Kadoorie Synagogue

{{Infobox religious building

| name = Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue

| native_name = {{langx|pt|Sinagoga Kadoorie Mekor Haim}}

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| image = Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue.jpg

| image_upright = 1.4

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| caption = The façade of the synagogue, along the Rua Guerra Junqueiro, in 2017

| religious_affiliation = Orthodox Judaism

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| rite = Nusach Sefard

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| organisational_status = Synagogue

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| governing_body = Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico

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| functional_status = Active

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| location = 340 Guerra Junqueiro Street, Lordelo do Ouro e Massarelos, Porto, Norte Region

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| country = Portugal

| map_type = Portugal Norte

| map_size = 250

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| map_caption = Location of the synagogue in the northern region of Portugal

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| coordinates = {{Coord|41|9|21.38|N|8|38|12.9|W|region:PT_type:landmark|display=it}}

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| architect = {{ubl|Augusto dos Santos Malta|Arthur de Almeida Jr.}}

| architecture_type = {{nowrap|Synagogue architecture}}

| architecture_style = Art Deco

| founded_by = Captain Artur Barros Basto

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| general_contractor = Pereira de Campos

| established = {{nowrap|1923 {{small|(as a congregation}}}}

| groundbreaking = 1929

| year_completed = 1938

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| facade_direction = West

| capacity = 350 seats

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| materials = Brick, azulejo, wood, concrete

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| website = {{url|comunidade-israelita-porto.org}} {{in lang|pt}}

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| footnotes = {{cite web |url=https://historicsynagogueseurope.org/browser.php?mode=set&id=20798 |title=Kadoorie - Mekor Haim Synagogue in Porto |work=Historic Synagogues of Europe |publisher=Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the Center for Jewish Art at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |date=n.d. |access-date=29 August 2024 }}

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The Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue ({{langx|pt|Sinagoga Kadoorie Mekor Haim}}), also the Porto Synagogue ({{langx|pt|Sinagoga do Porto}}), is an Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 340 Guerra Junqueiro Street, in the civil parish of Lordelo do Ouro e Massarelos, the municipality of Porto, in the northern region of Portugal.

The synagogue was completed in 1938 in the Art Deco style, and is the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula.

History

The foundation of the synagogue dates to 1923, with the initiatives of the Jewish community in Porto and of Captain Artur Barros Basto, who converted to Judaism.{{cite web |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=5567 |title=Sinagoga do Porto/Sinagoga Kadoorie Mekor Haim |work=Museu Judaico do Porto (IPA.00005567/PT011312070213) |publisher=Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=pt |first=Isabel |last=Sereno |year=1998 |access-date=7 May 2017}} Generally, three organized Jewish communities had existed in Portugal: in Lisbon, Porto and Belmonte; there are{{Clarify timeframe|date=February 2020}} 6000 people who consider themselves Jewish. Captain Barros Basto was one of the most important figures in the community, linked to the founding of an organized Jewish movement in the northern community. There were at least twenty Ashkenazi Jews in the city; since there was no synagogue, they needed to travel to Lisbon for all their religious needs.

Barros Basto began to plan a synagogue, officially registering the local Jewish community, the Comunidade Israelita do Porto (Israelite Community of Porto), with the local government in 1923. During this time, the membership used a house on the Rua Elias Garcia. In 1927, Barros Basto founded the Portuguese Jewish newspaper Ha-Lapid.

In 1929, with the aim of trying to convert the Marranos that existed in Trás-os-Montes and Beiras into official Judaism, Barros Basto raised funds. On 13 November 1929 an application for the necessary licensing to begin work was delivered to the municipal council; a few weeks later, the first stone was laid and construction begun. The architects were Artur de Almeida Júnior and Augusto dos Santos Malta (who trained in the Escola das Belas Artes de Porto), in collaboration with interior designer Rogério de Azevedo. Rogério de Azevedo may have executed some of the finish work himself, as some touches, including woodwork in the library, were completed in a style characteristic of his work.Elvira de Azevedo Mea and Inácio Steinhardt (1997), p.222

Between 1930 and 1935, the Israeli Technology Institute was installed in the building, even before its completion. The work progressed slowly until 1933, despite support from the Committee for Spanish-Portuguese Jews in London. In 1937, the synagogue was complete thanks to the contributions from the Jewish community in London and from funds donated by the Kadoorie family and Iraqi Jews from Portugal. Upon the death of Laura Kadoorie, the wife of prominent Mizrahi Jewish philanthropist Sir Elly Kadoorie, her children wished to honor their mother, a descendant of Portuguese Jews who had fled the country following the Inquisition. This tribute was reflected in the monetary support by the Kadoorie family to assist in the construction of large part of the synagogue in Porto, which was later renamed Synagogue Kadoorie - Mekor Haim. In the same year, Captain Artur Barros Basto was expelled from the Portuguese army for his participation in circumcisions. The synagogue was inaugurated in 1938. The synagogue has always had a small number of members and, for much of the 20th century, has been entrusted to families in Central and Eastern Europe (Roskin, Kniskinsky, Finkelstein, Cymerman, Pressman and others), who married among themselves.

During the Second World War, hundreds of refugees passed through the doors of the synagogue en route to the United States.

Former Captain Barros Bastos died in 1961.

In 2012, the synagogue was opened to the public.

Representatives from an Israeli governmental agency visited in 2014 and approved co-financing for renovations and security upgrades. On 21 May 2015, the Jewish Museum of Porto was opened to the public. It was inaugurated on 28 June in the presence of the president of the Comunidade Israelita do Porto and various cultural, education and political personalities. A fence was erected along the sides and rear of the building.

The community counts among its members Jews of origins as diverse as Poland, Egypt, the United States, India, Russia, Israel, Spain, Portugal and England. The present rabbi is Daniel Litvak, a native of Argentina, and the current vice president is Isabel Ferreira Lopes, the granddaughter of Captain Barros Basto.

File:201901720082-Edit.jpg, Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue]]

Architecture

File:Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue2.jpg

The building is in an urban context, on an elevated platform encircled by fencing between Rua Guerra Junqueiro and Rua João Martins Branco, in an area of residential homes called Campo Alegre. To the north is a barrio, while to the rear is a small parking lot and the Clube de Ténis do Porto (Porto Tennis Club). Near the rear wall is the Cemitério de Agra Monte (Agra Monte Cemetery) along Rua João Martins Branco''.

The temple consists of rectangular structure oriented west to east, covered in differentiated roof tile. Over the entranceway and services is a cupola. The principal facade, oriented to the west, is marked by a galilee with a large arch, with the main portal inset in a recess. In the centre is a balcony with inscriptions and a glazed colonnade, while over the center of the arch is a star of David.

The lateral facades, to the north and south, are characterized by a regular rhythmic distribution of elongated triangular-topped windows. The rear facade, windowless and symmetrical, consists of a plane from which three protruding volumes of flat roof stand out.

The interior is marked by an entrance space flanked by two rooms, followed by the large rectangular hall, flanked on either side by two landing steps and two accessways to further spaces. The hall is the principal celebration space, with a domed ceiling, and is contoured on the upper level by a balcony with two rows of arranged chairs. The remainder of the interior is decorated with Hebrew passages from the Torah, complemented by Moroccan-Sephardic decorations.

Present

File:Shabbaton 2020.jpg 2020]]

According to the official blog of the community, it includes about 500 Jews originally from more than thirty countries and gathers all standards and degrees of observance of Judaism.

In recent years, the members of the community have connected the organization with the rest of the Jewish world, written the Community's rules, restored the synagogue building, organized departments and created the necessary conditions for Jewish life to flourish again in Oporto.

The organisation has a beit din, two official rabbis, and structures for kashrut. It offers courses to schoolteachers to combat anti-Semitism, and has a Jewish Museum,{{cite web|publisher=Jewish Community of Oporto|date=12 March 2021|title=Jewish Museum of Oporto|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf0MG0NUEfo|via=YouTube}} a cinema, films about its history, and cooperation protocols with the Portuguese state, the Israeli Embassy to Portugal, B'nai B'rith International, the Anti-Defamation League, Keren Hayesod, and Chabad Lubavitch, as well as with the Oporto Diocese{{Cite web|url=https://www.vidaeconomica.pt/vida-economica-1/comunidades-judaica-e-catolica-do-porto-doam-20-mil-euros-quatro-instituicoes-de-pobreza|title = Comunidades Judaica e Católica do Porto doam 20 mil euros a quatro instituições de pobreza|website=vidaeconomica.pt}}{{Cite web|agency=AFP|title=Les communautés juive et catholique de Porto luttent contre l'antisémitisme|url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-communautes-juive-et-catholique-de-porto-luttent-contre-lantisemitisme/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=fr.timesofisrael.com|language=fr-FR}}{{Cite web|title=Porto's Jews and Catholics join forces for unique interfaith event|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/portos-jews-and-catholics-join-forces-for-unique-interfaith-event-611279|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=December 18, 2019 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web|title=AP News - Jewish and Catholic Communities of Oporto Present Project to Fight Against Antisemitism|url=http://www.bnaibrith.org/4/post/2019/12/ap-news-jewish-and-catholic-communities-of-oporto-present-project-to-fight-against-antisemitism.html|access-date=2021-03-05|website=B'nai B'rith International|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and Oporto's Muslim community.

The community has an “ecumenical approach” to relating to their non-Jewish neighbors and focuses on education and outreach, cooperating and working on joint projects with the Catholic diocese and Muslim communities.{{Cite web|last=Rudee|first=Eliana|date=2021-04-26|title=Jews of Portugal and their recent rebirth|url=https://www.jns.org/jews-of-portugal-and-their-recent-rebirth/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=JNS.org|language=en-US}}

The creation of the Jewish Museum of Oporto is included in a strategy of the local Jewish community to fight antisemitism. This strategy includes school visits to Kadoorie Mekor Haim Synagogue, films about the history of the Jews in Portugal; courses for secondary school teachers and others who are interested in themes relating to Judaism and the history of the Jews, and visits to the city’s Holocaust Museum.

In 2021, the film "1618", produced as part of the social and cultural project between the Jewish and Catholic communities of Porto, becomes the most awarded Portuguese film ever.{{Cite web|title=Jewish, Catholic communities in Portugal use film to fight antisemitism|url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/jewish-catholic-communities-in-portugal-use-film-to-fight-antisemitism-674380|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=July 20, 2021 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Jews, Catholics in Portugal step up efforts to battle antisemitism|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2021/07/18/jews-catholics-in-portugal-step-up-efforts-to-battle-antisemitism/|website=Israel Hayom}}

In January 2019, the President of the Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, visited the Porto Synagogue, where he attended the celebration of the Shabbat Cabalat, after which he took the floor. Upon arrival, the Head of State was received by the President of the Jewish Community of Porto, Dias Ben Zion, and by the Chief Rabbi, Daniel Litvak.{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=10&idi=158818|title = Presidente da República visitou Sinagoga do Porto}}

In September 2020, the Jewish Community of Porto was received by the Mayor of Porto, Rui Moreira, in the City Hall. The Mayor welcomed the leadership of a rapidly growing and rejuvenating community in the city, representing about 500 Jews from more than 30 countries.{{Cite web|url=http://www.porto.pt/noticias/comunidade-judaica-do-porto-foi-hoje-recebida-por-rui-moreira-na-camara|title = Comunidade Judaica do Porto foi hoje recebida por Rui Moreira na Câmara|date = 15 September 2020}}

In January 2021, the Holocaust Museum of Porto opened, the first of its kind in the Iberian Peninsula.{{Cite news|last=Assor|first=Miriam|date=12 January 2021|title=Museu do Holocausto do Porto abre no Porto|work=Sábado|url=https://www.sabado.pt/portugal/detalhe/museu-do-holocausto-do-porto-abre-no-porto?ref=tecnologia_ultimas|access-date=6 February 2021}}{{Cite news|date=9 January 2021|title=Holocaust Museum of Oporto|publisher=Jewish Community of Oporto|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eg2mio5GbAA|via=YouTube|access-date=6 February 2021}}{{Cite web|title=First Holocaust museum to be inaugurated in Oporto, Portugal|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/first-holocaust-museum-to-be-inaugurated-in-oporto-portugal-655279|access-date=2021-03-05|website=The Jerusalem Post|date=January 13, 2021 |language=en-US}}

File:Biblioteca Kadoorie.jpg

In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Israeli community of Porto, led by the heads of the synagogue, transferred two of Putin's oligarchs from Ashkenazi to Sefrada to grant them Portuguese citizenship and get them out of sanctions.[https://observador.pt/2023/05/13/dois-oligarcas-russos-aguardam-naturalizacao-portuguesa-certificados-pela-comunidade-israelita-do-porto-sao-proximos-de-putin/ Dois oligarcas russos aguardam naturalização portuguesa. Certificados pela Comunidade Israelita do Porto, são próximos de Putin]

In 2023, the synagogue was vandalized with pro-Palestinian slogans.{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Porto synagogue vandalized with pro-Palestinian slogans |website=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/porto-synagogue-vandalized-with-pro-palestinian-slogans/ |access-date=2024-05-29}}

References

= Bibliography =

{{cite book |last=Mandim |first=David |chapter=A maior Sinagoga Ibérica tem as suas portas abertas |title=Diário de Notícias |date=19 August 2015 |pages=20 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |last=Pires |first=Sérgio |chapter=Muro da Sinagoga do Porto já está a ser erguido com ajuda israelita |title=Diário de Notícias |date=29 January 2015 |pages=29 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |last=Quaresma |first=Maria Clementina de Carvalho |title=Inventário Artístico de Portugal: cidade do Porto |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1995 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |last=Queirós |first=Óscar |chapter=500 convidados na inauguração do Museu Judaico |title=Jornal de Notícias |location=Lisbon, Portugal |date=28 June 2015 |pages=22 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |title=O Público |date=22 January 1996 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |chapter=Entrevista com Joshua Ruah |title=Patrimónia, Identidade, Ciências Sociais e Fruição Cultural |issue=3 |date=1 November 1997 |language=pt}}
{{cite book |last1=Mea |first1=Elvira de Azevedo |last2=Steinhardt |first2=Inácio |title=Ben-Rosh. Biografia do Capitão Barros Basto |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1997}}

External links

{{official website|http://comunidade-israelita-porto.org}} {{in lang|pt}}
[http://mjporto.com/ Official page of the Jewish Museum of Oporto]
[http://mhporto.com/ Official page of the Holocaust Museum of Oporto]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cM1zUIqT0bo Kadoorie Synagogue, Symbol against anti-Semitism – Video]
[http://paginas.fe.up.pt/~carvalho/in2011apoc.pdf The Acoustics of the Mekor Haim Synagogue, Portugal - António P. Carvalho e José D. Amado - Laboratório de Acústica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto]

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http://jewishcommunityofoporto.blogspot.com/
https://www.bnaibrith.org/in-the-news/ap-news-jewish-and-catholic-communities-of-oporto-present-project-to-fight-against-antisemitism
https://www.thetablet.co.uk/blogs/1/1353/oporto-a-light-unto-the-nations
https://www.radiosefarad.com/un-proyecto-reune-a-las-comunidades-judia-y-catolica-en-oporto-portugal/
https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-communautes-juive-et-catholique-de-porto-luttent-contre-lantisemitisme/
https://www.dn.pt/pais/500-anos-depois-causas-sociais-unem-judeus-e-catolicos-do-porto-11633091.html
https://www.diocese-porto.pt/pt/noticias/geral/cat%C3%B3licos-e-judeus-anunciam-apoio-a-institui%C3%A7%C3%B5es-do-porto/
https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/09/11/oporto-jewish-community-lends-largest-food-bank-in-israel-a-hand/
https://www.jns.org/opinion/can-portugal-be-europes-model-for-fostering-jewish-life/
https://en.mazal.news/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302235018/https://en.mazal.news/ |date=March 2, 2021 }}