Khachkar

File:Stonework at the Cathedral of Saint James in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem 3.jpg]]

The most common khachkar feature is a cross surmounting a rosette or a solar disc. The remainder of the stone face is typically filled with elaborate patterns of leaves, grapes, pomegranates, and bands of interlace. Occasionally a khachkar is surmounted by a cornice sometimes containing biblical or saintly figures.

Most early khachkars were erected for the salvation of the soul of either a living or a deceased person. Otherwise they were intended to commemorate a military victory, the construction of a church, or as a form of protection from natural disasters."Armenian Khatchkars" (Editions Erebuni, 1978)

The most common location for early khachkars was in a graveyard. However, Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a minority are khachkars.

Image:Jugha-khachkar-CIMG1581.JPG, removed from the Julfa graveyard before its destruction by Azerbaijan.]]

Image:Khachkars.jpg.]]

The first true khachkars appeared in the 9th century, during the time of Armenian revival after liberation from Arab rule. The oldest khachkar with a known date was carved in 879 (though earlier, cruder, examples exist). Erected in Garni, it is dedicated to queen Katranide I, the wife of king Ashot I Bagratuni.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} The peak of the khachkar carving art was between the 12th and the 14th centuries. The art declined during the Mongol invasion at the end of the 14th century. It revived in the 16th and 17th centuries, but the artistic heights of the 14th century were never achieved again. Today, the tradition still remains, and one can still see khachkar carvers in some parts of Yerevan.Anatoli L. Yakobson. Armenian Khachkars, Moscow, 1986

About 40,000 khachkars survive today.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} Most of them are free standing, though those recording donations are usually built into monastery walls. The following three khachkars are believed{{by whom|date=October 2014}} to be the finest examples of the art form:

• One in Geghard, carved in 1213, probably by master Timot and master Mkhitar
• The Holy Redeemer khachkar in Haghpat (see gallery), carved in 1273 by master Vahram
• A khachkar in Goshavank, carved in 1291 by master Poghos.

A number of good examples have been transferred to the Historical Museum in Yerevan and beside the cathedral in Echmiadzin. The largest surviving collection of khachkars is in Armenia, at Noraduz cemetery on the western shore of the Lake Sevan, where an old graveyard with around 900 khachkars from various periods and of various styles can be seen. The largest number was formerly located at the Armenian cemetery in Julfa in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, which contained approximately 10,000 khachkars in 1648.{{cite book|last=Aivazian|first=Argam|title=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume IX|publisher=Armenian Academy of Sciences|year=1983|location=Yerevan|page=550|contribution=Ջուղայի գերեզմանատուն (The Cemetery of Jugha)|author-link=Argam Aivazian}} The number of khachkars dwindled over time through destruction of various causes until the only 2,700 khachkars remained in 1998,"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/ Armenian intellectuals blast 'barbaric' destruction of Nakhchivan monuments]." BBC News in BBC Monitoring Central Asia. February 13, 2003. Retrieved April 16, 2007 when the Azerbaijani government embarked on a systematic campaign destroying and leveling the entire medieval cemetery between 1998 and 2005.{{cite news

| title = Tragedy on the Araxes

| publisher = Archaeology

| date = 2006-06-30

| url =http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html

| access-date = 2006-06-30 }}

Image:Խաչքարի արհեստանոց.JPG.]]

The art of carving khachkars has witnessed a rebirth as a symbol of Armenian culture in the 20th century.

