The same year, he finished his first scientific paper, Electrodynamics of the Anisotropic Medium in the Special Theory of Relativity.Feinberg, E. L. (1987) Reminiscences about I. E. Tamm. Nauka In 1928, he spent a few months with Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden and made a life-long friendship with Paul Dirac.[https://ilorentz.org/history/Dirac/Dirac.html Reminiscence of a boat trip of Tamm and Paul Dirac, April 1928]. ilorentz.org.[https://cds.cern.ch/record/258359/files/P00020744.pdf Paul Dirac and Igor Tamm Correspondence]. cds.cern.ch. From 1934 until his death in 1971 Tamm was the head of the theoretical department at Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow.

In 1932, Tamm published a paper with his proposal of the concept of surface states. This concept is important for metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) physics.

In 1934, Tamm and Semen Altshuller suggested that the neutron has a non-zero magnetic moment,Tamm, I.E. and Alshuler, S.A. "Magnetic moment of a neutron", Reports of the Academy of Science USSR, 1, 8, 455 (1934) (in Russian){{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/134380b0| title = Nuclear Magnetic Moments and the Properties of the Neutron| journal = Nature| volume = 134| issue = 3384| pages = 380| year = 1934| last1 = Tamm | first1 = I. |bibcode = 1934Natur.134..380T | s2cid = 4049820| doi-access = free}} the idea was met with scepticism at that time, as the neutron was supposed to be an elementary particle with zero charge, and thus could not have a magnetic moment. The same year, Tamm coined an idea that proton-neutron interactions can be described as an exchange force transmitted by a yet unknown massive particle,{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/133981a0| title = Exchange Forces between Neutrons and Protons, and Fermi's Theory| journal = Nature| volume = 133| issue = 3374| pages = 981| year = 1934| last1 = Tamm | first1 = I. G. |bibcode = 1934Natur.133..981T | s2cid = 4104612| doi-access = free}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/1341010c0| title = Interaction of Neutrons and Protons| journal = Nature| volume = 134| issue = 3400| pages = 1010–1011| year = 1934| last1 = Tamm | first1 = I. |bibcode = 1934Natur.134R1010T | s2cid = 4131141}} this idea was later developed by Hideki Yukawa into a theory of meson forces.

In 1945 he developed an approximation method for many-body physics. As Sidney Dancoff developed it independently in 1950, it is now called the Tamm-Dancoff approximation.

He was the Nobel Laureate in Physics for the year 1958 together with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect.

In late 1940s to early 1950s Tamm was involved in the Soviet thermonuclear bomb project; in 1949–1953 he spent most of his time in the "secret city" of Sarov, working as a head of the theoretical group developing the hydrogen bomb,Sakharov, Andrei (1990) Memoirs. Hutchinson. {{ISBN|0091746361}} however he retired from the project and returned to the Moscow Lebedev Physical Institute after the first successful test of a hydrogen bomb in 1953.

In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system for the realization of controlled thermonuclear fusion on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF. Results from the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device in 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, showed temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community. The western scientists visited the experiment and verified the high temperatures and confinement, sparking a wave of optimism for the prospects of the tokamak as well as construction of new experiments, which is still the dominant magnetic confinement device today.

In 1964 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.{{cite web|url=http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/5291/|title=List of Members|website=www.leopoldina.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}

Tamm was a student of Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam in science and life.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

Tamm was an atheist.{{cite book|title=About Science, Myself and Others|year=2005|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780750309929|author=Ginzburg, V. L.|page=253|quote=Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.}}{{cite book|title=Physicists: Epoch and Personalities|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9812834164|edition=2|author1=Feinberg, E. L. |author2=Leonidov, A. V. |page=86}}

Tamm died in Moscow, Soviet Union on 12 April 1971, the Lunar crater Tamm is named after him. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

References

External links

{{Nobelprize}} including his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1958 General Characteristics of Radiation Emitted by Systems Moving with Super-Light Velocities with Some Applications to Plasma Physics

Category:1895 births

Category:1971 deaths

Category:Nobel laureates in Physics

Category:Soviet Nobel laureates

Category:Experimental physicists

Category:Heroes of Socialist Labour

Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences

Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

Category:Moscow State University alumni

Category:Academic staff of Moscow State University

Category:Academic staff of Moscow State Pedagogical University

Category:Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology