Juliidae

Juliidae was named by Edgar Albert Smith in 1885. The type genus is Julia, named by Augustus Addison Gould in 1862. The family name Prasinidae was proposed earlier, by Stoliczka in 1871, but because Prasina is a junior synonym of Julia and use of Juliidae has become widely accepted, Juliidae is the correct name according to article 40.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

These bivalved gastropods were for a long time only known from fossils and dead material. Because of this, they had been described as being somewhat atypical bivalves. In the late 19th century they were classified among the bivalves, within the family Mytilidae, the mussels.George Washington Tryon, Jr. (1884). [https://archive.org/details/structuralsystem03tryo Structural and systematic conchology: an introduction to the study of the Mollusca. Volume III]. Philadelphia, published by the author, [https://archive.org/stream/structuralsystem03tryo#page/266/mode/2up page 267].

Julia was named by Augustus Addison Gould in 1862. He considered it a bivalve with similarities to Vulsella, Pedum, and Veneridae, but noted that it was difficult to classify due to its distinctiveness. Another genus that would later be identified as a juliid, Berthelinia, was named by H. Crosse based on a fossil in 1875. Crosse initially only had a single valve to study, and thus was unaware of its bivalved nature, and identified it as a gastropod similar to Hipponix. In 1887, with more material at hand, Crosse and Fischer realized that Berthelinia had a bivalved shell and accordingly reclassified it as a bivalve. Two shells of Julia were obtained during the Challenger expedition, and in Edgar Albert Smith's 1885 review of the bivalves collected from the expedition, he named the family Juliidae for the genus, noting that its systematic position was not yet determined.

In 1951, Arthur Day Howard reported a freshly dead shell found while washing green algae, and predicted the live animal would be found attached to green algae.

Until the mid-20th century, these creatures were still considered to be bivalves. Then, in 1959, living individuals of one species were collected on the green alga, Caulerpa, in Japan. It was immediately clear that these animals were, in fact, unusual gastropods with a two-part shell. The first-discovered live species of bivalved gastropod was Tamanovalva limax, described by Kawaguti & Baba (1959).

Once the habitat, appearance, and life habits of these very small and inconspicuous animals were understood, researchers in subsequent years were able to find a number of other species and genera in different parts of the world, also living on various species of Caulerpa.

File:Julia borbonica shell 2.jpg

File:Julia borbonica shell 3.jpg

As Tryon (1884) wrote in his description of the genus Julia: the shell is oblong, thick, and cordiform. The valves are closed, the margins entire and the valves are inequilateral. The lunule is deep circular, projecting into the interior of the right valve, the left valve is in the same place furnished with dentiform tubercles. The hinge line is simple and arched. The ligament is external and narrow. There are two muscle scars which are unequal and subcentral.

These animals have two valves, and the soft parts can be completely withdrawn inside the shell.{{in lang|cs}} de Bruyne R. H. (2004). Encyklopedie ulit a lastur. Rebo Productions, 336 pp., {{ISBN|80-7234-288-6}}, page 223. The two valves are usually thin and translucent.

In the genus Tamanovalva there is a protoconch on the apex of the left valve. This is clearly visible in the left valve of Tamanovalva babai.

The body of the live animals is in most cases green (as it is in many sacoglossans), and in many species the individual appears green in totality. This, combined with the very small overall size, makes the animal hard to see on the green algae on which it lives. This ability serves as crypsis, especially as cryptic coloration (camouflage). In two species [https://web.archive.org/web/20100615081143/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=midoaust] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20100615035745/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=edentypi] the camouflage is even more complete: the mantle of the animal is patterned in a way that closely resembles the structure of the alga on which it lives.

The empty valves of the shells of these animals are in some cases green, in other cases brownish-green or yellow, and in yet others, colorless. The species Julia zebra has shells that are finely striped with brown and blotched with white.{{Cite web|url=http://seaslugsofhawaii.com/species/Julia-zebra-b.html|title=Julia zebra: Shell}}

Species in this family occur in all tropical zone seas and all temperate zone seas.

After hatching, the juvenile snails immediately take their place on algae (the larval phase of veliger is extremely short).

Juliidae feed on green algae of the genus Caulerpa. Some species of Juliidae feed only on one species of Caulerpa; others feed on multiple species of this green alga.

This family is within the superorder Sacoglossa (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The family Juliidae consists of the following subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):

• subfamily Juliinae E. A. Smith, 1885 - synonym: Prasinidae Stoliczka, 1871
• subfamily Bertheliniinae Keen & A. G. Smith, 1961Keen & Smith A. G. (1961). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, 30(2): 50. - synonym: Tamanovalvidae Kawaguti & Baba, 1959
• † (fossil) subfamily Gougerotiinae Le Renard, 1980Le Renard J. (1980). Bulletin d'Information des Géologues du Bassin de Paris 17(2): 23.

The type genus of the family Juliidae is Julia Gould, 1862.

