Julien Benda#Bibliography

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Julien Benda ({{IPA|fr|ʒyljɛ̃ bɛ̃da|lang}}; 26 December 1867 – 7 June 1956) was a French philosopher and novelist, known as an essayist and cultural critic. He is best known for his short book, La Trahison des Clercs from 1927 (The Treason of the Intellectuals or The Betrayal by the Intellectuals).{{cite book |author= Benda, Julien |title= The Betrayal of the Intellectuals (La Trahison des Clercs) |translator= Aldington, Richard |translator-link= Richard Aldington |place= Boston |publisher= The Beacon Press |year= 1955 |url= https://archive.org/details/betrayalofintell0000bend/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access= registration |via= Internet Archive}}

Life

Born into a Jewish family in Paris, Benda had a secular upbringing.{{cite book |last1=Kritzman |first1=Lawrence D. |last2=Reilly |first2=Brian J. |last3=DeBevoise |first3=M. B. |title=The Columbia History of Twentieth-century French Thought |date=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-10790-7 |page=270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA270 |language=en}} He was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. After a period at the École Centrale Paris, he turned to history, and graduated at the Sorbonne in 1894.{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Christopher John |title=Encyclopedia of Modern French Thought |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45564-4 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4dAiIBzRIYC&pg=PA77 |language=en}}

His father's death in 1889 left Benda independently wealthy. He wrote for La Revue Blanche from 1891 to 1903. His articles on the Dreyfus affair were collected and published as Dialogues. He disagreed strongly with Henri Bergson, the leading light of French philosophy of his day, and launched an attack on him in 1911, when Bergson's reputation was at its height.Robert C. Grogin, Rationalists and Anti-Rationalists in pre-World War I France: The Bergson-Benda Affair, Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques

Vol. 5, No. 2 (Winter/Hiver 1978), pp. 223–231, at p. 224. Published by: Berghahn Books {{JSTOR|41298718}}

In July 1937 he attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals to the war in Spain, held in Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid and attended by many writers including André Malraux, Ernest Hemingway, Stephen Spender and Pablo Neruda.{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=The Spanish Civil War |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-01161-5 |page=678 |edition=50th Anniversary}}

Benda survived the German occupation of France and the Vichy regime 1940–1944, in Carcassonne. The journal of Jean Guéhenno described his life there, and his character: "Unbearable, yet likeable."{{cite book |last1=Guéhenno |first1=Jean |title=Diary of the Dark Years, 1940-1944: Collaboration, Resistance, and Daily Life in Occupied Paris |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-997086-5 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kD6FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |language=en}} He died in Fontenay-aux-Roses, on 7 June 1956.

Works

Benda is considered to be primarily an essayist.{{cite book |last1=Chevalier |first1=Tracy |title=Encyclopedia of the Essay |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-31410-1 |page=302 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOwBEsoNiUMC&pg=PA302 |language=en}} He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12051 |title=Nomination Database|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=19 April 2017}} His single nomination for the Goncourt Prize was in 1912 for L'Ordination. He lost out to André Savignon's novel Les filles de la pluie. Voting was tied, and the casting vote went to Léon Hennique, in a notorious election that caused Hennique to give up the presidency of the Académie Goncourt.{{cite book |last1=Kent |first1=Allen |last2=Lancour |first2=Harold |last3=Daily |first3=Jay E. |title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 24 - Printers and Printing: Arabic Printing to Public Policy: Copyright, and Information Technology |date=1978 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-2024-7 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCwqxVvW3zMC&pg=PA208 |language=en}}

=''La Trahison des Clercs''=

Benda is now best remembered for his short 1927 book La Trahison des Clercs, a work of considerable influence. It was translated into English in 1928 by Richard Aldington; the U.S. edition was titled The Treason of the Intellectuals, while the British edition was titled The Great Betrayal. Aldington's translation was republished in 2006 as The Treason of the Intellectuals, with a new introduction by Roger Kimball. This polemical essay argued that European intellectuals in the 19th and 20th centuries had often lost the ability to reason dispassionately about political and military matters, instead becoming apologists for crass nationalism, warmongering, and racism. Benda reserved his harshest criticisms for his fellow Frenchmen Charles Maurras and Maurice Barrès. Benda defended the measured and dispassionate outlook of classical civilization and the internationalism of traditional Christianity.

Closing this work, Benda darkly predicts that the augmentation of the "realistic" impulse to domination of the material world, justified by intellectuals into an "integral realism," risked producing an all-encompassing species-wide civilization that would completely cease "to situate the good outside the real world." Human aspirations, specifically after power, would become the sole end of society. In closing, he concludes bitterly, "And History will smile to think that this is the species for which Socrates and Jesus Christ died."Benda, Julien (1956). The Treason of the Intellectuals, W. W. Norton and Co., pp. 202–203.

Benda's word "clercs" was borrowed by Anne Appelbaum in her 2020 book Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism.{{cite news |last1=Laczo |first1=Ferenc |title=A Dreyfusard from the Right – Twilight of Democracy |url=https://visegradinsight.eu/democracy-applebaum-dreyfusard-from-the-right/ |accessdate=24 August 2020 |work=Visegrad Insight |date=13 July 2020}}

=Other works=

Other works by Benda include Belphégor (1918), Uriel's Report (1926), and Exercises of a Man Buried Alive (1947), an attack on the contemporary French celebrities of his time. Most of the titles in the bibliography below were published during the last three decades of Benda's long life; he is emphatically a 20th-century author.

In his 1933 publication Discours à la nation européenne, Benda responded to Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Addresses to the German Nation.{{Cite journal |last=Cadeddu |first=Davide |date=2023 |title=Julien Benda's political Europe and the treason of intellectuals |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2022.2121303 |journal=History of European Ideas |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=708–721 |doi=10.1080/01916599.2022.2121303 |hdl=2434/938015 |s2cid=252347376 |issn=0191-6599|hdl-access=free }}

Bibliography

L'ordination – 1911
English translation, The yoke of pity, by Gilbert Cannan – 1913
Les sentiments de Critias – 1917
Belphégor : essai sur l'esthétique de la présente société française – 1918
Les amorandes – 1922
La croix de roses ; précédé d'un dialogue d'Eleuthère avec l'auteur – 1923
Lettres à Mélisande – 1926
La trahison des clercs – 1927
English translation,The Betrayal of the Intellectuals, by Richard Aldington:
1955 (1928). Beacon Press. Introduction by Herbert Read.
The Treason of the Intellectuals
2006. Transaction Publishers. Introduction by Roger Kimball.
Cléanthis ou du Beau et de l'actuel – 1928
Properce, ou, Les amants de Tibur – 1928
La Fin de l’Éternel – 1929
Appositions – 1930
Esquisse d'une histoire des Français dans leur volonté d'être une nation – 1932
Discours à la nation européenne – 1933
La jeunesse d'un clerc – 1936
Précision (1930–1937) – 1937
Un régulier dans le siècle – 1937
Un Régulier dans le siècle (Paris, Gallimard) 1938
La grande épreuve des démocraties : essai sur les principes démocratiques : leur nature, leur histoire, leur valeur philosophique. – 1942
Exercice d'un enterré vif, juin 1940-août 1944 – 1945
La France Byzantine, ou, Le triomphe de la littérature pure : Mallarmé, Gide, Proust, Valéry, Alain Giraudoux, Suarès, les Surréalistes : essai d'une psychologie originelle du littérateur – 1945
Du poétique. Selon l'humanité, non-selon les poètes – 1946
Non possumus. À propos d'une certaine poésie moderne – 1946
Le rapport d'Uriel – 1946
Tradition de l'existentialisme, ou, Les philosophies de la vie – 1947
Du style d'idées : réflexions sur la pensée, sa nature, ses réalisations, sa valeur morale – 1948
Trois idoles romantiques : le dynamisme, l'existentialisme, la dialectique matérialiste – 1948
Les cahiers d'un clerc, 1936–1949 – 1949
La crise du rationalisme – 1949