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Kętrzyn

{{Short description|Town in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Kętrzyn

| other_name = Rastembork

| image_skyline = {{multiple image

| border = infobox

| total_width = 268

| image_style = border:1

| perrow = 1/2

| image1 = Kętrzyn Widok ogólny miasta z kościołem Św. Katarzyny.JPG{{!}}Panorama of Kętrzyn

| image2 = Ketrzyn, Poland - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Gothic Saint George Basilica

| image3 = 2009-07 Kętrzyn 2.jpg{{!}}Former Masonic Lodge

| caption1 = Panorama of the town

| caption2 = Saint George Basilica

| caption3 = Former Masonic Lodge}}

| image_flag = POL Kętrzyn flag.svg

| image_shield = POL Kętrzyn COA 1.svg

| pushpin_map = Poland

| pushpin_label_position = bottom

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{POL}}

| subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship

| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship|name=Warmian–Masurian}}

| subdivision_type2 = County

| subdivision_name2 = Kętrzyn

| subdivision_type3 = Gmina

| subdivision_name3 = Kętrzyn (urban gmina)

| leader_title = Mayor

| leader_name = Ryszard Niedziółka

| established_title = Established

| established_date = 1329

| established_title3 = Town rights

| established_date3 = 1357

| area_total_km2 = 10.34

| population_as_of = 2019

| population_total = 27478{{Cite web|url=http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Ketrzyn|title = Kętrzyn (Warmińsko-mazurskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia}}

| population_density_km2 = auto

| timezone = CET

| utc_offset = +1

| timezone_DST = CEST

| utc_offset_DST = +2

| coordinates = {{coord|54|5|N|21|23|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}

| postal_code_type = Postal code

| postal_code = 11-400

| area_code = +48 89

| blank_name = Car plates

| blank_info = NKE

| blank_name_sec2 = Voivodeship roads

| blank_info_sec2 = 32px 32px 32px

| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20041203003131/http://www.ketrzyn.pl/ ketrzyn.pl]

| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=11 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}

}}

Kętrzyn ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Kętrzyn.ogg|'|k|e|n|t|sz|y|n}}, until 1946 Rastembork; {{langx|de|link=yes|Rastenburg}} {{IPA|de|ˈʁastn̩bʊʁk||Rastenburg_pronunciation_standard_german.ogg}}) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship.

The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and numerous monuments of historical value such as the Wolf's Lair in nearby Gierłoż, which was Adolf Hitler's primary headquarters over the course of Nazi Germany's military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The town is also known for its 14th century Teutonic Kętrzyn Castle.

History

File:Altes Gymnasium Rastenburg.JPG, attended by Wojciech Kętrzyński between 1855 and 1859]]

The original inhabitants of the region were the Balt tribe of the Aesti, mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania (AD 98). The town, known in German as Rastenburg and in Polish as Rastembork, was established in 1329 in the State of the Teutonic Knights and was granted town rights in 1357 by Henning Schindekop.

After the Battle of Grunwald, in 1410, the mayor surrendered the town to Poland, however, it fell back to the Teutonic Knights in 1411. In 1440, the town joined the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jerzysikorski.pl/historia-miasta-k%C4%99trzyn |title=Historia miasta Kętrzyn | Dr Jerzy Sikorski |access-date=February 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421034159/http://www.jerzysikorski.pl/historia-miasta-k%C4%99trzyn |archive-date=April 21, 2018 |url-status=bot: unknown }} dr Jerzy Sikorski, Historia miasta Kętrzyn{{cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|year=1949|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|language=pl|location=Poznań|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|page=XXXVII}} Upon the request of the Confederation, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region and town to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454.Górski, p. 54 The town then recognized the Polish King as the rightful ruler and the townspeople sent their representative to Königsberg to pay homage to the King.Tomasz Darmochwał, Marek Jacek Rumiński, Warmia Mazury. Przewodnik, Agencja TD, Białystok, 1996, p. 123 (in Polish)

After the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466) the town was part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order's stateGórski, pp. 96–97, 214–215 and, from 1525 to 1701, it was part of the Duchy of Prussia, a Polish fief until 1657. In the second half of the 17th century, Poles constituted around a half of the town's population, the other half being Germans. In 1667, a Polish church school was established.

