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Juang language

{{Short description|Munda language of Odisha, India}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Juang

| nativename = {{lang|jun-Orya|ଜୁଆଙ୍ଗ}}

| states = India

| region = Odisha

| coordinates = {{coord|20|9|0|N|85|30|0|E}}

| ethnicity = Juang

| speakers = {{sigfig|30,400|1}}

| date = 2011 census

| ref = e25

| familycolor = Austroasiatic

| fam2 = Munda

| fam3 = South

| script = Odia

| iso3 = jun

| glotto = juan1238

| glottorefname = Juang

}}

The Juang language is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily by the Juang people of Odisha state, eastern India.

Classification

The Juang language belongs to the Munda language family, the whole of which is classified as a branch of the greater Austroasiatic language family. Among the Munda languages, Juang is considered to be most closely related to Kharia, although Anderson considers Juang and Kharia to have split off from each other relatively early.

Juang can be roughly divided into the Hill and Plains varieties, both of which are spoken in Odisha (Patnaik 2008:508).

Distribution

Juang is spoken by about 30,875 people according to the 2001 Indian census, 65% of ethnic population{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}} In Odisha state, it is spoken in southern Keonjhar district, northern Angul district, and eastern Dhenkanal district (Patnaik 2008:508).

Juang is currently an Endangered language and is considered to vulnerable, or (not spoken by children outside of home).

Juang currently has roughly under 20,000 speakers remaining

Phonology

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

style="text-align: center;"

!Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Mid

|{{IPA link|e̞|e}}

|

|{{IPA link|o|o}}

style="text-align: center;"

!Open

|

|{{IPA link|a|a}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

!Bilabial

!Alveolar

!Retroflex

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

rowspan="2" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}

|{{IPA link|ʈ}}

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}

|{{IPA link|ɖ}}

|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

colspan="2" |Fricative

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɳ}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|{{IPA link|l}},{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ɭ}}

|{{IPA link|y}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Flap

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

= Prosody =

Stress in phonological words is always released on the second syllable. In sentence, intonation falls on the last word, usually a verb.

Grammar

Being in state of assimilation into larger Indo-Aryan populations, Juang speakers have borrowed a significant portion of vocabulary from Hindi and Oriya, while the head-marking feature of the language is eroding.

=Nominal=

Juang differentiates three numbers: singular (unmarked), dual (-kia), and plural (-ki).

The number system is divided into two sets which are used depending on degree of honorificity. For examples, muinʈo ('one') is used to refer something in non-honorific expression, and minog (one.HON) is used to address something in respectful way.

Numeral classifier goʈa is used when numerals occur prenominally.

{{Interlinear|indent=3|tini goʈa uaɭi-ɖi-ki|three CLF child-DEF-PL|'three children'}}

Juang is a nominative-accusative language; pronouns and noun phrases are unmarked or marked by case markers to indicate syntactic roles.

Gender in Juang is marked by several affixes.

=Verb=

In Juang a number of roots are clearly exempt from the Transitive verb/Intransitive verb opposition, so that the function of the root can be determined only from its co-occurrence with the particular set of tense markers.

For Example,

pag- Set I 'to break' -Set II 'to be broken1

rag- Set I 'to tear' - Set II 'to be torn1

guj- Set I 'to wash' - Set II 'to be was

Juang verbs are increasingly becoming similar with those of Kharia: object indexing is being lost gradually due to superstratum pressure from Aryan. Nowadays, as it is, Juang object indexing is no longer obligatory or productive as compared to other Munda languages or at the time when Matson (1964) made his observation.{{Cite book|last=Matson|first=D. M.|year=1964|title=PhD Dissertation: A Grammatical Sketch of Juang|publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison}}Patnaik (2008:529)

class="wikitable"

|+ Transitive verb paradigm

colspan=2 rowspan=2|

!colspan="100%"| patient

{{gcl|1SG}}{{gcl|1DU}}{{gcl|1PL}}{{gcl|2SG}}{{gcl|2DU}}{{gcl|2PL}}{{gcl|3SG}}{{gcl|3DU}}{{gcl|3PL}}
rowspan="100%" {{Vertical header|va=middle|agent}}

! {{gcl|1SG}}

| || || || Ø-Σ/V/-m{{efn|Ø:unmarked, /V/–infixing a vowel, /mV/–infixing m(vowel of the verb stem).}} || Ø-Σ/V/-pa || Ø-Σ/V/-pe || Ø-Σ/V/-Ø || (-kia) || (-ki)

{{gcl|1DU}}.{{gcl|INCL}}

| || || || ba-Σ-m || ba-Σ-pa || ba-Σ-pe || || ||

{{gcl|1PL}}.{{gcl|EXCL}}

| || || || nV-Σ-m || nV-Σ-pa || nV-Σ-pe || || ||

{{gcl|2SG}}

| mV-Σ-ŋ || mV-Σ-ŋba || mV-Σ-ɲeniɲ || || || || || ||

{{gcl|2DU}}

| a-Σ-ŋ || a-Σ-ŋba || a-Σ-ɲeniɲ || || || || || ||

{{gcl|2PL}}

| V-Σ-ŋ || V-Σ-ŋba || V-Σ-ɲeniɲ || || || || || ||

{{gcl|3SG}}

| Σ/mV/-ŋ || Σ/mV/-ŋba || Σ/mV/-ɲeniɲ || Σ/mV/-m || Σ/mV/-pa || Σ/mV/-pe || || ||

{{gcl|3DU}}

| Σ-ŋ-kia || Σ-ŋba-kia || Σ-ɲeniɲ-kia || Σ-m-kia || Σ-pa-kia || Σ-pe-kia || || ||

{{gcl|3PL}}

| Σ-ŋ-ki || Σ-ŋba-ki || Σ-ɲeniɲ-ki || Σ-m-ki || Σ-pa-ki || Σ-pe-ki || || ||

Writing System

The writing system used by people who speak the Juang language is Odia.

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}

  • [https://repository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74054/1/SCST_2018_dict_0138.pdf Odia-Juang Sabdakosh]
  • Mahapatra, B. P.. “Comparative Notes on Juang and Kharia Finite Verbs”. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 13 (1976): 801–814.
  • Patnaik, Manideepa. 2008. "Juang". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 508–556. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-32890-X}}.
  • {{Cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Orya|title=ScriptSource - Oriya|website=scriptsource.org|access-date=2016-05-02}}
  • {{Cite book |title= Linguistic Survey of India – Orissa |publisher=Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India |year=2002|chapter=Juanga |first=S. |last=Rajendra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34817/download/38505/LSI_ORISSA.pdf |page=335–371}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4341/samples/10020
  • http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4341

{{Austroasiatic languages}}

Category:Languages of India

Category:Munda languages

Category:Endangered languages of India

{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}