Kitanemuk language
{{Short description|Northern Uto-Aztecan language of California, US}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kitanemuk
| states = United States
| region = Southern California
| ethnicity = Kitanemuk
| extinct = 1940s
| familycolor = Uto-Aztecan
| fam1 = Uto-Aztecan
| fam2 = Northern Uto-Aztecan
| fam3 = Takic
| fam4 = Serran
| iso3 = none
| glotto = kita1252
| notice = IPA
| map = File:Takic_language_map.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Takic languages. Kitanemuk is to the northwest of Serrano.
}}
Kitanemuk is an extinct Northern Uto-Aztecan language of the Serran branch. It is very closely related to Serrano, and may have been a dialect. Before its extinction, it was spoken in the San Gabriel Mountains and foothill environs of Southern California. The last speakers, Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran, lived some time in the 1940s, though the last fieldwork was carried out in 1937. J. P. Harrington took copious notes in 1916 and 1917, however, which allowed for a fairly detailed knowledge of the language.
Morphology
Kitanemuk is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.
Phonology
=Consonants=
The consonant phonemes of Kitanemuk, as reconstructed by Anderton (1988) based on Harrington's field notes, were (with some standard Americanist phonetic notation in {{angbr|angle brackets}}:
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2| ! rowspan=2| Labial ! rowspan=2|Alveolar ! rowspan=2|Palatal ! colspan=2|Velar ! rowspan=2| Glottal |
| plain |
|---|
| Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} | {{IPAlink|n}} | | {{IPAlink|ŋ}} | | |
| Plosive
| {{IPAlink|p}} | {{IPAlink|t}} | | {{IPAlink|k}} | {{IPAlink|kʷ}} | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} |
| Affricate
| | {{IPAlink|ts}} {{angbr|c}} | {{IPAlink|tʃ}} {{angbr|č}} | | | |
| Fricative
| {{IPAlink|v}} | {{IPAlink|s}} | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}} | | | {{IPAlink|h}} |
| Rhotic
| | {{IPAlink|r}} | | | | |
| Approximant
| | {{IPAlink|l}} | {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}} | | {{IPAlink|w}} | |
Word-finally, {{IPAlink|h}} becomes {{IPAblink|r}}, and all voiced consonants become voiceless before other voiceless consonants or word-finally.
=Vowels=
See also
References
- Anderton, Alice J. (1988). The Language of the Kitanemuks of California. PhD. diss., University of California, Los Angeles.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External links
- {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020108110334/http://www.fourdir.com/kitanemuk.htm Four Directions Institute: Kitanemuk]}}
- [http://www.native-languages.org/kitanemuk.htm Native Languages: Kitanemuk]
- [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/kitanemuk.php Kitanemuk language] overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- [http://www.language-archives.org/item/oai:cla.berkeley.edu:Harrington.690520-099 Papers of John P. Harrington, Part 3, Southern California/Basin], OLAC Open Language Archive
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{{Uto-Aztecan languages}}
{{Languages of California}}
{{Populations of Native California Groups}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kitanemuk, Language}}