Karipuna do Amapá

The Amerindians use the term Karipuna, because they are mixed or civilized Amerindians.{{sfn|Anonby|2007|p=7}} The tribe is the result of several migrations, and mixing with non-indigenous people.{{cite journal|title=Mapping in the Oiapoque Indigenous Territories|author=Rosélis Remor de Souza Mazurek|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ethnoecologie/2701 |journal=Revue d'ethnoécologie|volume=9|year=2006|pages=15–16}} The main groups being Amerindian, French Guianese, Saint Lucian Arabs, and Chinese. In 1830, the Cabanagem Revolt resulted in the migration from the mouth of the Amazon River to the region.{{sfn|Anonby|2007|p=7}} The Karipuna had long been in contact with French Guianese which intensified during the gold rush of 1854 in Approuague.{{sfn|Ferreira|Alleyne|2015|p=333}} They used to speak the now extinct Karipúna do Uaçá language, but by 1900, Karipúna French Creole had taken over.{{sfn|Anonby|2007|p=7}}{{sfn|Ferreira|Alleyne|2015|p=330}}

File:Trabalhadores Norte-Americanos da Ferrovia com Índios da Tribo Caripuna - 6-B, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP (cropped).jpg

The borders between French Guiana and Brazil were not clear, and therefore, the area between the Amazon and the Oiapoque was considered a neutral territory. In 1886, the unrecognised Republic of Independent Guiana was proclaimed in the disputed area.{{cite web|url=http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/GAD12009 |title=Etat libre du Counani|year=1906|website=Manioc|access-date=28 March 2021|language=fr|page=9}} In 1897, France and Brazil asked Switzerland to settle the border dispute. In 1900,{{cite web|url=https://marsemfim.com.br/?diario-de-bordo=oiapoque-river-macapa |title=From Oiapoque river to Macapá|website=Mar Sem Fim|access-date=28 March 2021|language=fr}} the Swiss awarded most of the territory to Brazil.{{cite web|url=https://www.ciarb.org/resources/features/french-guyana-brazil-v-france-in-a-public-international-law-arbitration/|title=French Guyana - Brazil v France in a Public International Law Arbitration|website=Chartered Institute of Arbitrators|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601162818/https://www.ciarb.org/resources/features/french-guyana-brazil-v-france-in-a-public-international-law-arbitration/|url-status=dead}}

At the start of the 20th century, there were about 150 Karipuna.{{cite web|url=https://www.une-saison-en-guyane.com/article/culture/indiens-ou-bresiliens-les-karipuna-entre-curipi-et-cayenne/|title=Indiens ou Brésiliens ? Les Karipuna entre Curipi et Cayenne|website=Une Saison en Guyane|access-date=28 March 2021|language=fr|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165318/https://www.une-saison-en-guyane.com/article/culture/indiens-ou-bresiliens-les-karipuna-entre-curipi-et-cayenne/|url-status=dead}} In the 1920, the Brazilian government started to exert control over the "frenchified" Amerindians in the Oiapoque region, and embarked on a colonization program which failed in 1925. In 1934, a teacher was sent to the Caripi River to establish a school. In the 1970s, the Amerindians in the Oiapoque banded together, and formed a political action groups. This resulted in the demarcation by FUNAI of a common area of 5,181 km² for the Palikur, the Uaçá Galibi, and the Karipuna do Amapá. In 1992, Apoio was established as a political association for all tribes in the region.{{sfn|Anonby|2007|p=11}}

{{Location map+|Amapá|width=400

|alt=Palikur settlements

|caption=Location of the Karipuna settlements on the map of Amapá, Brazil. Santa Isabel is next to Espírito Santo. Shared settlements are marked in green.

|places=

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=43|lat_sec=19|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=43|lon_sec=20|lon_dir=W|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Manga|label=Manga}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=46|lat_sec=39|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=35|lon_sec=56|lon_dir=W|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Espírito Santo|label=Espírito Santo}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=45|lat_sec=38|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=35|lon_sec=46|lon_dir=W|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Santa Isabel, Amapé|label=}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=4|lat_min=1|lat_sec=10|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=37|lon_sec=3|lon_dir=W|position=right|mark=Green_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Kunanã|label=Kunanã}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=34|lat_sec=15|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=47|lon_sec=1|lon_dir=W|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Piquiá|label=Piquiá}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=30|lat_sec=5|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=44|lon_sec=41|lon_dir=W|position=left|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Curipi|label=Curipi}}

{{Location map~|Amapá |lat_deg=3|lat_min=50|lat_sec=34|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=51|lon_min=50|lon_sec=6|lon_dir=W|position=left|mark=Green_pog.svg|marksize=8|link=Oiapoque|label=Oiapoque}}

}}

The Karipuna are spread over 16 settlements.{{sfn|Ferreira|Alleyne|2015|p=335}} Most of the settlements are along the Caripi River. Some villages like Piquiá and Curipi have been established along the BR-156 highway. The largest settlements are Manga (1,075), Espírito Santo (657) and Santa Isabel (382).{{cite web|url=http://portalarquivos.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/agosto/28/Caracterizacao-DSEI-Amapa-Chamada-Publica-n-02-2017.pdf|title=Caracterização do DSEI Amapá e Norte do Pará, conforme Edital de Chamada Pública n. 2/2017|website=Ministry of Health (Brazil)|access-date=28 March 2021|language=pt|quote=2016 population figures including other tribes/ethnicities|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223840/http://portalarquivos.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2017/agosto/28/Caracterizacao-DSEI-Amapa-Chamada-Publica-n-02-2017.pdf|url-status=dead}} The villages of Kunanã and Uahá are shared with the Galibi Marwono.{{sfn|Ferreira|Alleyne|2015|p=335}} There is an unpaved road from Manga to the BR-156.{{cite news|url=https://selesnafes.com/2020/01/indigenas-do-amapa-e-para-garantem-servicos-de-saude-na-justica/ |title=Indígenas do Amapá e Pará garantem serviços de saúde na Justiça|website=Seles Nafes|access-date=28 March 2021|language=pt}}

Karipuna have started to migrate to Oiapoque.{{sfn|Anonby|2007|p=12}} The opening of the Oyapock River Bridge has accelerated the migration to the urban area around Cayenne, and led to the founding of Résidence Arc-en-ciel.

The main languages spoken by the Karipuna are Karipúna French Creole and Portuguese. French Creole is also used as a common language with the Palikur and the Uaçá Galibi.

The economy is mainly based on fishing and subsistence farming.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Anonby |first1=Stan|year=2007|title=A report on the creoles of Amapá |journal=Journal of Language Survey Reports|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9041 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Ferreira|first1=Jo-Anne|last2=Alleyne|first2=Mervyn C|year=2015|url=https://www.academia.edu/796703/15_Comparative_perspectives_on_the_origins_development_and_structure_of_Amazonian_Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole |title=Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives on Contact Languages|publisher=John Benjamins|doi=10.1075/cll.32.19fer}}

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{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Karipuna do Amapá}}

Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil

Category:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas