Judeo-Urdu
{{Short description|Hindustani dialect of Indian Jews}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Judeo-Urdu
| altname =
| states = Indian subcontinent
| speakers =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = Indo-Iranian
| fam3 = Indo-Aryan
| fam4 = Central
| fam5 = Western Hindi
| fam6 = Hindustani
| fam7 = Urdu
| iso3 =
| glotto = jude1269
| glottorefname = Judeo-Urdu
| era = 18th century
| script = Hebrew script
| ethnicity = Baghdadi Jews
| image = Inder_Sabha_in_Judeo_Urdu.jpg
| imagecaption = Inder Sabha in Judeo-Urdu
| ietf = ur-IN-Hebr
}}
Judeo-Urdu ({{langx|ur|{{nq|یہود اردو}}|translit=yahūd urdū}}; {{Langx|he|אורדו יהודית|translit=ūrdū yehūdīt}}){{Cite journal |last=Hashmi |first=Arshad Masood |date=2018-08-01 |title=اندر سبھا کا یہود اردو مخطوطہ (A Judaeo-Urdu Manuscript of Indra Sabha) |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3993268 |journal=Social Science Research Network |language=en |location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=3993268 }} was a dialect of the Urdu language spoken by the Baghdadi Jews in the Indian subcontinent living in the areas of Mumbai and Kolkata towards the end of the 18th century. It is a dialect that was written in the Hebrew script and found to be used for several pieces of literature, such as Inder Sabha, a copy of which is kept at the British Library.
Writing system
The Judeo-Urdu dialect was written in the Hebrew script.{{Cite book |last=D. Rubin |first=Aaron |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463237349 |title=A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India |date=2016-12-31 |isbn=9781463237349 |doi=10.31826/9781463237349 |url-access=subscription}} The orthography is one of the primary reasons for this dialect being associated with Urdu, rather than Hindi, as the spelling of lemmas found in literature written in the Judeo-Urdu dialect seem to correlate with the Perso-Arab spelling. For instance, Arabic loanwords which contain the letters ط would be mapped to the Hebrew equivalent ט, a pattern which is consistent with other loanwords and loan-letters.
However, the representation of unique sounds found in Indo-Aryan languages, such as retroflex consonants as well as aspirated consonants, were not represented by unique or modified Hebrew letters. Rather, alveolar consonants were also used to represent these sounds paired with a Dagesh or Holam. This could create ambiguity as some letters, like Dalet, could denote up to four different phonemes, while an unvocalised Gimel could denote potentially up to five.
Vocabulary
| class="wikitable"
|+Example of words used in Judeo-Urdu !Standard Urdu !Judeo-Urdu !Meaning !Hebrew equivalent |
| align="right"|{{Unq|اُون٘ٹ}}
(ūṉṭ) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|אוּנְתּ|label=none|rtl=yes}} (ūnṭ) |'camel' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|גָּמָל|label=none|rtl=yes}} (gámál) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|بَکْری}}
(bakrī) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|בַכְּרי|label=none|rtl=yes}} (bakrī) |'goat' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|עֵז|label=none|rtl=yes}} ('ēz) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|پَتَّھر}}
(patthar) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|פַתַּר|label=none|rtl=yes}} (pattʰar) |'stone' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|אֶבֶן|label=none|rtl=yes}} (évén) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|گَدھا}}
(gadhā) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|גַּדָּא|label=none|rtl=yes}} (gadʱā) |'donkey' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|חֲמוֹר|label=none|rtl=yes}} (ḥämōr) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|جانْوَر}}
(jānvar) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|גַֹנָאוַור|label=none|rtl=yes}} ''(janāvar){{Efn|Dialectal form {{unq|جَناوَر}}, which corresponds with {{langx|mr|जनावर}}, j̈anāvar|group=note}} |'animal' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|בְּהֵמָה|label=none|rtl=yes}} (bhemáh) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|چُوہَا}}
(čūhā) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|גַווָא|label=none|rtl=yes}} (čawā){{Efn|Dialectal form {{unq|چُوَا}}, which corresponds with {{langx|mr|चुवा}}, ċuvā|group=note}} |'mouse' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|עַכְבָּר|label=none|rtl=yes}} ('aḵbár) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|حَلْق}}
(ḥalq) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|חָלַק|label=none|rtl=yes}} (ḥálaq) |'throat' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|גָרוֹן|label=none|rtl=yes}} (gárōn) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|کُتّا}}
(kuttā) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|כוּתָּא|label=none|rtl=yes}} (kūttā) |'dog' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|כֶּלֶב|label=none|rtl=yes}} (kélév) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|لَکْڑی}}
(lakṛī) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|לַכּרִי|label=none|rtl=yes}} (lakrī) |'wooden stick' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|עֵץ|label=none|rtl=yes}} ('ēṣ) |
| align="right"|{{Unq|مُرْغِی}}
(murḡī) |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|מוּרְגִי|label=none|rtl=yes}} (mūrġī) |'hen' |align="right"|{{Langx|ur|תַּרְנְגֹלֶת|label=none|rtl=yes}} (tarngolét) |
See also
References
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}{{Jews and Judaism|state=expanded}}
{{Urdu topics}}
{{Jewish languages}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages
Category:Jewish Indian history
Category:Languages attested from the 18th century
Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century
Category:18th century in India
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