Ross Dependency

Following his discovery of Victoria Land in 1841, James Clark Ross took possession of this territory, along with the surrounding sea, on behalf of Britain. On 30 July 1923, the British Government passed an Order in Council under the British Settlements Act 1887, which defined the current borders of the Ross Dependency as follows:

{{quote|From and after the publication of this Order in the Government Gazette of the Dominion of New Zealand that part of His Majesty's Dominions in the Antarctic Seas, which comprises all the islands and territories between the 160th degree of East Longitude and the 150th degree of West Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency.}}

The Order in Council then went on to appoint the governor-general and commander-in-chief of New Zealand as the governor of the territory.{{Cite web |title=Ross Dependency Boundaries and Government Order in Council 1923 (SR 1923/974) (as at 17 August 1923), Imperial Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/imperial/1923/0974/latest/DLM1195.html |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}} This Order in Council was published in the New Zealand Gazette on 16 August 1923, and on 14 November 1923, the governor-general issued regulations extending New Zealand law to the Ross Dependency.

After the Order in Council was read in the New Zealand House of Representatives by the Prime Minister of New Zealand William Massey, a clarification was made by the Attorney-General Sir Francis Bell in the legislative council. Bell stated:

{{quote|The boundaries of New Zealand are not extended to include the Ross sea and adjacent lands. His Majesty's delegation to the Governor-General of New Zealand did not confer upon the government or parliament of New Zealand the same powers as were vested by the Constitution Act in respect of the Dominion itself. It might be assumed that in the administration of the Ross Dependency that he would invite advice from his New Zealand ministers and it was certain that details would be entrusted to the New Zealand Government. But his excellency was required in all matters of legislation and regulation for the Ross Territory to comply with instructions from the colonial secretary. There was no reason to believe that the Colonial Office would give such instructions without prior consultation with the Government of the Dominion, but the part which the New Zealand Government had agreed to take in enabling His Majesty to exercise jurisdiction in and over the Ross Territory must be taken on behalf of the Empire as a whole and not specially in the interests of New Zealand.}}

It has been said that the Order in Council contained no suggestion of a transfer to New Zealand of the United Kingdom's claim,See {{cite journal |title=New Zealand's Claims in the Antarctic |first=Ivor L. M. |last=Richardson |journal=New Zealand Law Journal |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=38–42

|ssrn=2257655 |year=1957 }} but the fact remains that the territory is administered by the Government of New Zealand.Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Sir Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 137 (word for word quote as at 2 May 2015) Technically, the claim is that of the monarch and they can exercise it through any of their governments.

At an Imperial Conference in 1930,{{cite web|url=https://www.statusquo.org/aru_html/html/impconf.html|title=Imperial Conferences|website=www.statusquo.org|access-date=2019-02-10|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307124002/http://statusquo.org/aru_html/html/impconf.html|url-status=dead}} it was agreed that the governors-general of the Dominions would be appointed by the king on the advice of the Dominion in question. And following the passing of the Statute of Westminster in 1931 (which was adopted in full by New Zealand in 1947), the Government of the United Kingdom relinquished all control over the government of New Zealand. This however had no bearing on the obligations of the governor-general of New Zealand in their capacity as governor of the Ross Dependency on the appointment of the Government of the United Kingdom. Then in the year 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed by twelve nations, which included both the United Kingdom and New Zealand.{{cite web |url= https://www.state.gov/antarctic-treaty/ |title=Antarctic Treaty |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=2 May 2020}}

The New Zealand government began to take some interest in the territory in 1955. As reliance on the United Kingdom waned, New Zealand's exercise of authority began to rely on the United States, which maintained a much larger presence in the territory, despite the United States not recognising the New Zealand claim and reserving the right to make a claim of its own. The New Zealand Scott Base was established close to the American McMurdo Station, and Americans in the territory are exempt from taxation, customs, and criminal jurisdiction in minor matters.{{cite book |last1=Sahurie |first1=Emilio J. |title=The International Law of Antarctica |date=27 November 2023 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004639287 |pages=17–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMX7EAAAQBA}}

File:Dry Valleys and McMurdo Sound - LIMA image.png

File:Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg on Ross Island]]

The actual amount of land mass claimed is not large; most of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Antarctic Ocean. It is the second-smallest of the claims which were made before the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and the suspension of all territorial claims to Antarctica proper. Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency. The New Zealand Geographic Board has named many features within the Dependency.{{cite web |title=Southern Ocean and Ross Dependency |url=https://www.linz.govt.nz/sea/charts/paper-charts/nz202-chart-catalogue/region-southern-ocean-and-ross-dependency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804134231/https://www.linz.govt.nz/sea/charts/paper-charts/nz202-chart-catalogue/region-southern-ocean-and-ross-dependency |archive-date=4 Aug 2021 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) |language=en-NZ}}

The scientific bases of Scott Base (New Zealand), McMurdo Station (US), Zucchelli Station (Italy) and Jang Bogo Station (South Korea) are the only permanently occupied human habitations in the area, though Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (US) is partially within the territory and dependent on logistics operations based in New Zealand. China is establishing a year-round research station at Inexpressible Island in Terra Nova Bay of the Ross Sea that opened in 2024.{{cite news |first=Nengye |last=Liu |title=What does China's fifth research station mean for Antarctic governance? |work=The Diplomat |date=28 June 2018 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/what-does-chinas-fifth-research-station-mean-for-antarctic-governance/ }} The Dependency has access to US Antarctic Program-maintained snow runways at Williams Field and Phoenix Airfield. This guarantees accessibility by wheeled and ski-equipped aircraft year-round.

From 1969 to 1995 New Zealand operated a summer-only base called Vanda Station in the Dry Valley area of the Dependency.{{cite web |title=Vanda Station |url=https://antarctica.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/37814 |website=Antarctica NZ |access-date=2 May 2020}}

The New Zealand Defence Force is tasked with providing support for New Zealand programmes in Antarctica. This is provided by the Royal New Zealand Air Force's C-130J and Boeing 757 aircraft. New Zealand military personnel also fulfill communications, logistics and other duties at Scott Base.{{cite web |title=Our history: Decades of flying to the ice |url=https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/media-centre/news/our-history-decades-of-flying-to-the-ice/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |date=27 January 2023 |website=New Zealand Defence Force |language=en-NZ}} In 2020, the Royal New Zealand Navy commissioned a new logistics support ship, {{HMNZS|Aotearoa}}, which is a Polar-class Level 6 vessel (Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice){{cite web |title=HMNZS Aotearoa: How the Royal New Zealand Navy's Largest Ship Uses ISR Mission Software to Power Global Sustainment |url=https://cartenav.com/case-study/hmnzs-aotearoa/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=CarteNav |date=7 June 2023 |language=en-NZ}} capable of berthing at McMurdo Station (ten minutes by jeep from Scott Base){{cite magazine |title=Where U.S., Kiwis Are Neighbors |url=https://www.wired.com/2001/12/where-u-s-kiwis-are-neighbors/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |date=6 December 2001 |last=Griggs |first=Kim |magazine=Wired}} for resupply purposes.{{cite web |title=Successful resupply mission to Antarctica proves capability of NZ Navy ship |url=https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/media-centre/news/successful-resupply-mission-to-antarctica-proves-capability-of-nz-navy-ship/ |date=16 February 2022 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=New Zealand Defence Force |language=en-NZ}}{{cite web |title=HMNZS Aotearoa |url=https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/nzdf/our-equipment/ships-and-watercraft/hmnzs-aotearoa/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=New Zealand Defence Force |language=en-NZ}}

About 1.12 million square kilometres of the Ross Sea region have been declared a Marine Protected Area (MPA). In this regard, the Navy is tasked with conducing Southern Ocean patrols during the fishing season to enforce international rules and fight against illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing.{{cite web |title=Antarctic Haven |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/environment/antarctica-and-the-southern-ocean/antarctic-haven/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=New Zealand - Foreign Affairs and Trade |language=en-NZ}}

Greenpeace maintained its Antarctic station in the Ross Dependency called World Park Base from 1987 to 1992, which was on Ross Island. As this base was a non-governmental entity, the official policy of the signatory nations of the Antarctic Treaty was not to give any support or assistance to it.

File:Flag of the Ross Dependency (unofficial).svg

In 1979, an Air New Zealand sightseeing flight crashed into the slopes of Mount Erebus killing all 257 people on board. It was the most deadly air crash in the history of both Antarctica and New Zealand (see Mount Erebus disaster).

In the summer of 1985, when the British non-governmental exploratory vessel Southern Quest sank in the Ross Sea, the United States Coast Guard helicopters rescued the crew, who were taken to McMurdo Station. The British expedition was criticised by scientists in the Antarctic because the rescue and return of the crew disrupted their work.{{cite web|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/gooant/gooant0207.htm|title=Robert Swan Expedition 1984-85|publisher=Glasgow Digital Library|access-date=2007-03-25}}

In 2006, the New Zealand police reported that jurisdictional issues prevented them from issuing warrants for potential American witnesses who were reluctant to testify during the Christchurch Coroner's investigation into the poisoning death of Rodney Marks at the South Pole base.

{{Further|Postage stamps and postal history of the Ross Dependency}}

{{Portal|New Zealand}}

• Territorial claims in Antarctica
• Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica

{{reflist|group=n}}

{{reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|Ross Dependency}}

• [https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/environment/antarctica-and-the-southern-ocean/ Antarctica and the Southern Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807072606/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/index.php |date=2011-08-07 }} – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Outline of NZ's involvement
• [https://www.antarcticanz.govt.nz/ Antarctica New Zealand] – Crown entity charged with administering, developing, and managing Ross Dependency
• [http://www.scottbase50years.co.nz/ 50 years of Scott Base] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309140245/http://www.scottbase50years.co.nz/ |date=2014-03-09 }}
• [http://www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/history.html History – From University of Canterbury]
• [http://stamps.nzpost.co.nz/Cultures/en-NZ/Stamps/OtherCountriesAndTerritories/RossDependency/ Stamps of Ross Dependency]
• [http://www.100megsfree3.com/glaw/scott/maps.htm Map of Ross Dependency (central part)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501171945/http://www.niwa.cri.nz/rc/antarctica Scientific Research by NIWA in Antarctica]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417041623/http://piction.imagelab.co.nz/dompost/index.html Dominion Post Photos of Antarctica: enter, go to Categories:Places;Antarctica]
• [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/antarctica-and-nz Antarctica and New Zealand], NZ Ministry for Culture and Heritage
• Quartermain, L. B. (1971) New Zealand and the Antarctic. Wellington.

{{Administrative divisions of New Zealand}}

{{British overseas territories}}

{{Antarctic territorial claims}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:States and territories established in 1923

Category:Dependent territories of New Zealand

Category:1923 establishments in Antarctica