Kagayanen language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kagayanen
|states=Philippines
|region=eastern Palawan
|speakers=30,000
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Philippine
|fam4=Greater Central Philippine
|fam5=Manobo
|fam6=North
|iso3=cgc
|glotto=kaga1256
|glottorefname=Kagayanen
|notice=IPA
}}
The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It belongs to the Manobo subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is the only member of this subgroup that is not spoken on Mindanao or nearby islands.
Distribution
Kagayanen is spoken in the following areas:Ethnologue
- Palawan Province: Cagayancillo Island between Negros and Palawan
- Palawan coastal communities
- southern Palawan: Balabac Island
- northern Palawan: Busuanga and Coron
- other areas around the Philippines: Iloilo Province; Silay, Negros; Manila; Quezon and Rizal areas
Phonology
| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |
| style="font-size: 90%;"
|+Kagayanen consonant phonemes{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|p=206}} ! !colspan=2| Labial !colspan=2| Coronal !colspan=2| Palatal !colspan=2| Velar !colspan=2| Glottal | |
| Nasal
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}} |width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}} |colspan=2| |width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}} |colspan=2| | |
|---|---|
| Stop
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}} |style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}} |colspan=2| |style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|g}} |width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"| | |
| Fricative
|colspan=2| |style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |style="border-right: 0;"|({{IPA link|h}})||style="border-left: 0;"| | |
| rowspan=2| Approximant (Lateral) |colspan=2| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ð̞}} |width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}} |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}} |colspan=2| | |
| colspan=2|
|style="border-right: 0;"| | style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|l}}
|colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |
| Rhotic
|colspan=2| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|r}} |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |colspan=2| |
{{IPA|[h]}} occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have {{IPA|[h]}} in the cognates of neighboring languages.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|p=206}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|MacGregor|1995|p=365}} Outside of loanwords, {{IPA|/d/}} becomes {{IPA|[r]}} between vowels.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|p=207}}
Comparative and historical evidence suggests that {{IPA|/ð̞/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} were in complementary distribution before a split occurred likely with pressure from contact with English, Spanish, and Tagalog.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=207–209}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels of Kagayanen{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|2007}} ! !Back | ||
| align=center
|{{IPA|i}} | {{IPA|ə}} | {{IPA|u}} |
| align=center
!Open | | {{IPA|a}} |
{{IPA|/i/}} ranges between {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[e]}}, except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters) where it lowers to {{IPA|[ɪ]}} or {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|2007|p=845}} Similarly, {{IPA|/u/}} lowers to {{IPA|[ʊ]}} in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It is otherwise {{IPA|[u]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|2007|p=847}}
Grammar
Most roots in Kagayanen do not have a defined part of speech but can function in predication (like verbs), referring (like nouns), or modifying (like adjectives and adverbs). For example, {{lang | cgc |kaan}} is a root often used to refer to "cooked rice", but when inflected as a verb, the same root can mean "eat".{{cite web |last1=Pebley |first1=Carol J. |last2=Payne |first2=Thomas E. |title=A Grammar of Kagayanen |url=https://zenodo.org/records/12792862 |publisher=Language Science Press |date=2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |page=337}} Verbs are inflected for mood, volition, voice (transitive/intransitive in Pebley's terminology), and whether the absolutive argument is a typical affected patient (applicative marking).{{cite web |last1=Pebley |first1=Carol J. |last2=Payne |first2=Thomas E. |title=A Grammar of Kagayanen |url=https://zenodo.org/records/12792862 |publisher=Language Science Press |date=2024 |access-date=23 July 2024 |page=273}} As with other Austronesian languages, one argument of a verb is always treated specially by the syntax. Pebley refers to this unmarked noun phrase (which is often but not always in a patient role when another argument is present) simply as the "absolutive" argument. (Van Valin 2005) refers to this as the PSA, the "privileged syntactic argument",{{cite web |last1=Reisberg |first1=Sonya |title=Predicting voice choice in symmetrical voice languages. All the things that do not work in Totoli |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03448927/file/Voice%20choice%20in%20Totoli_FINAL_COMPLETE.pdf |publisher=Studies in Language |access-date=23 July 2024 |doi=10.1075/sl.20061.rie |date=2021}} but linguists use a variety of terms to refer to this type of argument.
Notes
{{reflist}}
References
- {{citation
|last=MacGregor
|first=Louise A.
|editor-last=Tryon
|editor-first=Darrell T.
|chapter=Kagayanen: Introduction and wordlist
|year=1995
|title=Comparative Austronesian dictionary: An introduction to Austronesian studies, part 1: fascicle 1
|series=Trends in Linguistics.
|volume=10
|place=Berlin
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=363–368
}}
- {{Citation
|last=Olson
|first=Kenneth S.
|last2=Mielke
|first2=Jeff
|editor-last=Trouvain
|editor-first=Jürgen
|editor2-last=Barry
|editor2-first=William
|year=2007
|chapter=Acoustic properties of the Kagayanen vowel space
|title=Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
|chapter-url=http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1618/1618.pdf
|publisher=Universität des Saarlandes
|pages=845–848
|access-date=2009-03-15}}
- {{citation
|doi=10.1017/S0025100309990296
|last=Olson
|first=Kenneth
|last2=Mielke
|first2=Jeff
|last3=Sanicas-Daguman
|first3=Josephine
|last4=Pebley
|first4=Carol Jean
|last5=Paterson
|first5= Hugh J. III
|year=2010
|title=The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=2
|pages=199–215
|url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/48235
|url-access=subscription
}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}