Karnic languages
{{Short description|Group of Australian Aboriginal languages}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Karnic
|region=Australia
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=Pama–Nyungan
|child1=Arabana
|child2=Palku {{extinct}}
|child3=Karna
|child4=Ngura (partial)
|glotto=karn1253
|glottorefname=Karnic
|map=Karnic languages.png
|mapcaption=Karnic languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). The four solid-green sections are Arabana (west), Palku (north), Karna (central strip), Ngura (east). The striped area to the east is Kungkari and Birria, which may have been Karnic.
}}
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. According to Dixon (2002), these are three separate families, but Bowern (2001) establishes regular paradigmatic connections among many of the languages, demonstrating them as a genealogical group. Bowern classifies them as follows:
{{tree list}}
- Karnic
- Arabana (Wangganguru) (Western Karnic; orig. part of Palku)
- {{tree list/branching}}
- Palku (Northern Karnic)
- Pitta Pitta
- Wangka-Yutjurru (Wanggamala)
- {{tree list/branching}}
- Karna (Central Karnic)
- Yandruwandha (Yawarawarga)
- Mithaka (in the north); Diyari, Yarluyandi–Ngamini
- Eastern Karnic: Wilson River language (Wangkumara, Bundhamara (Punthamara), Ngandangara/Yarumarra, etc.)
{{tree list/end}}
Unclassified languages
Other languages of the area may be Karnic, but are too poorly attested to be secure. Breen (2007) writes of "Karna–Mari fringe" languages which are "a discontinuous group of languages, mostly poorly attested, scattered between Karnic and Mari languages but not showing much connection with either or with one another. The only one well attested is also the most remote geographically, Kalkutungu".{{AIATSIS|L25|Wangkumara}} The possibilities listed but not included in Bowern (2001) due to lack of materials, and included in the list in Bowern (2011),Bowern, Claire. 2011. "[http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/ How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?]", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 ([http://pamanyungan.sites.yale.edu/master-list-australian-languages-v12 corrected] February 6, 2012) are Birria (Pirriya/Bidia) [not the Biri/Birria in Maric], Pirlatapa, Kungkari (and unconfirmed Kungatutyi/Gungadidji, not the same as the Mari dialect), Karuwali (and unconfirmed Kulumali) [included under Midhaga in Dixon]. Unconfirmed names mentioned in Bowern (2011){{citation needed|date=August 2013}} are Karangura, Mayawali, and Nhirrpi.
See also Ngura; some varieties are Karnic, but others may be Maric.
References
{{Reflist}}
- Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press
- {{cite book|author=Bowern, Claire |year=2001 |url=https://yale.academia.edu/ClaireBowern/Papers/1002425/Karnic_classification_revisited |chapter=Karnic classification revisited |editor=J Simpson |title=Forty years on |pages=245–260 |publisher=Canberra Pacific Linguistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103181833/http://yale.academia.edu/ClaireBowern/Papers/1002425/Karnic_classification_revisited |archive-date=2021-11-03 |display-editors=etal |url-status=dead }}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Central}}
{{Australian Aboriginal languages}}