| ancestor6 = debated Prakrit{{efn|Paishachi, Saurasheni, or Gandhari Prakrits have been proposed as the ancestor Middle Indo-Aryan language to Punjabi.}}{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Sikander |title=The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language |journal=International Journal of Sikh Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383}}

| ancestor7 = debated Apabhraṃśa

| ancestor8 = Old Punjabi{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Gopal |title=Languages of India |date=2000 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123729367 |page=149 |quote=The age of Old Punjabi: up to 1600 A.D. […] It is said that evidence of Old Punjabi can be found in the Granth Sahib.}}{{cite book |last1=Bhatia |first1=Tej K. |title=Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781136894602 |page=XXV |edition=Reprint |quote=As an independent language Punjabi has gone through the following three stages of development: Old Punjabi (10th to 16th century). Medieval Punjabi (16th to 19th century), and Modern Punjabi (19th century to Present).}}{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair |title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus : selections from the Scriptures |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=9781136451089 |edition=First |chapter=0.2.1 – Form |quote=Surpassing them all in the frequent subtlety of his linguistic choices, including the use of dialect forms as well as of frequent loanwords from Sanskrit and Persian, Guru Nanak combined this poetic language of the Sants with his native Old Punjabi. It is this mixture of Old Punjabi and old Hindi which constitutes the core idiom of all the earlier Gurus.}}{{cite book |last1=Frawley |first1=William |title=International encyclopedia of linguistics |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195139778 |page=423 |edition=2nd}}{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Peter |title=One thousand languages : living, endangered, and lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520255609 |page=115}}{{cite book |author1=Braj B. Kachru |author2=Yamuna Kachru |author3=S. N. Sridhar |title=Language in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139465502 |page=411}}

| script = Gurmukhi

}}

Khalsa bole (Gurmukhi: ਖ਼ਾਲਸਈ ਬੋਲੇ or ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਬੋਲੀ; Ḵẖālasa'ī bōlē, Ḵẖālasā bōlī; meaning "words of Khalsa"; alternatively transcribed as Khalsa boli) is a bravado-based language variety developed and spoken by members of the Akali-Nihang sect of Sikhism.{{Cite journal |year=1984 |title=India Today |journal=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Pvt. Limited |volume=9 |pages=61}} It has also been described as a coded language.{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=OUP Oxford |others=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |series=Oxford Handbooks |pages=380}} Sant Singh Sekhon describes the lect as a "grandiloquent patois" that "comprises euphemisms and jargon symbolic of high-spirited confidence and courage".{{Cite web |last=Sekhon |first=Sant Singh |title=Nihang Bole |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/NIHANG%20BOLE.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Punjabi University, Patiala}} The Nihangs use certain vocabulary with distinct semantics.{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford Handbooks, OUP Oxford, 2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |pages=378 |chapter=Taksals, Akharas, and Nihang Deras |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&dq=bidhi+chand+dal&pg=PA372}}

Names

Other common names for the lect are Gar Gaj Bole (ਗੜਗੱਜ ਬੋਲੇ; meaning "words that thunder"), Nihang Singh de Bole ("words of the Nihang Sikhs"), Nihang Bola ("Nihang speak"), and Khalsa de bole ("words of the Khalsa").{{Cite book |last=Madra |first=Amandeep Singh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1083462581 |title=Sicques, Tigers or Thieves : Eyewitness Accounts of the Sikhs (1606-1810). |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |others=P. Singh |isbn=978-1-137-11998-8 |location=New York |pages=120, 362 |oclc=1083462581}}{{Cite book |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |publisher=Times of India Press |year=1969 |volume=90 |pages=38}}

Purpose

The dialect encompasses the Sikh philosophical concept of remaining ever optimistic, known as Chardi kala.{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dya |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007302595 |title=Sikhing Success & Happiness : Spiritual Secrets for Success, Fulfillment & Happiness. |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-4828-6637-7 |location=[Singapore] |chapter=Chapter VII: Sikhing Happiness - Chardhi Kala, Amritvela & Anand |oclc=1007302595}} The unique dialect serves martial and mental objectives, such as helping the speaker and listeners remain in high-spirits in the face of adversity.{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Khuswant |date=23 March 2011 |title=Nihang Speak (bole) |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/nihang-speak-bole-op-ed |archive-format= |website=Hindustan Times (original publisher), republished on SikhNet |publication-place=Chandigarh}}{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |publisher=Publication Bureau of Patiala Punjabi University |year=1990 |pages=16 |quote=This Nihang Singhi language helped the Singhs of those days to maintain themselves in high spirits and face the tempest of ordeals bravely.}} It serves as a verbal act of dissent in the face of troubling circumstances.

{{Blockquote|text="There is a great degree of general Sikh ambivalence towards the Nihangs and their deras. There is no real knowledge but through the construction of the Sikh past by ragis and dhadis and others involved in the invention of Sikh tradition, they seem to have made sacrifices for the faith and qaum. One possible consequence of their relative isolation could be the development of coded language. Sekhon (1997: 229) attributes these different meanings of the words as metaphors of optimism and belief in the inevitable achievement of the goal: 'Taking a meal of parched gram of necessity a Nihang would describe himself as eating almonds. Even now onions for Nihangs are silver pieces, rupees on the other hand mere pebbles, and a club the repository of wisdom.’ "|author=Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (2014)|source=page 380}}An account of Khalsa bole published in 1903 is as follows:{{Cite book |last=Ramgarhia |first=Sundar Singh |title=Guide to the Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple of Amritsar |publisher=Mufid-i-'am Press |year=1903 |location=Lahore |pages=34}}

{{Blockquote|text="One branch of them [Nihangs] will never use a word of the feminine gender, and others will add the word Singh or lion -the distinctive suffix of Sikh names) [sic] after almost every substantive they use. The Akáli is full of memories of the glorious days of the Khálsa: he is nothing if not a soldier-a soldier of the Guru. He dreams of armies, and he think in lakhs [hundred of thousands]. Often if an Akáli wishes to imply that five of his order are present, he will say 'Five lakhs are before you'; or if he would explain that he is alone, he will say that he is with 'one and a quarter lakhs of the Khálsa.' You ask him how he is, and he replies that 'the army is well'; you enquire where he has come from, and he says, ' The troops marched from Lahore.' At the end of his prayers he shouts. 'Sat Srí Akál' ('God the Immortal is True') as loud as he can, and if he is given money to buy 'karah parshad and requested to do so', he utters this Jaikára or cry of victory, as it is called."|author=|title=Guide to the Darbar Sahib or Golden Temple of Amritsar (1903)|source=page 34}}

History

= Origin =

Some claim it was invented by Banda Singh Bahadur, the early 18th century Sikh general and martyr.{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}} Sikh scholar, Piara Singh Padam, claims it originated earlier in the 17th century, during the time of the Sikh gurus.{{Cite book |last=Padam |first=Piara Singh |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/downloadPdf.jsp?file=PL-000723.pdf&docid=40769 |title=Khalsa Bole |year=1985 |language=pa |script-title=pa:ਖਾਲਸਈ ਬੋਲੇ |trans-title=Khalsa language |format=PDF}} The dialect developed during the period of intense persecution of the Sikhs by the Mughal and Durrani empires in the 18th century.{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=15 August 1984 |title=We are the real heirs of the Sikh shrines and traditions: Baba Santa Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19840815-we-are-the-real-heirs-of-the-sikh-shrines-and-traditions-baba-santa-singh-803744-1984-08-14 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=India Today |language=en |quote=Over the years as they fought suicidal battles and lived off the jungle in marginal conditions the Nihangs developed their own distinctive lifestyle, mannerisms and even language. To a Nihang even today to answer the call of nature is to "conquer Chittor or Multan", smoking is "kissing a female donkey" and red chilli is "a quarrelsome woman". Also, perhaps because of the harsh lives they were forced to lead the Nihangs were allowed the use of a concoction made of cannabis and dry fruit which they call garamjal (hot water).}} During that period, Sikhs vacated for the mountains, jungles, and deserts to escape the genocidal policies enacted against them.

{{Blockquote|text="Guru Gobind Singh would rename some of the smaller or weaker Singhs in the ranks of the Khalsa Army. He would bestow them with lofty titles such as ‘Dharti-Hallaa Singh' (literally, the Earth-shaker). This would not only send fear and doubt deep within the ranks of the enemy soldiers, but encouraged the Singhs in the Khalsa Army to fight heroically with courage and confidence and honour the names given to them by the Guru."|author=Nihang Darshan Singh|title=audio recording, July 2006{{cite web |author1=NIHANGSINGH.ORG |title=Thundering Words: The Martial Language of Nihangs |url=https://sikhchic.com/history/thundering_words_the_martial_language_of_nihangs |website=sikhchic.com |date=21 October 2010}}}}Jasbir Singh Sarna claims the language variety evolved during the time-period of Nawab Kapur Singh.{{Cite web |last=Sarna |first=Jasbir Singh |date=25 March 2024 |title=Sikh Martial Tradition |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikh-martial-tradition |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=SikhNet}}

Accord to Sant Singh Sekhon, the Nihangs developed the special vocabulary full of euphemisms and parallels to common words and phrases to complement their martial role and character. The terms were used by Nihangs to "make light of hardships", to describe enemies in a bold and provocative manner, and to belittle/ridicule things of worldly comfort.

= Present-day =

File:Nihang Army.jpg

The dialect is still used by some modern Sikhs, especially the Akali-Nihangs.{{Cite book |last=Crenshaw |first=Martha |title=Terrorism in Context |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780271044422 |pages=363}} Nihangs still employ Khalsa Bole in their encampments and also when they talk to members of the general public. The Khalsa Bole used by Nihangs today with the public are for the purpose of comedy but also secrecy. The euphemisms used by the Nihangs can be interpreted as derogatory.

Many modern Nihangs are ridiculed for using their dialect. They are often the target for jokes by outsiders. Many of the terms of Khalsa Bole have been forgotten and lost.

Linguistic sources

Khalsa bole sources its vocabulary from "a mixture of Punjabi, Old Hindi, Persian and other dialects used in various regions of India".{{Cite book |last=Pall |first=S. J. S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/294988259 |title=The beloved forces of the Guru |date=2007 |publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh |isbn=978-81-7601-857-9 |edition=1st |location=Amritsar |oclc=294988259}}

List of vocabulary examples

class="wikitable sortable"

|+Khalsa bole words and phrases with figurative and literal meanings

!Word or phrase

!Figurative meaning/Euphemism for

!Literal meaning/Meaning in the common language

!Reference(s)

|ਗੜਗਜ ਬੋਲੇ

|ਆਮ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਤਲਬ

airāvat

|he-buffalo

|legendary elephant

|ਐਰਾਵਤ

|ਝੋਟਾ

|wooden club; a baton

|dispenser of wisdom

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}

|ਅਕਲ ਦਾਨ

|ਡੰਡਾ

ākaṛbhann

|disease, especially fever

|that which shatters arrogance

|ਆਕੜਭੰਨ

|ਬੁਖਾਰ

amritī

|broth of gram flour

|name of sweetmeat

|ਅਮਰਤੀ

|ਕੜ੍ਹੀ

aṅgīṭhā

|funeral pyre

|fireplace

|ਅੰਗੀਠਾ

|ਚੀਤਾ

añjanī

|night

|antimony powder

|ਅੰਜਨਿ

|raat

athakk

|emaciated pony

|tireless

|ਅੱਥਕ

|khachar

baṭerā

|brinjal, eggplant

|quail

|ਬਟੇਰਾ

|ਬੈਂਗਣ

bhoiṅsūrs

|turnip

|oil pig

|ਭੋਈਸੁਰਸ

|ਸ਼ਲਗਮ

brahma ras

|sugarcane

|drink of the gods

|ਬ੍ਰਹਮਰਸ

|ਗੰਨਾ

būndī

|boiled gram

|sweets

|ਬੂੰਦੀ

|ਉਬਲੀ ਦਾਲ

chalākā

|thick needle

|clever man

|ਚਾਲਕਾ

|ਸੂਆ

chalākan

|spud, hoe (tool)

|clever woman

|ਚਲਾਕਣ

|ਖੁਰਪਾ

chāndanī-pulāo

|parched millet

|dish of cooked rice

|ਚਾਂਦਨੀ ਪੁਲਾਓ

|ਖਿੱਚੜੀ

charandāsī

|shoes

|maidservant, attached to the master's feet

|ਚਰਨਦਾਸੀ

|ਜੁੱਤੀ

chimanī begum

|opium

|humorous name for a woman

|ਚਿਮਾਨੀ ਬੇਗਮ

|ਆਫ਼ੀਮ

dharamrāj dī dhī

|sleep, sleeping

|daughter of the mythical Dharam Rāj, dispensar of Divine justice, daughter of the angel of death

|ਧਰਮਰਾਜ ਦੀ ਧੀ

|ਨੀਂਦ

dharamrāj dā puttar

|fever

|Dharam Rāj's son

|ਧਰਮਰਾਜ ਦਾ ਪੁੱਤਰ

|ਬੁਖਾਰ

dhūṛkoṭ

|woman's heavy skirt

|the fort of dust

|ਧੂਰਕੋਟ

|ਘੱਗਰਾ

dusāṅgā

|trousers

|fork

|ਦੁਸਾਂਗਾ

|ਪਤਲੂਨ

fateh kumait

|black-coloured club

|winning bay horse

|ਫਤਿਹ ਕੁਮੈਤ

gaṅgā jal

|liquor

|water of the Ganges

|ਗੰਗਾ ਜਲ

|ਸ਼ਰਾਬ

guptā

|dumb

|secretive

|ਗੁਪਤਾ

|ਬੋਲਾ

harā

|dried

|green

|ਹਰਾ

|ਸੁੱਕਾ

harn hoṇā

|to flee

|to become a deer

|ਹਰਨ ਹੋਣਾ

|ਭੱਜ ਜਾਣਾ

hukam sat

|dead

|true order

|ਹੁਕਮ ਸੱਤ

|ਮਰਨਾ

ilāchī

|a twig of palāhi or acacia chewed to cleanse teeth

|cardamom

|ਇਲਾਚੀ

indrāṇī

|emaciated mare

|Indra's consort

|ਇੰਦ੍ਰਾਣੀ

|ਮਰੀਅਲ ਘੋੜੀ

jagat jūṭh

|hukkā; hubble-bubble

|universal pollution

|ਜਗਤ ਜੂਠ

|ਹੁੱਕਾ / ਤੰਬਾਕੁ

joṛ melnī

|sewing needle

|match-maker

|ਜੋੜ ਮੇਲਣੀ

|ਕੱਪੜਾ ਬੁਣਨ ਵਾਲੀ ਸੁਈ

kalgā

|bala person

|plume

|ਕਲੰਗਾ

|ਗੰਜਾ

kanūngo

|stick, walking-stick

|a revenue official

|ਕਾਨੂੰਗੋ

|ਸੋਟੀ

kaṭṭā

|elephant

|young buffalo-calf

|ਕੱਟਾ

|ਹਾਥੀ

khaṇḍ

|ashes

|sugar

|ਖੰਡ

|ਸੁਆਹ

kotal

|charpoy, bedstead

|horse of good breed

|ਕੋਤਲ

|ਮੰਜਾ

kūch

|death

|march

kuhī

|sickle

|bird of prey

lāchīdāṇā

|millet

|cardamom seeds

mahāṅ prasād

|meat curry

|supreme dish

māmalā lainā

|to collect victuals or donations

|to collect land revenue

nākhāṅ

|fruit of banyan tree

|pears

nihakalaṅk

|earthen pitcher

|without blemish

pañj isnānā

|washing of face, hands, and feet only

|five times bath

parī

|sheep

|fairy

pauṇ turaṅg

|jaded, worn-out pony

|flying horse

pauṇ parkāsh

|fan

|lighter of wind

phirnī

|hand-operated millstone

|circulator

rajjī

|ladle

|satiated

rāmbāgh

|forest

|garden of Rāma

rāmjaṅgā

|gun, musket

|Rāma of battle

rāmlaḍḍū

|watermelon

|sweet balls of Rāma

roṛ

|kidney bean

|gravel

Roop Kaur, Rup Kaur, rūpkaur

|pitcher in which milk is boiled

|beautiful princess, woman's name

rūp ras

|salt, salt water

|silvery drink

sabaz pulāo

|dish made of sarsoṅ (mustard) leaves

|green dish of rice

sadā gulāb

|acacia tree

|perennial rose

safājaṅg

|hatchet

|cleanser in battle

saugī

|green gram grain

|dried grapes

shahidī deg

|drink prepared from hemp

|martyr's cooking-vessel

shāh jahāṅ

|poppy plant

|king of the world

sirkhiṇḍī

|raw sugar

|woman with untied scattered hair

sodhaṇā

|to punish; to beat

|to apply correction

sukhdeī

|mattress

|woman, bringer of comfort

sukhnidhān

|drink of hemp

|treasure-house of comforts and happiness

sundarī

|broom

|beautiful woman

ṭhīkarī

|coin, rupee

|shard

ujāgar

|earthen lamp

|well-known, shining

quilla dhana

|urination or defecation

|collapse/conquer a fort, Chittor or Multan

Nihal Kaur, nihalkaur

|blanket

|woman's name, meaning "content princess"

larki

|green chillies

|girl

rupa, ruppā

|onion

|beautiful, beauty, silver piece

|{{cite web |author1=NIHANGSINGH.ORG |date=21 October 2010 |title=Thundering Words: The Martial Language of Nihangs |url=https://sikhchic.com/history/thundering_words_the_martial_language_of_nihangs |website=sikhchic.com}}

dhid phookni, tid fookni

|tea

|stomach burner

thokhay baj

|(spoon) of sugar

akaash pari, akāshparī

|goat

|sky fairy, fairy of heaven

larraaki

|refers to an individual with a martial spirit

|red chillies

akkar-bhan

|fever

sukha

|Cannabis concocted beverage (bhang), tranquilizer

|peace of mind, happiness, pleasurable

araakis

|horses

thanedaar

|donkey

|station house officer

qazi, kaji, kāzī

|cockerel,{{Efn|This is due to the Qazis being associated with the Islamic call to prayer (azhan), a likeness is made to the call of a cockerel, and them demanding the non-Muslims of an area pay the Jizya tax, which was despised by the non-Muslim commoners, was a call of nature.|name=note 1|group=note}} cook

|judge in the field of Islamic jurisprudence, interpreter of Islamic law

chhauni, chhauṇī

|undergarments (kacchera), the camp of Nihaṅgs

|encampment, cantonment

aflatoon

|quilt

|braggart, bragger, boaster

aandey

|potatoes

|eggs

aring baring

|lying down

|wrestling

Basant Kaur, basantkaur

|corn, maize

|combination of Basant (Spring festival) + Kaur (princess) meaning "spring princess", a woman's name

billa

|Englishman

|tomcat

bhuchanger

|children

|snake

chugal

|mirror

|back-biter, tattler

|limper

dhullay

|meat

gobinday, gobindā

|watermelon(s), melon(s)

|a man's name

gobindyia, gobindī

|carrot(s)

|a woman's name

jahaj, jahāz

|cart, bullock-cart

|ship

sarb ras, sarab ras

|salt

|essence of life, manifold flavour

siropa

|beating

|robe of honour

tehsildar

|intelligent

|tax official of a tehsil (administrative unit)

Teja Singh, tejasingh

|train

|Sikh man's name, meaning Fast{{cite dictionary |entry-url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/dictionary/punjabi-english/teja/teja-meaning-in-english |entry=teja |dictionary=Shabdkosh}} Lion

athak savārī, athakk savārī

|pair of shoes or slippers

|tireless mount

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}

charāī karnā, chaṛhāī karnā

|to die

|to invade, charge or set out on an expedition

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |date=22 October 2021 |title=The Nihangs: Sikh Warrior Creed That Evokes Respect And Fear In Equal Measure |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-the-nihangs-sikh-warrior-creed-that-evokes-respect-and-fear-in-equal-measure/305118 |quote='He will dream of armies and he thinks in lakhs. If he is alone he will say, ‘a-lakh-and-a-quarter Khalsa are present’. You ask him how he is, he will reply, ‘the army is well’. For him, hunger is intoxication, a miserable pony an Arab or Iraqi steed…and dying would be proceeding on an expedition.' – ‘Nihangs’, a section in the Encyclopedia of Sikhism, edited by Prof. Harbans Singh and published by Punjabi University, Patiala}}

lakh netarā, lakhnetarā

|blind in one eye

|one with 100,000 eyes

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}

mast, mastana, mastānā

|empty of personal supplies, empty of provisions

|in a state of ecstasy, carefree

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}

savā lakh

|approach of one Nihang Sikh

|125,000-strong army

|{{R|name=Madra2016|page=120}}

|eating almonds

|eating parched gram

rupee

|pebbles

|rupee currency

|a quarrelsome woman

|red chilli

garamjal

|beverage concoction made

of cannabis and hot water

|hot water

khoti chuṅghāṇā

|smoking, hukkā, pipe

|kissing a female donkey, sucking a she-ass smoking

golee

|medicinal pill, tablet, or capsule

|bullet

|{{Cite book |last=Macintyre |first=Donald |title=Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |year=1889 |pages=279}}{{Cite book |last=Syal |first=Meera |title=Anita and Me |publisher=Fourth Estate |year=1996 |isbn=1565845293 |location=London |pages=111}}

