Kayagar languages
{{Short description|Trans–New Guinea language group of Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Kayagar
|altname=Cook River
|region=South Papua
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=Trans–New Guinea
|fam2=Kayagar–Kolopom
|glotto=kaya1327
|glottorefname=Kayagaric
|map=Kayagar languages.svg
|mapcaption=Map: The Kayagar languages of New Guinea
{{legend|#FF5E5F|The Kayagar languages}}
{{legend|#7BB5B6|Other Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{legend|#D9D9D9|Other Papuan languages}}
{{legend|#E09D00|Austronesian languages}}
{{legend|white|Uninhabited}}
}}
The Kayagar languages are a small family of four closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around the Cook River in Province of South Papua, Indonesia:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/cook-river-kolopom/cook-river New Guinea World, Gondu River]
- Atohwaim (Kaugat)
- Gondu River
- Kayagar (Kaygir)
- Tamagario (Arare–Pagai)
- Yogo ('Tamagario')
Proto-language
=Pronouns=
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/cook-river-kolopom/cook-river/atohwaim New Guinea World, Atohwaim]
:
| {{table}}
! !!colspan=2|Gondu River!!colspan=2|Atohwaim | ||||
| sg | pl | sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1
|*nax ||*nep ||naxa ||nipi, neβi | ||||
| 2
|*ax ||*akan ||axa ||aʔani | ||||
| 3
|*ek ||*wep ||– ||– |
=Basic vocabulary=
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Proto-Gondu River | |
| head | *toxom |
| hair | *upm |
| ear | *itipaːm |
| eye | *sakam |
| nose | *jup |
| tooth | *o[x/ɣ]om |
| tongue | *maetap |
| foot/leg | *apit |
| blood | *jes |
| bone | *nomop |
| skin/bark | *pip |
| breast | *etum |
| louse | *num |
| dog | *epe |
| pig | *wakum |
| bird | *suopam |
| egg | *map-jaxam |
| tree/wood | *wom |
| man/person | *jo[k] |
| woman | *enop |
| sun | *taːm |
| moon | *xa[x/ɣ]atam |
| water | *o[x/ɣ]om |
| fire | *atu |
| stone | *maitn |
| path | *kamein |
| name | *na[k] |
| eat | *xapti |
| one | *pa[x/ɣ]amo[x/k] |
| two | *tousiki |
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970)McElhanon, K.A. and Voorhoeve, C.L. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. {{doi|10.15144/PL-B16}} and Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. {{doi|10.15144/PL-A28.47}}Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. {{doi|10.15144/PL-B31}} as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database.{{Cite web |url=http://transnewguinea.org/ |title=TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea |last=Greenhill |first=Simon |date=2016| access-date=2020-11-05}}
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tikem, toxom for “head”) or not (e.g. icoxop, iripam for “ear”).
:
| class="wikitable sortable" |
| head
| tikem || toxom || tokom |
|---|
| hair
| upm || owpm || upm |
| ear
| icoxop || iripam || ipiram |
| eye
| saam || saxam || sakam |
| nose
| opom || jup || jup |
| tooth
| ukoxom || oxom || ukom |
| tongue
| menaxaram || marap || marap |
| leg
| apir || apir || apir |
| louse
| numu || soːm || |
| dog
| upoc || epere; epe(re) || epe |
| pig
| wakum || wakum || wakum |
| bird
| wakem || səpam || towpam |
| egg
| mapiam || mapiaxam || mapiakam |
| blood
| wis || jes; yes || jet; yet |
| bone
| nömöp || namop; nəmop || nomop |
| skin
| piep || pip || pip |
| breast
| ötöm || || erem |
| tree
| wim || wom || wom |
| man
| mapirie || jo; yo || jo; yo |
| woman
| enepe || onop || onop |
| sun
| teme || taam || taam |
| moon
| kaʔaram || xaxaram || kakaram |
| water
| oxom || oxom || okom |
| fire
| acu || aru || aru |
| stone
| iki || kakup || maitu |
| road, path
| sepmop || xami || kame |
| eat
| owp || xapri || kapri |
| one
| papriaxap || paxamu || pakamok |
| two
| coopm || tosigi || totigi |
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/cook-river-kolopom/cook-river/gondu-river Proto–Gondu River]
- (ibid.) [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/cook-river-kolopom/cook-river/atohwaim Atohwaim]
{{Trans–New Guinea languages}}
{{Papuan languages}}