Khondalite
{{short description|Foliated metamorphic rock}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
File:Khondalite Rock formations at Rushikonda.JPG, India]]
Khondalite is a foliated metamorphic rock. In India, it is also called Bezwada Gneiss and Kailasa Gneiss.{{cite book|author=Kesavulu|title=Textbook of Engineering Geology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-aXSbdjB1cC&pg=PA188|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=1 February 2009|publisher=Macmillan Publishers India Limited|isbn=978-0-230-63870-9|page=188}} It was named after the Khond tribe of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh because well-formed examples of the rock were found in the inhabited hills of these regions of eastern India.
Distribution
File:Khondalite rocks at a hillock near Anandapuram.jpg
Khondalite is found in the Eastern Ghats between Vijayawada and Cuttack in India.{{cite book|author=P. C. Varghese|title=Engineering Geology for Civil Engineers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ys5brwYEj8C&pg=PA126|accessdate=2 August 2013|date=November 2012|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4495-2|page=126}} but the term khondalite is also used to describe other rocks of similar composition found elsewhere in India as well as in Burma, Sri Lanka,{{Cite encyclopedia| chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/0-387-30845-8 | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | publisher=Springer | author=Dash, B. | title=Petrology | editor-last=Bowes | editor-first=Donald| year=1990 | location=Berlin | pages=263–264| isbn=978-0387335643| doi=10.1007/0-387-30845-8_111 | chapter=Khondalite | series=Encyclopedia of Earth Science | doi-access=free }} the northeastern Helanshan region{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Liming |last2=Yang |first2=Fanyan |last3=Li |first3=Mingtao |last4=Liang |first4=Zhirong |last5=Ma |first5=Xuedong |last6=Tian |first6=Jingxiong |title=U–Pb zircon dating of the Paleoproterozoic khondalite series in the northeastern Helanshan region and its geological significance |journal=Open Geosciences |date=1 January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=544–567 |doi=10.1515/geo-2022-0380 |s2cid=249241146 |language=en |issn=2391-5447|doi-access=free }} and the Inner Mongolia region of China.{{cite journal | title=New Constraints from Garnetite on the P–T Path of the Khondalite Belt: Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the North China Craton | first1=Shujuan | last1=Jiao | first2=Jinghui | last2=Guo | first3=Simon L. | last3=Harley | first4=Brian F. | last4=Windley | journal=Journal of Petrology | year=2013 | volume=54 | issue=9 | pages=1725–1758 | doi=10.1093/petrology/egt029| bibcode=2013JPet...54.1725J | doi-access=free }}
Composition
Formation
Khondalites are considered to be metasedimentary rocks formed during Archaean era. According to Lewis Leigh Fermor, the khondalite and the related charnockite of the Eastern Ghat region were formed when the Eastern Ghat belt was faulted and buried. It was uplifted later, bringing these metamorphic rocks to the surface.
Use
Khondalites weather easily but still have been used in buildings and temples, for example, the Konark Sun Temple and Jagannath Temple.