Khalaj language

{{Redirect|Klj||KLJ (disambiguation){{!}}KLJ}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Khalaj

| nativename = خلج

| image = File:Khalaj in Nastaliq.svg

| imagecaption = Khalaj in the Persian Nasta'liq form

| states = Iran

| region = Distributed throughout a number of villages in the Markazi Province from Qom to Ashtian and Tafresh

| ethnicity = Khalaj

| speakers = 19,000

| date = 2018

| ref =

| speakers2 =

| familycolor = Altaic

| fam1 = Turkic

| fam2 = Common Turkic

| fam3 = Arghu

| iso3 = klj

| glotto = turk1303

| glottorefname = Turkic Khalaj

| notice = IPA

| dia1 = Talx-āb{{harvnb|Doerfer|1978|p=17}}: "Thus, the western dialects, e.g. of Talx-āb, are regarded by other Khalaj as a different language, and this is a well tenable conception."

| dia2 = Xarrāb{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=18}}

| dia3 = Dāγān{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=20}}

| map = Khalaj Turkic Language distribution map.png

| mapcaption = Map of the location of the Khalaj Language.

| ancestor = Arghu

}}

Khalaj is a Turkic language spoken in Iran. Although it contains many old Turkic elements, it has become widely Persianized.{{sfn|Knüppel|2010}}{{sfn|Ölmez|1995}} Khalaj has about 150 words of uncertain origin.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=32}}

Surveys have found that most young Khalaj parents do not pass the language on to their children; only 5% of families teach their children the language.{{cite web |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/451382/زبان-خلجی-در-حال-انقراض |date=2019-08-14 |script-title=fa:زبان خلجی در حال انقراض |trans-title=Endangered Khalaj language |website=Hamshahri Online |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160016/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/451382/زبان-خلجی-در-حال-انقراض |archive-date=2023-04-09}}

The Khalaj language is a descendant of an old Turkic language called Arghu.{{sfn|Johanson|Csató|1998|p=81}}{{sfn|Robbeets|2015|p=8}} The 11th-century Turkic lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari was the first person to give written examples of the Khalaj language, which are mostly interchangeable with modern Khalaj.{{sfn|Ölmez|1995}}

Gerhard Doerfer, who first scientifically described Khalaj, demonstrated that it was an independent branch from Common Turkic.{{sfn|Robbeets|2015|p=8}}

Classification

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages spoken by the Turkic peoples.{{sfn|Dybo|2006|p=766}}

While initially thought to be closely related to Azerbaijani, linguistic studies, particularly those done by Gerhard Doerfer, led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family.{{sfn|Kıral|2000|p=89}} Evidence for the reassignment includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts found in Proto-Turkic (PT),{{sfn|Cheung|Aydemir|2015|p=80}} word-initial *h, and the lack of the sound change *d > y characteristic of Oghuz languages.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=22}}

The conservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties. For example, in Khalaj, the word for 'foot' is hadaq, while the cognate word in nearby Oghuz languages is ayaq (compare Turkish {{lang|tr|ayak}}). Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj people are the descendants of the Arghu Turks.{{sfn|Kuribayashi|2021|p=469}}

Ethnologue and ISO formerly listed a Northwestern Iranian language named "Khalaj" with the same population figure as the Turkic language.{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kjf |title=Khalaj |website=Ethnologue |edition=17th |publisher=SIL International |access-date=2020-03-18 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221134/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kjf |archive-date=2013-04-02 |quote=Different from Turkic Khalaj [klj] in Iran.}} The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices{{cite web|title=Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-026.pdf|publisher=SIL International|date=2019-03-12|access-date=2020-03-18}}

Geographical distribution

Khalaj is spoken mainly in Markazi Province in Iran distributed throughout a number of villages from Qom to Ashtian and Tafresh.{{sfn|Ragagnin|2020|p=574}} Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968, and 20,000 in 1978.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=17}} Ethnologue reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000;{{E22|klj}}{{Verify source|date=March 2020}} however, in 2018 Khalaj poet and researcher Ali Asghar Jamrasi estimated the number of speakers to be 19,000.

=Dialects=

The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. Within the dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The linguistic difference between the most distant dialects is not smaller (or even bigger) than Kazan Tatar and Bashkir or between Rumelian Turkish and Azerbaijani.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=17}}