Based on a classification by Jensen (1996),Jensen K. R. (1996). "Phylogenetic systematics and classification of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 351(1335): 91–122. {{doi|10.1098/rstb.1996.0006}}. three recent genera were recognized in the family Juliidae:Händeler K., Grzymbowski Y. P., Krug P. J. & Wägele H. (2009). "Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life". Frontiers in Zoology 6: 28. {{doi|10.1186/1742-9994-6-28|doi-access=free}} {{PMID|19951407}}. Julia Gould, 1862; Berthelinia Crosse, 1875; Tamanovalva Kawaguti & Baba, 1959.

While Jensen (2007)Jensen K. R. (November 2007). [http://www.zfmk.de/BZB/BzB_55_3_05_Jensen.pdf "Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002824/http://www.zfmk.de/BZB/BzB_55_3_05_Jensen.pdf |date=2013-10-05 }}. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55(2006)(3-4): 255–281. recognized two recent genera with a few subgenera in the genus Berthelinia. Recent species listed here are based on Jensen (2007), fossil genera and species are based on Le Renard (1996):

• Julia Gould, 1862 - synonym: Prasina Deshayes, 1863
• (recent) Julia burni Sarma, 1975
• (invalid recent species) Julia cornuta (De Folin, 1867)
• (invalid recent species) Julia equatorialis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1944
• (recent) Julia exquisita Gould, 1862Rudman W. B. (4 October 2001). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=juliexqu "Julia exquisita (Gould, 1862)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615100558/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=juliexqu |date=15 June 2010 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009. - this species was mentioned in report by the Challenger expedition{{cite web |title=ZOOLOGY Part XXXV |work=REPORT of the SCIENTIFIC RESULTS of the VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-76 |pages=[https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0269.pdf 269], [https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0270.pdf 270] |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/htm/doc.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |via=19thCenturyScience.org }}
  {{*}}{{Cite web |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm |title=LINKED INDEX TO THE BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607215431/https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}
  {{*}}{{Cite web |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/README.htm |title=ZOOLOGY Part XXXV |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601143214/https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/README.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}
  {{*}}{{Cite web |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/htm/doc.html |title=Contents |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401110400/https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/htm/doc.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}
  {{*}}{{Cite web |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0269.pdf |title=Page 269 |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131103414/https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0269.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}
  {{*}}{{Cite web |url=https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0270.pdf |title=Page 270 |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2024-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131103557/https://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-35/PDFpages/0270.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}Bolland R. F. (2001). [http://rfbolland.com/okislugs/juliexqu.html "Okinawan Opisthobranch of the Week Julia exquisita"]. Last change of the page 12 March 2001.
• (recent) Julia japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1951[http://www.poppe-images.com/images/search_results.php?family=JULIIDAE Poppe-Images.com], accessed 11 May 2009
• (recent) Julia mishimaensis Kawaguti & Yamasu, 1982
• (recent) Julia thecaphora (Carpenter, 1857) - a probablePittman C. (10 October 2001). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=julizebr "Julia zebra Kawaguti, 1981"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615055939/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=julizebr |date=15 June 2010 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009. synonym is Julia zebra Kawaguti, 1981Kawaguti S. (1981). "A new bivalved gastropod Julia zebra". Bulletin of the Kawasaki Paramedical College 1: 9-13.
• (recent) Julia zebra Kawaguti 1981
• (fossil) Candinia Le Renard J., Sabelli B. & Taviani M. 1996Le Renard J., Sabelli B. & Taviani M. (March 1996). "On Candinia (Sacoglossa: Juliidae), a New Fossil Genus of Bivalved Gastropods". Journal of Paleontology 70(2): 230–235. {{JSTOR|1306386}}
• (fossil) Candinia pliocaenica Le Renard J., Sabelli B. & Taviani M. 1996 - from lower Pliocene near Siena in Italy.
• (fossil) Candinia krachi (Baluk & Jakubowski, 1968) - synonym: Berthelinia krachi Baluk & Jakubowski, 1968