In 1701 the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and subsequently, in 1871, part of Germany. During the Seven Years' War, from 1758 to 1762, the town was occupied by the Russians, in June 1807, throughout the Napoleonic wars, the division of General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski was stationed in the town. Following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising, in 1832–1833, Polish insurgents, including several officers, were interned in the town.{{cite book|last=Kasparek|first=Norbert|editor-last=Katafiasz|editor-first=Tomasz|year=2014|title=Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu|language=pl|location=Koszalin|publisher=Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie|page=177|chapter=Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację}}

In the late 19th century a Polish Lutheran parish still existed,{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich|volume=IX|year=1888|language=pl|location=Warsaw|page=531}} despite the policy of Germanisation conducted by the Prussian authorities. In the second half of the 19th century, a sugar factory, brewery and mill were built.

=20th century=

File:Schron Kętrzyn 001.JPG from World War II in Kętrzyn]]

Rastenburg and the surrounding district was the scene of the First World War's First Battle of the Masurian Lakes and Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. During the Second World War Adolf Hitler's wartime military headquarters, the Wolf's Lair, was in the forest east of Rastenburg. The bunker was the setting for the failed assassination attempt of the 20 July plot against Hitler. During the war, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jews in the town.{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000640|title=Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Rastenburg|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=6 November 2020|language=de}}

In 1945, the area suffered devastation from both the retreating Germans and advancing Soviets during the Vistula-Oder campaign. Some ruins of the Wolf's Lair remain. The town was a Wehrmacht garrison town until it was occupied by the Red Army on 27 January 1945. The largely abandoned town was heavily destroyed by the Soviets.

After German surrender, the town was assigned to Poland by the Soviets. Sovereignty over the town was officially transferred on May 18, 1945.{{cite book|url=https://www.vffow.de/assets/downloads/dateien/Pr.%20Holland-Die%20Wende%201945_Diss.pdf|title=PREUßISCH HOLLAND/PASLEK – DIE WENDE DES JAHRES 1945. DIE VERTREIBUNG/AUSSIEDLUNG DER DEUTSCHEN BEVÖLKERUNG 1945-1947|author=Joanna Ewa Wisniewska|pages=91}} At the Potsdam Conference, the Western Allies accepted establishment of Polish rule. The town's surviving German residents who had not evacuated were subsequently expelled westward in accordance with provisions included in the Potsdam Agreement and replaced with Poles, most of whom were themselves expelled from the pre-war Polish Vilnius Region that was annexed by the Soviet Union and given to the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The town was given the historic Polish name Rastembork in 1945, and in 1946 it was renamed to Kętrzyn after the Polish historian, activist and patriot Wojciech Kętrzyński, who attended the local gymnasium in the years 1855–1859.{{cite web|url=http://www.miastoketrzyn.pl/|title=Urząd Miasta Kętrzyn – Zainwestuj w Kętrzynie|access-date=June 21, 2019}}{{cite book|author=Maria Malec|title=Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0koyAAAAMAAJ|access-date=May 4, 2012|year=2002|publisher=Wydawn. Naukowe PWN|page=122|isbn=9788301138578}}

After the war, the town's life was being rebuilt. In 1945, the Municipal Theater was established. Thanks to voluntary contributions, books were purchased for newly organized public libraries. A museum was created in the renovated castle.

From 1975 to 1998, Kętrzyn was administratively located in the Olsztyn Voivodeship.

Population

{{Historical populations|align=left|1900|11144|1910|11945|1925|13859|1939|19634|1950|11275|1960|16243

|source={{cite book|author=|title=Dokumentacja Geograficzna|volume=3/4|year=1967|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|page=20}}}}

{{clear|left}}

Climate

Kętrzyn's climate is either oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) or humid continental (Köppen: Dfb), depending on the isotherm used. The climate of the city has a considerable thermal amplitude, but still with some not so pronounced influence of the sea.{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=121850&cityname=Ketrzyn,+Warmian-Masurian+Voivodeship,+Poland&units=|title=Ketrzyn, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=August 5, 2019}}

{{Weather box

| width = 100%

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| location = Ketrzyn (Wilamowo Airport), elevation: {{convert|110|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1966–present

| Jan record high C = 12.3

| Feb record high C = 15.3

| Mar record high C = 22.6

| Apr record high C = 28.7

| May record high C = 30.6

| Jun record high C = 33.3

| Jul record high C = 35.1

| Aug record high C = 36.1

| Sep record high C = 35.5

| Oct record high C = 25.0

| Nov record high C = 17.8

| Dec record high C = 12.0

| year record high C = 36.1

| Jan high C = 0.1

| Feb high C = 1.4

| Mar high C = 5.9

| Apr high C = 13.4

| May high C = 18.7

| Jun high C = 21.6

| Jul high C = 24.0

| Aug high C = 23.6

| Sep high C = 18.3

| Oct high C = 11.9

| Nov high C = 5.6

| Dec high C = 1.6

| year high C = 12.2

| Jan mean C = -2.2

| Feb mean C = -1.4

| Mar mean C = 2.0

| Apr mean C = 8.0

| May mean C = 13.0

| Jun mean C = 16.1

| Jul mean C = 18.4

| Aug mean C = 18.0

| Sep mean C = 13.4

| Oct mean C = 8.1

| Nov mean C = 3.3

| Dec mean C = -0.5

| year mean C = 8.0

| Jan low C = -4.6

| Feb low C = -4.0

| Mar low C = -1.4

| Apr low C = 3.1

| May low C = 7.5

| Jun low C = 10.9

| Jul low C = 13.3

| Aug low C = 13.0

| Sep low C = 9.3

| Oct low C = 4.9

| Nov low C = 1.2

| Dec low C = -2.7

| year low C = 4.2

| Jan record low C = -30.7

| Feb record low C = -28.7

| Mar record low C = -24.0

| Apr record low C = -9.6

| May record low C = -3.7

| Jun record low C = -0.1

| Jul record low C = 4.7

| Aug record low C = 3.3

| Sep record low C = -2.5

| Oct record low C = -8.0

| Nov record low C = -21.4

| Dec record low C = -25.2

| year record low C = -30.7

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 32.6

| Feb precipitation mm = 27.6

| Mar precipitation mm = 35.3

| Apr precipitation mm = 36.0

| May precipitation mm = 58.4

| Jun precipitation mm = 74.7

| Jul precipitation mm = 80.9

| Aug precipitation mm = 73.9

| Sep precipitation mm = 55.6

| Oct precipitation mm = 54.7

| Nov precipitation mm = 44.4

| Dec precipitation mm = 36.5

| year precipitation mm = 610.6

| Jan snow depth cm = 9.5

| Feb snow depth cm = 9.4

| Mar snow depth cm = 6.1

| Apr snow depth cm = 2.1

| May snow depth cm = 0.3

| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0

| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0

| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0

| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0

| Oct snow depth cm = 0.6

| Nov snow depth cm = 2.9

| Dec snow depth cm = 6.1

| year snow depth cm =

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 16.63

| Feb precipitation days = 14.78

| Mar precipitation days = 14.33

| Apr precipitation days = 11.70

| May precipitation days = 12.97

| Jun precipitation days = 14.23

| Jul precipitation days = 14.80

| Aug precipitation days = 13.90

| Sep precipitation days = 12.63

| Oct precipitation days = 14.33

| Nov precipitation days = 15.43

| Dec precipitation days = 16.97

| year precipitation days = 172.71

| unit snow days = 0 cm

| Jan snow days = 18.4

| Feb snow days = 17.6

| Mar snow days = 10.1

| Apr snow days = 1.5

| May snow days = 0.0

| Jun snow days = 0.0

| Jul snow days = 0.0

| Aug snow days = 0.0

| Sep snow days = 0.0

| Oct snow days = 0.5

| Nov snow days = 4.4

| Dec snow days = 13.9

| year snow days = 66.4

| Jan humidity = 89.3

| Feb humidity = 86.8

| Mar humidity = 79.9

| Apr humidity = 71.1

| May humidity = 72.4

| Jun humidity = 76.1

| Jul humidity = 77.5

| Aug humidity = 76.7

| Sep humidity = 81.7

| Oct humidity = 86.2

| Nov humidity = 91.2

| Dec humidity = 91.1

| year humidity = 81.6

| Jan sun = 44.8

| Feb sun = 64.1

| Mar sun = 124.6

| Apr sun = 192.3

| May sun = 251.4

| Jun sun = 247.3

| Jul sun = 254.1

| Aug sun = 234.3

| Sep sun = 160.6

| Oct sun = 105.3

| Nov sun = 42.2

| Dec sun = 33.6

| year sun = 1754.4

| Jan uv =1

| Feb uv =2

| Mar uv =2

| Apr uv =4

| May uv =5

| Jun uv =5

| Jul uv =5

| Aug uv =5

| Sep uv =3

| Oct uv =2

| Nov uv =1

| Dec uv =1

| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE

| archive-date = 3 December 2021

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE

| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE

| archive-date = 15 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE

| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE

| archive-date = 15 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE

| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA

| archive-date = 9 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA

| title = Miesięczna suma opadu

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01

| archive-date = 15 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01

| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB

| archive-date = 15 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB

| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0

| archive-date = 21 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0

| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL

| archive-date = 15 January 2022

| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL

| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)

| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020

| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020),

{{cite web

| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354210185&par=tmax&max_empty=3

| title = Kętrzyn Absolutna temperatura maksymalna

| date = April 6, 2018

| publisher = Meteomodel.pl

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354210185&par=tmin&max_empty=3

| title = Kętrzyn Absolutna temperatura minimalna

| date = April 6, 2018

| publisher = Meteomodel.pl

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}}

{{cite web

| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=354210185&par=rh&max_empty=3

| title = Kętrzyn Średnia wilgotność

| date = April 6, 2018

| publisher = Meteomodel.pl

| language = pl

| access-date = 12 February 2022}} kiedy-jechac.pl (UV index){{Cite web|url=https://www.kiedy-jechac.pl/polska/ketrzyn-3145427/|title=Klimacie Kętrzyn – Temperatura • Kiedy jechać • Pogoda|website=Kiedy-jechac.pl|language=pl|access-date=August 5, 2019}}

}}

Sports

The local football team is {{interlanguage link|Granica Kętrzyn|pl}}. It competes in the lower leagues.

People

File:2005-09 Kętrzyn pomnik Kętrzynskiego.jpg in the town center]]

Gallery

File:Zamek w Kętrzynie 2.jpg|Kętrzyn Castle

File:Ratusz w Kętrzynie 001.jpg|Town Hall

File:2008-02 Kętrzyn 06.jpg|Saint Catherine of Alexandria church

File:Jezioro Kętrzyńskie.jpg|Kętrzyn Lake

File:Kętrzyn kościół ewangelicko-augsburski.jpg|Saint John church

File:Kętrzyn - Starostwo Powiatowe (02).jpg|Kętrzyn County seat

File:KĘTRZYN, AB - 046.JPG|Train station

File:KĘTRZYN, AB - 031.JPG|Tax office

File:Kętrzyn, ul. Traugutta 27 (pałacyk).jpg|Old townhouses in the town center

File:Ketrzyn Sikorskiego kamienice.jpg|Old townhouses in the town center

File:Ketrzyn Dworcowa 1 (1).jpg|Former bank building

File:K-pocztowa5-DSCN1228.jpg|Old house

International relations

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

=Twin towns – Sister cities=

Kętrzyn is twinned with:

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{Commons category|Kętrzyn}}

{{NIE Poster|Rastenburg}}

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20041203003131/http://www.ketrzyn.pl/ Municipal webpage]
  • [http://www.ketrzyn.net/ Kętrzyn]

{{Kętrzyn County}}

{{Gmina Kętrzyn}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

Category:Kętrzyn County

Category:Populated places established in the 1320s