Phonology

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfn\|Shcherbak\|1997\|p=472}}
colspan=2\| !Labial !Alveolar !Post- alveolar !Velar !Uvular !Glottal
colspan=2\| Nasal \| {{IPAlink\|m}} \| {{IPAlink\|n}} \| \| {{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \| \|
rowspan=2\| Stop/ Affricate ! {{small\|voiceless}} \| {{IPAlink\|p}} \| {{IPAlink\|t}} \|ç [{{IPAlink\|t͡ʃ}}] \| {{IPAlink\|k}} \| {{IPAlink\|q}} \|
{{small\|voiced}} \| {{IPAlink\|b}} \| {{IPAlink\|d}} \|c [{{IPAlink\|d͡ʒ}}] \| {{IPAlink\|ɡ}} \| {{IPAlink\|ɢ}} \|
rowspan="2" \| Fricative !{{small\|voiceless}} \|{{IPAlink\|f}} \|{{IPAlink\|s}} \|ş [{{IPAlink\|ʃ}}] \|{{IPAlink\|x}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|h}}
{{small\|voiced}} \|{{IPAlink\|v}} \|{{IPAlink\|z}} \|{{IPAlink\|ʒ}} \|ğ [{{IPAlink\|ɣ}}] \| \|
colspan="2" \|Approximant \| \|{{IPAlink\|l}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|j}} \| \|
colspan="2" \|Rhotic \| \|{{IPAlink\|r}} \| \| \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfn|Shcherbak|1997|p=472}}

colspan=2|

colspan=2| Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}}

| {{IPAlink|n}}

|

| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}

|

rowspan=2| Stop/
Affricate

! {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPAlink|p}}

| {{IPAlink|t}}

|ç [{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}]

| {{IPAlink|k}}

| {{IPAlink|q}}

|

| {{IPAlink|b}}

| {{IPAlink|d}}

|c [{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}]

| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}

| {{IPAlink|ɢ}}

|

rowspan="2" | Fricative

!{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPAlink|f}}

|{{IPAlink|s}}

|ş [{{IPAlink|ʃ}}]

|{{IPAlink|x}}

|

|{{IPAlink|h}}

|{{IPAlink|v}}

|{{IPAlink|z}}

|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}

|ğ [{{IPAlink|ɣ}}]

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|

|{{IPAlink|j}}

|

colspan="2" |Rhotic

|

|{{IPAlink|r}}

|

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" border="1"

|+ Vowel phonemes{{sfn|Shcherbak|1997|p=472}}

align="center" cellpadding="4"

! rowspan=2 |

! colspan=2|Front

! colspan="2" |Back

align="center"

!unrounded

!rounded

!unrounded

!rounded

align="center"

! Close

| i {{IPAblink|i}} í {{IPAblink|iː}}

| ü {{IPAblink|y}} ű {{IPAblink|yː}}

|ı {{IPAblink|ɯ}} ì {{IPAblink|ɯː}}

| u {{IPAblink|u}} ú {{IPAblink|uː}}

align="center"

! Mid

| e {{IPAblink|e}} é {{IPAblink|eː}}

| ö {{IPAblink|ø}} ő {{IPAblink|øː}}

|

|o {{IPAblink|o}} ó {{IPAblink|oː}}

align="center"

! Open

| ə {{IPAblink|æ}} ə́ {{IPAblink|æː}}

|

|a {{IPAblink|a}} á {{IPAblink|aː}}

|

Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. qán {{IPA|[qaːn]}} 'blood'), half-long (e.g. bàş {{IPA|[baˑʃ]}} 'head') and short (e.g. hat {{IPA|[hat]}} 'horse').{{sfn|Doerfer|1971}}{{sfn|Doerfer|Tezcan|1980}} However, Alexis Manaster Ramer challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had the same three-way contrast.{{sfn|Manaster Ramer|1995|pp=187–88}} Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling diphthongs, as in {{IPA|[quo̯l]}} 'arm'.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Grammar

=Morphology=

==Nouns==

Nouns in Khalaj might receive a plural marker or possessive marker. Cases in Khalaj include genitive, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, and equative.

Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. A table of basic case endings is provided below:

Case	Suffix
class="wikitable"
Nominative	∅ (unmarked)
Genitive\|
Un, -u:y, -i:, -i:n
Dative\|
A, -KA
Accusative\|
I, -NI
Locative\|
čA
Ablative\|
dA
Instrumental\|
lAn, -lA, -nA
Equative\|
vāra

The equative can also be expressed by the words täkin, täki and other forms.

==Verbs==

Verbs in Khalaj are inflected for voice, tense, aspect, and negation. Verbs consist of long strings of morphemes in the following array:

:Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense/Aspect + Agreement

Due to Persian influence, Khalaj has, like Qashqai, lost converb constructions of the form {{nowrap|-Ib/-Ip}}.

=Syntax=

Khalaj employs subject–object–verb word order. Adjectives precede nouns.

Vocabulary

The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from Persian. Words from neighboring Turkic languages (namely Azerbaijani), have also made their way into Khalaj.

For example, Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for "80" and "90" with Persian terms.

