Jonah's icefish

{{Speciesbox

| image = Neopagetopsis_ionah,_Jonah's_icefish.gif

| image_caption = Drawing by J.C. Hureau

| parent_authority = {{ill|Orvar Nybelin|sv|lt=Nybelin}}, 1947

| taxon = Neopagetopsis ionah

| authority = Nybelin, 1947

}}

Jonah's icefish (Neopagetopsis ionah) is a benthopelagic species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Channichthyidae, the crocodile icefishes. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Neopagetopsis. It is found in the Southern Ocean at depths of from {{convert|20|to|900|m|ft}}. It has a circum-Antarctic distribution on the continental slope and continental shelf, with the northernmost records from the South Shetland and the South Orkney Islands.

Taxonomy

Jonah's icefish was first formally described in 1947 by the Swedish ichthyologist {{ill|Orvar Nybelin|sv}} with the type locality given as near the Balleny Islands, Ross Dependency in Antarctica.{{Cof genus | genus = Neopagetopsis | access-date = 25 October 2021}} It is the only species in the genus Neopagetopsis.{{FishBase genus | genus = Neopagetopsis | access-date = 25 October 2021}} The genus name is a compound of neo which means "new"; and Pagetopsis, the name of a related genus to which this taxon bears a resemblance, but differs by having long pelvic fins and three lateral lines. The specific name refers to the Biblical prophet Jonah and is an allusion to the type being collected from the stomach of a whale.{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes7/ | title = Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 12 April 2021 | access-date = 25 October 2021 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}

Description

Jonah's icefish has a forward curving spine on the snout. There are 3–4 radiating ridges on the operculum, each ending at its rear with a spine; none of the other opercular bones have spines. The three lateral lines do not have any bony plates. The first and second dorsal fins are continuous. The dorsal fins hold 14–15 spines and 32–35 soft rays while the anal fin contains 29–32 soft rays. The well-developed first dorsal fins and fan-shaped pelvic fins are blackish while the other fins may be dusky or blackish in color. The overall color is a dark blackish-green or black on the body, although the belly is whitish; those of juveniles may have irregular dark markings present.{{cite book | editor1 = O. Gon | editor2 = P.C. Heemstra | name-list-style = and | year = 1990 | title = Fishes of the Southern Ocean | author1 = T. Iwami | author2 = K-H Koch | publisher = South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity | isbn = 9780868102115 | chapter = Channicthyidae Icefishes | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/240475#page/403/mode/1up}} This species attain a maximum total length of {{cvt|56|cm}}.

Distribution and habitat

Jonah's icefish is found in the Southern Ocean where it is circum-Antarctic on the continental shelf and slope, with the northernmost reports coming from the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. It is a benthopelagic species which occurs at depths between {{cvt|20|and|900|m}}. In January 2014 the first nesting Jonah's icefish records were made,{{Cite journal |last1=Riginella |first1=Emilio |last2=Pineda-Metz |first2=Santiago E. A. |last3=Gerdes |first3=Dieter |last4=Koschnick |first4=Nils |last5=Böhmer |first5=Astrid |last6=Biebow |first6=Harald |last7=Papetti |first7=Chiara |last8=Mazzoldi |first8=Carlotta |last9=La Mesa |first9=Mario |date=2021 |title=Parental care and demography of a spawning population of the channichthyid Neopagetopsis ionah, Nybelin 1947 from the Weddell Sea |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02913-5 |journal=Polar Biology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1725–1735 |doi=10.1007/s00300-021-02913-5 |bibcode=2021PoBio..44.1725R |s2cid=237681008 |issn=1432-2056}} and in February 2021 a larger colony estimated to be composed of approximately 60 million Jonah's icefish was found, both colonies were discovered inhabiting the Filchner Trough in the southern Weddell Sea, off the coast of Antarctica between {{convert|420|to|535|m|ft}}.{{Cite journal |last1=Purser |first1=Autun |last2=Hehemann |first2=Laura |last3=Boehringer |first3=Lilian |last4=Tippenhauer |first4=Sandra |last5=Wege |first5=Mia |last6=Bornemann |first6=Horst |last7=Pineda-Metz |first7=Santiago E. A. |last8=Flintrop |first8=Clara M. |last9=Koch |first9=Florian |last10=Hellmer |first10=Hartmut H. |last11=Burkhardt-Holm |first11=Patricia |last12=Janout |first12=Markus |last13=Werner |first13=Ellen |last14=Glemser |first14=Barbara |last15=Balaguer |first15=Jenna |date=2022 |title=A vast icefish breeding colony discovered in the Antarctic |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=842–850.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.022 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=35030328|s2cid=245936769 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022CBio...32E.842P |hdl=2263/90796 |hdl-access=free }} It is estimated that colony discovered in 2021 covers at least {{convert|240|km2|sqmi}}, with an average of one nest every {{convert|3.85|m2|sqft}} and a total biomass of {{convert|60,000|t|lb|sigfig=3}} of fish.

Biology

Jonah's icefish mainly feeds on fish, such as Dacodraco hunteri, Chaenodraco wilsoni, Pleuragramma antarcticum and Chionodraco sp., as well as krill, as adults. Young specimens, however, feed mainly on krill, especially Euphausia superba, and they are frequently caught along with their prey at {{cvt|10|to|15|cm}} total length. In the South Shetland Islands, both adults and juveniles show a marked preference for krill (only 3 out of 19 sampled specimens had consumed any kind of fish). This species has a more complete hemoglobin gene than other species of crocodile icefish; however, it is still nonfunctional.{{cite journal |last1=Near |first1=T. J. |title=A Genomic Fossil Reveals Key Steps in Hemoglobin Loss by the Antarctic Icefishes |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=10 August 2006 |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=2008–2016 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl071 |pmid=16870682 |doi-access= }}

Fisheries

Jonah's icefish is of no interest to commercial fisheries.