• Berthelinia Crosse, 1875 - type genus of the subfamily Bertheliniinae

• subgenus Berthelinia Crosse, 1875
• (recent) Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963Rudman W. B. (4 October 2003). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=bertcari "Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502062019/http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=bertcari |date=2008-05-02 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
• (recent) Berthelinia chloris (Dall, 1918)Miller M. D. (2002). [http://slugsite.us/bow/nudwk312.htm "Berthelinia chloris"]. The Slug Site, accessed 11 May 2009.
• (invalid recent species) Berthelinia corallensis Hedley, 1920
• (recent) Berthelinia darwini Jensen, 1997
• (recent) Berthelinia ganapati Sarma, 1975
• (recent) Berthelinia pseudochloris Kay, 1964Kay E. A. (1964). "A new species of Berthelinia and its associated sacoglossans in the Hawaiian Islands". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 36: 191–197. [https://archive.today/20120717164311/http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/36/3/191 abstract].Pittman C. & Fiene P. (2009). [http://seaslugsofhawaii.com/species/Berthelinia-pseudochloris-a.html "Berthelinia pseudochloris"]. Sea Slugs of Hawaii, last change of the page 27 January 2009, accessed 10 May 2009.
• (recent) Berthelinia rottnesti Jensen, 1993
• (recent) Berthelinia schlumbergeri Dautzenberg, 1895
• (recent) Berthelinia waltairensis Sarma, 1975
• (fossil) Berthelinia elegans Crosse, 1875
• subgenus Midorigai : synonym of Berthelinia Crosse, 1875
• (recent) Berthelinia australis (Burn, 1960) - synonym: Midorigai australis Burn, 1960Rudman W. B. (16 October 2001). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=midoaust "Midorigai australis Burn, 1960"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615081143/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=midoaust |date=2010-06-15 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
• subgenus Tamanovalva Kawaguti & Baba, 1959 : synonym of Berthelinia Crosse, 1875
• (recent) Berthelinia babai (Burn, 1965) - synonym: Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965Rudman W. B. (16 October 2011). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=tamababa "Tamanovalva babai Burn, 1965"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615030027/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=tamababa |date=2010-06-15 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.Burn R. F. (1965). "Rediscovery and taxonomy of Edenttellina typica Gatliff and Gabriel". Nature 206(4985): 735–736.
• (recent) Berthelinia fijiensis (Burn, 1966)Burn R. (1966). "The Opisthobranchs of a caulerpan microfauna from Fiji". Proceedings of the Malacological Society London 37: 45. [https://archive.today/20120710110329/http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/37/1/45 abstract]
• (recent) Berthelinia limax (Kawaguti & Baba, 1959) - synonym: Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti & Baba, 1959 - a type species of the subgenus TamanovalvaKawaguti S. & Baba K. (1959). "A preliminary note on a two-valved sacoglossan gastropod, Tamanovalva limax, n. gen., n. sp., from Tamano, Japan". Biological Journal Okayama University 5(3-4): 177–184.Rudman W. B. (11 March 2002). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=tamalima "Tamanovalva limax Kawaguti & Baba, 1959"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615074104/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=tamalima |date=2010-06-15 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
• subgenus Edenttellina : synonym of Berthelinia Crosse, 1875
• (recent) Berthelinia typica (Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911) - synonym: Edenttellina typica Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911Gatliff J. H. & Gabriel C. J. (1911). "On some new species of Victorian marine mollusca". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 24: 189–192.Rudman W. B. (16 October 2001). [http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=edentypi "Edenttellina typica Gatliff & Gabriel, 1911"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615035745/http://seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=edentypi |date=2010-06-15 }}. Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney, accessed 10 May 2009.
• (fossil?) Anomalomya Cossmann, 1887
• (fossil?) Namnetia Cossmann, 1906
• (fossil?) Squamulinia Le Renard, 1989

• (fossil) Gougerotia Le Renard, 1980 - type genus of the subfamily Gougerotiinae
• (fossil) Gougerotia orthodonta Le Renard, 1980

? subfamily

• (fossil) Hemiplicatula Deshayes, 1861
• (fossil?) Saintia de Raincourt, 1877

The earliest known fossils of Juliidae date to the Eocene, though the group may have originated earlier, in the Paleocene. The earliest-appearing genera are Berthelinia, Gougerotia, Hemiplicatula, and Saintia, which are known from the Ypresian age ({{period start|Ypresian}}–{{period end|Ypresian}} million years ago) of the Paris Basin. Julia itself first appears in the Oligocene.

• Valve (mollusc)

{{notelist}}

This article incorporates public domain text from reference.

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{Cite journal| volume = 23| pages = 79–81| last = Crosse| first = H.| title = Description du nouveau genre Berthelinia| journal = Journal de Conchyliologie| date = 1875}}

{{Cite journal| volume = 35| pages = 305–311| last1 = Crosse| first1 = H.| last2 = Fischer| first2 = P.| title = Observations sur le genre Berthelinia| journal = Journal de Conchyliologie| date = 1887}}

{{Cite journal| volume = 8| pages = 280–284| last = Gould| first = Augustus A.| title = Descriptions of new genera and species of shells| journal = Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History| date = 1862}}

{{cite journal | first1 = A. D. | last1 = Howard | year = 1951 | title = The family Juliidae | journal = The Nautilus | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 84–87 }}

{{citation | last1 = Smith | first1 = E. A. | year = 1885 | title = Report on the Lamellibranchiata collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 | pages = 269–270 }}

}}

{{Commons category|Juliidae}}

• Cory Pittman & Pauline Fiene. 2009. [http://seaslugsofhawaii.com/general/juliidae.html Juliidae]. Sea Slugs of Hawaii.
• [http://www.umiushi.info/photo_species/photo_splist_eng.php?loc=0000&sopt=1&family=200030 Images of 4 species of Juliidae in Japan]
• [http://www.seaslugforum.net/display.cfm?id=1090 Photos of Julia exquisita]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Sea Slug Forum
• [http://www.seaslugforum.net/display.cfm?id=5373 Detailed photos of the shell of Julia exquisita]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at Sea Slug Forum
• {{in lang|ja}} http://taxonomist.symphonic-net.com/contents/Others/Julia/julia!.html{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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Category:Extant Eocene first appearances