Examples

Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, transliterated by Doerfer:{{sfn|Doerfer|Tezcan|1994|pp=158–159}}

border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1"
style="background:#eee;"\|Translation ! style="background:#eee;"\|IPA ! style="background:#eee;"\|In Latin alphabet ! style="background:#eee;"\|In Arabic scriptJemrasi, Ali Asghar. (2014). Acquaintance with Khalaj language grammar (Heleç Tili Giramiri, خلج تیلی گرامری, آشنایی با دستور زبان خلجی) [https://turuz.com/storage/Language/2014/0799-_Dil_Xelec_Tili_Grameri_Ali_Asgher_Cemrasi_Fars_Ebced_Urmu_Turuz_2014.pdf Link] [In Persian]
e&771 \|Once, Mullah Nasreddin had a son. \|{{IPA\|biː ki.niː mol.laː nas.ɾæd.diː.niːn oɣ.lu vaːɾ-aɾ.ti\|wrap=all}} \|Bí kiní mollá nasrəddínín oğlu vár-arti. \|dir="rtl"\| {{lang\|klj-arab\|بیٚ کوٚنیٚ موْللا نصرالدیٚنینْ اوْغلو وار اَرتی.}}
He said, "Oh Father, I want a wife." \|{{IPA\|hay.dɨ ki "æj baː.ba, mæŋ ki.ʃi ʃæj.jo.ɾum"\|wrap=all}} \|Haüdı ki "Əy bába, məñ kişi şəyyorum." \|dir="rtl"\| {{lang\|klj-arab\|هاوْدیٛ کی «ای بابا، من کیشی شَی‌یوْروم.»}}
He said, "My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. Come with the proceeds, we shall buy you a wife!" \|{{IPA\|hay.dɨ ki "bɒː.ba bi.zym biː sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ.myz vaːɾ, je.tip bo sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ saː.tɨ, naɣd ʃæj.i puˑ.lĩn, jæk biz sæ̃ ki.ʃi al.duq"\|wrap=all}} \|Haüdı ki "Bába bizüm bí sığırımüz vár, yetip bo sığırı sátı. Nağd şəyi púlín, yək biz sə̃ kişi alduq!" \|dir="rtl"\| {{lang\|klj-arab\|هاوْدیٛ کی «بابا بیزوٚم بیٚ سیٛغیری‌موٚز وار، یئتیپ بوْ سیٛغیری ساتی. نقد شی‌یی پوُلینْ، یک بیز سن کیشی آلدوُق.}}

border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1"

style="background:#eee;"|Translation

! style="background:#eee;"|IPA

! style="background:#eee;"|In Latin alphabet

! style="background:#eee;"|In Arabic scriptJemrasi, Ali Asghar. (2014). Acquaintance with Khalaj language grammar (Heleç Tili Giramiri, خلج تیلی گرامری, آشنایی با دستور زبان خلجی) [https://turuz.com/storage/Language/2014/0799-_Dil_Xelec_Tili_Grameri_Ali_Asgher_Cemrasi_Fars_Ebced_Urmu_Turuz_2014.pdf Link] [In Persian]

e&771

|Once, Mullah Nasreddin had a son.

|{{IPA|biː ki.niː mol.laː nas.ɾæd.diː.niːn oɣ.lu vaːɾ-aɾ.ti|wrap=all}}

|Bí kiní mollá nasrəddínín oğlu vár-arti.

|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|بیٚ کوٚنیٚ موْللا نصرالدیٚنینْ اوْغلو وار اَرتی.}}

He said, "Oh Father, I want a wife."

|{{IPA|hay.dɨ ki "æj baː.ba, mæŋ ki.ʃi ʃæj.jo.ɾum"|wrap=all}}

|Haüdı ki "Əy bába, məñ kişi şəyyorum."

|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|هاوْدیٛ کی «ای بابا، من کیشی شَی‌یوْروم.»}}

He said, "My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. Come with the proceeds, we shall buy you a wife!"

|{{IPA|hay.dɨ ki "bɒː.ba bi.zym biː sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ.myz vaːɾ, je.tip bo sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ saː.tɨ, naɣd ʃæj.i puˑ.lĩn, jæk biz sæ̃ ki.ʃi al.duq"|wrap=all}}

|Haüdı ki "Bába bizüm bí sığırımüz vár, yetip bo sığırı sátı. Nağd şəyi púlín, yək biz sə̃ kişi alduq!"

|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|هاوْدیٛ کی «بابا بیزوٚم بیٚ سیٛغیری‌موٚز وار، یئتیپ بوْ سیٛغیری ساتی. نقد شی‌یی پوُلینْ، یک بیز سن کیشی آلدوُق.}}

A piece of folk poetry by Abdullah Vasheqani, transcribed in the Common Turkic alphabet and translated into English by Hasan Güzel:{{sfn|Güzel|2022|p=100}}

;Khalaj

Vaşqan baluqum xeleç teq var tilim

canumda yiter baluqum o tilim

til o baluqumu dunyalan teyişmem

Vaşqan turpaqum o xeleç teq tilim

;English

Vasheqan my village, Khalaj my language

Better than my life, my language and village

I wouldn’t change my language and village for the world

Vasheqan is my land, and Khalaj is my language

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|oclc=68040217|language=ru

}}

External links

[http://www.language-archives.org/language/klj Resources in and about the Turkic Khalaj language]
[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316083/Khalaj-language Khalaj language]

Category:Agglutinative languages

Category:Turkic languages

Category:Languages of Iran

Khalaj language

Classification

Geographical distribution

=Dialects=

Phonology

=Consonants=

=Vowels=

Grammar

=Morphology=

==Nouns==

==Verbs==

=Syntax=

Vocabulary

Examples

References

Sources

Further reading

External links