veer

|brother

|brave

fauj

|oneself

|army

mithe parshad

|old bread, leftover roti or chapati more than a day-old

|sweet and blessed bread or sacrament

tar pulaw, tar pulāo

|dry bread or meal

|aromatic gravied rice, juicy dish of rice

langar mast

|nothing to eat, hunger

|happy time, intoxication

chhapa maarna

|showing up spontaneously to the homes of friends or relatives

|guerilla ambush, surprise attack

Dharamraj di dhee di sewa

|being ill

|being cared for by the angel of death's daughter

jān bhai

|personal horse

|dearest brother, blood brother

Pathan sira

|cauliflower

|Pashtun head{{Efn|Please see Afghan-Sikh Wars for background information on historical Afghan-Sikh relations.|name=note 2|group=note}}

chhilad, chhillar

|money, rupee, coin

|tree bark, husk

resham

|Jute (bast fibre)

|silk

budhiye

|young lady

|old lady

panjwan, pañjavāṅ

|clarified butter, ghee

|fifth

chaiwan

|cooking oil

chup

|sugar

|silence

choona, chūnā

|flour

|lime-stone powder, lime

panj ratnee

|wine, alcohol

|five jewelled

titari

|karela (bitter melon or bitter gourd)

karadhee

|radish

garday

|rice

samudar

|milk

|ocean, sea

kastoora, kastūrā

|pig

|musk-deer

kesar

|turmeric

|saffron

badam

|groundnuts, chickpeas, grams, parched grams

|almonds

aaracaa

|horse

harni, harnī

|louse, lice, fly

|doe

baaj

|iron rod

|hawk, falcon

bhuchangee, bhuhhangi

|son

|snake

aakarhpun

|fever or bodily illness

|arrogance

irāqī

|miserable pony, horse of poor quality

|Arab or Iraqi steed, thoroughbred from Iraq

bata

|iron bowl

birajkay

|seated

|holding court

gurh

|jaggery (unrefined cane sugar)

heeray

|white hairs

|diamonds

|{{cite dictionary |entry=diamond |dictionary=Shabdkosh |entry-url=https://www.shabdkosh.com/search-dictionary?lc=pa&sl=en&tl=pa&e=diamond}}

hulla

|hurry

|blast of eastern winds

jhatanga

|goat

kulga

|baldy (bald person)

laraki

|chilli, spice

|shrew

mamla

|money

|revenue

morcha

|endeavour

|front line

parsram

|axe

patwari

|cat

tax-collector/village accountant

bhootni, bhūtanī

|rail locomotive (train), dust storm

|female ghost, witch

subhedar

|sweeper

|governor/warrant officer

theekar, ṭhīkar

|body

|shell, broken piece of pottery

dhokhay baaj

|spoon

|imposter

vaheer

|mobile

ghorrhey

|jutti shoes

|horses

shaheedi maar

|punishment to the guilty

|a martyr's beating

sawaayaa

|A little

|one and a quarter

haraa pallaa

|grass

|green rice

sheesh mahal

|shanty, crumbling shack through which the sky peeps

|palace of mirrors, glass palace

swarag

|calamity

|heaven

hazaar mekhee

|worn-out scarf

gurmukhi parshad

|coarse grain

|blessed sacrament from the mouth of the Guru

dabrroo ghusrooh

|individual lacking in Sikh conduct

sūrmā

|blind person

|wide-awake hero, hero, warrior

|{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/downloadPdf.jsp?file=BK-005340.pdf&docid=9815 |title=Humour in Sikhism |publisher=The Star Book Depot |year=1929 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |pages=6 |language=en |format=PDF}}

|half-blind man

|argus-eyed lion

chubāre chaṛhiā

|deaf person

|one on the upper storey

|baptised Sikh

|brother of the golden cup (actually an iron vessel)

tankhāh

|to be fined by the community for a fault, penalty for breach of religious code

|getting one's salary, salary

|big stick

|lawyer