Judaea Capta coinage

The inscription appears in several versions, {{lang|la|IUDAEA CAPTA}} ("Judaea [has been] conquered"/"conquered Judaea"), in rare cases the harsher {{lang|la|IUDAEA DEVICTA}} or {{lang|la|DEVICTA IUDAEA}} ("Judaea [has been] defeated"/"defeated Judaea"), and also {{lang|la|DE IUDAEIS}} ("[the booty] from the Judaeans") and {{lang|la|IUDAEA}} ("Judaea").D. Bernard Hoenig, "[https://members.bib-arch.org/biblical-archaeology-review/7/2/6 The Other Side of the Coin: Israel answers ancient Rome's Judea Capta series with Liberata medals]", Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR) 7:2, March/April 1981 The inscription may also be in Greek, IOYΔAIAΣ EAΛΩKYIAΣ (Ioudaias Healōkyias),Nili Ahipaz, The Coins from Herodium — the Tomb Area (Chapter 10), in Herodium: Final Reports of the 1972–2010 Excavations Directed by Ehud Netzer, Volume I: "Herod's Tomb Precinct", p. [http://herodium.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/team/Her1_Ahipaz.pdf 423]. Israel Exploration Society, Jerusalem 2015. {{ISBN|978-965-221-099-9}}. a translation of the Latin {{lang|la|IUDAEA CAPTA}}, or it may sometimes be absent, in which case the assessment on whether the coin belongs to the series is made based on the typical imagery used by the mint.{{cite book |author= Andrea Moresino-Zipper |title= Die Judaea-Capta-Münze und das Motiv der Palme. Römisches Siegessymbol oder Repräsentation Judäas? (The Judaea Capta coin and the image of the palm tree: Roman symbol of victory, or representation of Judaea?) |pages=61, 64–67 |work= Jerusalem und die Länder: Ikonographie - Topographie - Theologie |series= Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus/Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments (NTOA/StUNT) (Book 70) |editor= Gerd Theissen|display-editors=etal |year= 2009 |location= Göttingen |publisher= Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn= 9783525533901 |language= German |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3KbFImRPdT0C&pg=PA61 |access-date= 26 July 2018 }}

The obverse of the coins typically featured portraits of either Vespasian or, more commonly, Titus.{{Cite book |title=The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-25706-0 |editor-last=Berlin |editor-first=Andrea |location=London ; New York |pages=215 |editor-last2=Overman |editor-first2=J. Andrew}} The reverse depicted symbolic imagery, including a mourning woman, representing the Jewish people, seated beneath a date palm, a symbol of Judaea.{{Cite book |last=Magness |first=Jodi |title=The archaeology of the Holy Land: from the destruction of Solomon's Temple to the Muslim conquest |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19535-5 |location=Cambridge & New York |pages=166–167}} The palm tree can appear on the coin either in combination with the mourning woman, or without her. Andrea Moresino-Zipper contests that in the former case, it is the woman who symbolises the defeated Judaea and the palm stands for victorious Rome, while in the latter case the palm tree does represent Judaea.

The Judaea Capta coins were struck for 25 years under Vespasian and his two sons who succeeded him as Emperor - Titus and Domitian. These commemorative coins were issued in bronze, silver and gold by mints in Rome, throughout the Roman Empire, and in Judaea itself.Handbook of Biblical Numismatics p.[http://www.amuseum.org/book/page15.html 15] They were issued in every denomination, and at least 48 different types are known.Howard Brin, Judaea Capta CoinageSee {{cite web|url=http://judaea.chimehost.net/main/ivd.html |title=Judaea Capta Coins Sheet - Domitian |accessdate=2010-07-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704033143/http://www.judaea.chimehost.net/main/ivd.html |archivedate=2010-07-04 }}

Only bronze 'Judaea Capta' coins were struck in Caesarea, in the defeated Roman province of Judaea. These coins are much cruder than the Roman issues, and the inscriptions are in Greek rather than Latin. The designs seems to have modified the imagery to avoid offending the Jewish population, omitting provocative motifs such as a half-naked captive. They feature the goddess Nike writing on a shield, Minerva with a spear, shield, trophy and palm tree, etc. Most such coins were issued during the reign of the Emperor Domitian (AD 81-96).

Unusually, a 'Judaea Capta' coin was also minted by the Jewish ruler Agrippa II, the great-grandson of Herod the Great.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Brought up in Rome at the court of Claudius, Agrippa was thoroughly Romanised and was a close friend of Titus, whom he supported throughout the First Jewish Revolt. His bronze coin was minted at Tiberias and shows a portrait of Titus on the obverse with the Greek inscription {{lang|grc-x-hellen|ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΣΕΒΑΣ ΑΥΤΟΚΡ ΤΙΤΟΣ}} (abbreviated for {{lang|grc-x-hellen|Καῖσαρ Σεβαστὸς Αυτοκράτωρ Τίτος}}, in Latin: {{lang|la|Caesar Augustus Imperator Titus}}), while the reverse depicted the goddess Nike advancing right holding a wreath and palm branch over her shoulder, with a star in upper right field and the inscription 'ETO - KS BA AGRI-PPA'.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

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• [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/titus/i.html Titus coinage, including Judaea Capta coins]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704033143/http://www.judaea.chimehost.net/main/ivd.html List of all the Judaea Capta coins with pictures and descriptions]
• [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/vespasian/i.html Vespasian coinage, including Judaea Capta coins]
• [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/domitian/i.html Domitian coinage, including Judaea Capta coins]
• [http://www.amuseum.org/book/page15.html Judaea Capta coins on The Handbook of Biblical Numismatics]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071020035420/http://www.jewishhistory.com/jh.php?id=Roman&content=content%2Fjudea_capta_coin 'Judaea Capta' coins on Jewish History.com]
• [http://research.haifa.ac.il/~hecht/archaeology/Judea_Capta.html Gold 'Judaea Capta' coin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223180645/http://research.haifa.ac.il/~hecht/archaeology/Judea_Capta.html |date=2007-12-23 }}
• [http://etext.virginia.edu/kinney/small/n18.htm 'Judaea Capta' coinage on The Abraham Cowley Text and Image Archive]
• [http://www.garstang.us/judaean/firstrevolt.htm 'Judaea Capta' coinage]
• [https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/36/1/27 "Roman Coins Boast 'Judaea Capta'"] Biblical Archaeology Society
• [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=11162 Coinage of the Flavian Dynasty Gallery featuring many 'Judaea Capta' coins]

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