Kalagan language
{{Short description|Austronesian dialect cluster}}
{{distinguish|Kalanga language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Kalagan
|nativename=
|states=Philippines
|region=Mindanao (Davao Region and a few parts in Caraga)
|speakers={{sigfig|159,000|2}}
|ethnicity=Kalagan people (or "Caragans" or "Caragas")
|date=2000–2002
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Philippine
|fam4=Central Philippine
|fam5=Mansakan
|lc1=kqe |ld1=Kalagan
|lc2=kll |ld2=Kagan Kalagan
|lc3=klg |ld3=Tagakaulu Kalagan
|glotto=west2552
|glottorefname=Western Mansakan
}}
Kalagan is an Austronesian dialect cluster of the Davao Region of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is also spoken in a few parts of Caraga, still in Mindanao.
Distribution
Ethnologue lists the following locations for Kalagan.
- Davao del Sur Province: southwest of Davao City, along inland coasts
- Compostela Valley and Davao del Norte provinces: including Samal and associated islands, and inland on eastern shores of Davao Gulf
- Davao Oriental Province highlands
Kalagan dialects are:
- Isamal dialect: spoken in Samal, Davao del Norte
- Western Kalagan: spoken in Davao Oriental Province
- Lupon: spoken in Davao del Sur Province, along the gulf down to Hagonoy and Guihing near Digos
- Eastern Kalagan: spoken mainly in Davao Oriental Province
Other dialects include the Kagan Kalagan which is spoken near Digos in Davao del Sur Province where there are 6,000 speakers, and the Tagakaulo which is spoken mainly in Davao del Sur Province (western shore of Davao Gulf, from Digos south to Bugis and inland), Sarangani Province (Malungon Municipality), and also in Sultan Kudarat (Columbio municipality) and South Cotabato (Tampakan) provinces.
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
|---|
| voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|m}} | width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|n}} | | width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPA link|s}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| |({{IPA link|ɾ}}) | | | |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPA link|l}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
- /d/ can have an allophone of [ɾ] in intervocalic positions.
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
| align="center"
|{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|ɨ}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|u}} |
| Mid
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɛ}} | |
|---|
| align="center"
!Open |{{IPA link|a}} | |
- /ɨ/ can be heard as [ə] in word-final stressed syllables when preceding /ʔ/.
- /i, a/ can be heard as [ɪ, ʌ] in closed syllables.
- /ɛ/ is heard as [æ] when after /m/.
- /u/ is heard as [o] in word-final position.{{Cite book |last=Wendel |first=Asa & Dag |title=Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement |year=1978 |location=Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2 |pages=191–203}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}
Category:Languages of Davao del Norte
Category:Languages of Davao del Sur
Category:Languages of Davao Occidental