There are hundreds of khachkars worldwide, many of which are memorials to commemorate the victims of the Armenian genocide. Khachkars have been placed in various locations, including at the Vatican Museums,{{cite web |title=Medieval Armenian cross-stone unveiled in Vatican |url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2014/09/20/serzh-sargsyan-vatika/846590 |website=aysor.am |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702131733/https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2014/09/20/serzh-sargsyan-vatika/846590 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |date=20 September 2014}}{{cite web |title=The story behind the Medieval Armenian Cross that's now in the Vatican Museums |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBl3ZEyH13k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/VBl3ZEyH13k |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|publisher=ROME REPORTS in English |date=Mar 29, 2015}}{{cbignore}} Canterbury Cathedral's memorial garden,{{cite news |title=The Canterbury Khachkar: A Historic Day in the Heart of the Anglican Church |url=http://asbarez.com/178156/the-canterbury-khachkar-a-historic-day-in-the-heart-of-the-anglican-church/ |work=Asbarez |date=March 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404172740/http://asbarez.com/178156/the-canterbury-khachkar-a-historic-day-in-the-heart-of-the-anglican-church/ |archive-date=4 April 2019}}{{cite news |title=1st Armenian cross-stone dedicated to memory of Armenian Genocide victims unveiled in Great Britain's spiritual center |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/966493.html |agency=Armenpress |date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305210806/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/966493.html |archive-date=5 March 2019}} St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney,{{cite news |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Marilyn |title=Armenian monument unveiled at cathedral |url=https://www.catholicweekly.com.au/armenian-monument-unveiled-at-cathedral/ |work=The Catholic Weekly |date=December 19, 2018}}{{cite news |title=Armenian khachkar unveiled at Sydney's St. Mary's Cathedral (PHOTO) |url=https://news.am/eng/news/486878.html |date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621050835/https://news.am/eng/news/486878.html |archive-date=21 June 2019}} Colorado State Capitol,{{cite news |title=Colorado Governor Unveils America's First State Capitol Khachkar |url=http://asbarez.com/136097/colorado-governor-unveils-americas-first-state-capitol-khachkar/ |work=Asbarez |date=May 15, 2015}}{{cite news |title=Colorado Governor Unveils First State Capitol 'Khachkar' on Genocide Centennial |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2015/05/15/colorado-khachkar/ |work=The Armenian Weekly |date=May 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502112433/https://armenianweekly.com/2015/05/15/colorado-khachkar/ |archive-date=2 May 2019}} Temple of Peace, Cardiff,{{cite news |title=The Armenian Genocide Monument in Wales |url=https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.158/current_category.62/memorials_detail.html |work=armenian-genocide.org |agency=Armenian National Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228031730/https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Memorial.158/current_category.62/memorials_detail.html |archive-date=28 February 2019}} Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin,{{cite web |title=Service of Remembrance |url=http://armenians.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Service_of_Remembrance_Programme_24April2017.pdf |publisher=The Armenian Church & Community in Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114021336/http://armenians.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Service_of_Remembrance_Programme_24April2017.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2017 |page=3 |date=April 2017 |quote=In December 2015 we unveiled the Khachkar Memorial (Stone-Cross) in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin in remembrance of the Armenian Genocide “MEZ YEGHERN” and in dedication to the massive destruction that took place 102 years ago.}} and elsewhere.

According to one count, there are nearly 30 khachkars on public locations in France.{{cite web|title=Toponymie et Monuments arméniens|url=http://www.acam-france.org/contacts/index_lieux.php|website=acam-france.org|publisher=Association Culturelle Arménienne de Marne-la-Vallée (France)|language=fr}} Some 20 khachkars are located in Poland,{{cite magazine|title=Chaczkar stanął w Białymstoku|magazine=Awedis|issue=48|year=2021|language=pl|page=2}} which is home to an important Armenian community since the Late Middle Ages.

Armenian khachkars have been acquired or donated to many museums or temporarily represented at significant exhibitions all around the world such as at the British Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art or the Special Exhibition of the National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan.{{cite web|title=Khachkar (Stone Cross)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/478063|language=en}}[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1977-0505-1 British Museum Collection]

A large portion of khachkars, which were created in historic Armenia and surrounding regions, in modern times are now located in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran. As a result of systematic eradication of khachkars in Turkey since the Armenian Genocide, today only a few examples survive. These few survivors are not cataloged and properly photographed. Thus, it is difficult to follow up with the current situation.Der Nersessian S. Armenian Art, Paris, 1978. One documented example of such destruction took place in the Armenian Cemetery in Jugha, in Nakhchivan.{{cite web | url = http://iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=261191&apc_state=henh | title = Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes | work = Caucasus Reporting Service, Institute for War and Peace Reporting |date=April 19, 2006 | access-date = 2007-04-15 }}{{cite news | title = World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture | publisher = The Art Newspaper | date = 2006-05-25 | url = http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=281 | access-date = 2006-05-25 | archive-date = 2006-09-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060911033444/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/article01.asp?id=281 | url-status = dead }}{{cite news | title = Tragedy on the Araxes | publisher = Archaeology | date = 2006-06-30 | url =http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/djulfa/index.html | access-date = 2006-06-30 }} The government of Azerbaijan has denied claims that members of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces smashed the khachkars with sledgehammers in December 2005.{{Cite news| last = Castle| first = Stephen| title = Azerbaijan 'flattened' sacred Armenian site| work = Belfast Telegraph| access-date = 2018-05-14| date = 2006-05-30| url = https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10731370.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213758/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10731370.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2018-05-14}} The destruction of khachkars was despite a 2000 UNESCO order demanding their protection, in what has been termed "the worst cultural genocide of the 21st century."{{cite news |last= Womack|first= Catherine|date=7 November 2019|title=Historic Armenian monuments were obliterated. Some call it 'cultural genocide'|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-11-07/armenian-monuments-azerbaijan|newspaper=LA Times}}{{cite news |last= Sawa|first= Dale Berning|date=1 March 2019|title=Monumental loss: Azerbaijan and 'the worst cultural genocide of the 21st century'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/01/monumental-loss-azerbaijan-cultural-genocide-khachkars|newspaper=The Guardian}}

One source says that khachkars are being damaged, neglected, or moved in Armenia.{{cite web|url=http://khachkar.am/en/endangered.php |title=Endangered Khachkars |publisher=Khachkar.am |access-date=2012-05-06}} Reasons cited for moving these khachkars include; decoration, to create new holy places, or to make space for new burials.

Amenaprkich ({{langx|hy|Ամէնափրկիչ}}, meaning Holy Saviour) is a particular type of khachkar in which on the cross is a depiction of the crucified Christ. Only a few such designs are known, and most date from the late 13th century.{{Cn|date=January 2021}} One of the few such surviving khachkars today is located in the Sevanavank monastery, which also depicts scenes from the Bible.{{Cite web |last=vahemart |date=2012-01-25 |title=Хачкар Айрапета и Ребекки (Всеспаситель) в Севанаванке |url=https://vahemart.livejournal.com/117481.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Vahe Martirosyan's blog}}

Image:Dadivank-khachkars2.jpg|13th century Armenian-inscribed double khachkars of the Memorial Bell-Tower of the Dadivank Monastery

Image:Khachkar.jpg|A khachkar behind the cathedral in Echmiadzin, Armenia. Place of origin is unknown.

Image:Khachkar Beirut.jpg|A modern khachkar at Sourp Kevork church- Beirut, Lebanon (2016)

File:Khachkar1 Gyumri.jpg|in Gyumri

Image:Khachkar-raffi kojian-IMG 0513.JPG|Khachkar at Haghartsin Monastery, near Dilijan, Armenia.

Image:Haghpat Amenaprkich.jpg|The Holy Savior khachkar in Haghpat (1273)

Image:Khachkars at Makaravank Monastery, Armenia.JPG|Various khachkars at Makaravank Monastery in Armenia

Image:Khachkar in Novi Sad.jpg|Khachkar in Novi Sad, Serbia

Image:Amenaprgich khatchkar at Sourp Nshan church in Beirut.JPG|A modern Amenaprkich-type khatchkar with two others at the Sourp Nshan Church in downtown Beirut, Lebanon (2001)

Image:Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia - khatchkar.jpg|A modern khackhar at the Armenian Catholicossate of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon

File:Armenian 'khachkar'.jpg|Armenian Khachkar

File:Armenian 'khachkar' 1.jpg|Armenian Khachkar

File:NYC Khatchkar Metropolitan.JPG|Khackar in Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{commons category|Khatchkars}}

• Değirmenaltı - village in Turkey containing preserved khachkars
• Trei Ierarhi Monastery - a 17th-century church in Iași, Romania, decorated with Khachkar motifs
• High cross - Monumental Celtic crosses.
• Preaching cross - Monumental crosses used as open air pulpits
• Hill of Crosses - A hill in Lithuania covered with ornamental crosses.

{{Reflist}}

• {{Note|Thierry}} {{Armenian Art 1989}}

• [http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/armenian-cross-stones-art-symbolism-and-craftsmanship-of-khachkars-00434 Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars]
• [http://www.virtualani.org/por/index.htm Photos of 15th/16th CE khatchkars near Bitlis, Turkey]
• [http://www.djulfa.com/ Djulfa Virtual Memorial and Museum]

{{Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Monuments and memorials in Azerbaijan

Category:Armenian art

Category:Monuments and memorials in Armenia

Category:Stones

Category:Monumental crosses

Category:Christian symbols

Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity