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Knapp Commission

{{short description|Investigative committee}}

File:Whitman Knapp.jpg

The Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption (known informally as the Knapp Commission after its chairman Whitman Knapp) was a five-member panel formed in May 1970 by Mayor John V. Lindsay to investigate corruption and misconduct within the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The creation of the Commission was largely a result of publicized accounts of police wrongdoing, as revealed by Patrolman Frank Serpico and Sergeant David Durk. Lindsay's action was also prompted by a front-page exposé in The New York Times on April 25, 1970 that documented a vast scheme of illicit payments to police officers from businessmen, gamblers and narcotics dealers.{{cite news |title=Graft Paid to Police Here Said to Run into Millions |last=Burnham |first=David |date=25 April 1970 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/25/archives/graft-paid-to-police-here-said-to-run-into-millions-survey-links.html |newspaper=The New York Times}} In its final report, the Commission concluded that the NYPD had widespread corruption problems,{{cite web|last=Rabe-Hemp|first=Cara |title=Police Corruption and Code of Silence |work=Police and Law Enforcement |publisher=Sage Publishing |page=132 |isbn=978-1412978590 |doi=10.4135/9781412994095.n10

|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/hnbk/edvol/policelawenforcement/chpt/police-corruption-code-silence |date=2011}} and made a series of recommendations.

Members

On May 21, 1970, Mayor Lindsay issued an executive order appointing the following five members to serve on the Knapp Commission:{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/22/archives/lindsay-appoints-corruption-unit-subpoena-power-asked-for-2d-panel.html |title=Lindsay Appoints Corruption Unit |newspaper=The New York Times |last=Burnham |first=David |date=22 May 1970 |access-date=9 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140824/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/22/archives/lindsay-appoints-corruption-unit-subpoena-power-asked-for-2d-panel.html}}

Investigation and public hearings

The Knapp Commission started its investigation in June 1970. Michael F. Armstrong served as chief counsel to the Commission, and Nicholas Scoppetta was associate counsel.{{cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/crooked-cop-now-jailhouse-lawyer-seeks-parole/11217/ |title=Crooked Cop, Now Jailhouse Lawyer, Seeks Parole at 74 |newspaper=The New York Sun |author=Geoffrey Gray |date=28 March 2005 |access-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208133446/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/crooked-cop-now-jailhouse-lawyer-seeks-parole/11217/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Nicholas Scoppetta – 31st Fire Commissioner City Of New York |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/general/commish.html |publisher=New York City Fire Department (FDNY) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20020611052551/http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/general/commish.html |archive-date=11 June 2002}}

After taking private testimony for over a year, the Knapp Commission initiated public hearings on October 18, 1971.{{cite news |title=Public Hearings to Open Today On Alleged Police Corruption |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/10/18/archives/public-hearings-to-open-today-on-alleged-police-corruption.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 October 1971}} In addition to interviewing "lamplighters" (whistleblowers) Serpico and Durk, the Commission heard testimony from former Police Commissioner Howard R. Leary, corrupt patrolmen, and victims of police shakedowns.{{cite news |last=Burnham |first=David |title=Leary Agrees to Be Knapp Witness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/14/archives/leary-agrees-to-be-knapp-witness.html |date=14 December 1971 |newspaper=The New York Times}} As a result of the testimony of these witnesses, criminal indictments against corrupt police officials were handed down.

Concurrent with the Knapp Commission inquiry, Mayor Lindsay directed Police Commissioner Patrick V. Murphy to implement NYPD reforms. These included proactive integrity checks, large-scale transfers of senior personnel, mandatory job rotation in key areas, ensuring sufficient funds to pay informants, and cracking down on citizen attempts at bribery.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2762&context=faculty_scholarship |last1=Fagan |first1=Jeffrey |last2=MacDonald |first2=John |year=2013 |via=Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive |chapter=Policing, Crime, and Legitimacy in New York and Los Angeles: The Social and Political Contexts of Two Historic Crime Declines |title=New York and Los Angeles: The Uncertain Future |editor-last1=Halle |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=Beveridge |editor-first2=Andrew A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=229 |isbn=978-0199778386}}

On June 15, 1972, Whitman Knapp was nominated by President Richard M. Nixon to be a federal judge for the Southern District of New York.{{cite news |title=Knapp Nominated as Federal Judge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/16/archives/knapp-nominated-as-federal-judge-head-of-police-inquiry-unit-one-of.html |date=16 June 1972 |last=Madden |first=Richard L. |newspaper=The New York Times}} However, Knapp stayed with the Commission through the end of the year to complete the work.

Recommendations

The Knapp Commission issued a preliminary report in August 1972, and a final report in December 1972.{{cite book |author=Knapp Commission |title=The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption |year=1973 |publisher=George Braziller |isbn=978-0807606896}} In its final report, the Commission found widespread corruption in the NYPD, and made the following recommendations:

  • hold commanders accountable for their subordinates' actions.
  • require commanders to file periodic reports on key areas that would breed corruption.
  • create field offices of the Internal Affairs division in all precincts.
  • place undercover informants in all precincts.
  • improve screening and selection methods and standards.
  • strive to change police attitudes toward corruption.
  • enlist public support in the battle against corruption.

="Grass Eaters" and "Meat Eaters"=

The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption categorized two types of corrupt police officer: "Grass Eaters" and "Meat Eaters". This classification scheme distinguished petty corruption under peer pressure ("eating grass") from aggressive, premeditated major corruption ("eating meat").{{cite book|first1=Michael F.|last1=Armstrong |title=They Wished They Were Honest: The Knapp Commission and New York City Police Corruption |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN9PFoCY-hIC|publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15354-6 |via=Google Books}}

The term "Grass Eaters" described police officers who "accept gratuities and solicit five, ten, twenty dollar payments from contractors, tow-truck operators, gamblers, and the like but do not pursue corruption payments".{{cite news |title=Report Says Police Corruption in 1971 Involved Well Over Half on the Force |newspaper=The New York Times |date=28 December 1972 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/28/archives/report-says-police-corruption-in-1971-involved-well-over-half-on.html}} "Grass eating" was something that a significant number of officers were guilty of, and which they learned to do from other cops or from imitating the deviants they watched and investigated every day. The Commission concluded that "grass eating" was used by NYPD officers to prove their loyalty to the "brotherhood", and with that came incentives like side jobs.{{sfn|Fagan|MacDonald|2013|p=262}} One method to prevent cops from becoming corrupt was to remove the veteran cops who indulge in corrupt practices. Without veteran cops to emulate, new officers might never learn to "eat grass".

"Meat Eaters" described officers who "spend a good deal of time aggressively looking for situations they can exploit for financial gain". An example was shaking down pimps and illicit drug dealers for money. The Commission noted that Meat Eaters "justified this extortion by marginalizing their victims as criminals and undeserving of police protection."{{sfn|Fagan|MacDonald|2013|p=262}}

See also

Further reading

  • Armstrong, M. (2012). They Wished They Were Honest: The Knapp Commission and New York City Police Corruption. New York: Columbia University Press {{ISBN|978-0231153546}}
  • Barker, T. (1978). An Empirical Study of Police Deviance Other Than Corruption. Journal of Police Science and Administration 6(3): 264-72.
  • Barker, T. & D. Carter (1990). Fluffing Up the Evidence and Covering Your Ass: Some Conceptual Notes on Police Lying. Deviant Behavior 11: 61-73.
  • Barker, T. & D. Carter (Eds.) (1994). Police Deviance. Cincinnati: Anderson. {{ISBN|978-0870847141}}
  • Chin, G. (Ed.) (1997) New York City Police Corruption Investigation Commissions. New York: William S. Hein & Co. {{ISBN|978-1575882116}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Chin |first1=G. |last2=Wells |first2=Scott |author-link1=Gabriel J. Chin |title=The 'Blue Wall of Silence' as Evidence of Bias and Motive to Lie: A New Approach to Police Perjury |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1810012/ |journal=University of Pittsburgh Law Review |volume=59 |page=233 |year=1998 |via=SSRN}}
  • {{cite book |last=Daley |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Daley |year=1973 |title=Target Blue, An Insider's View of the N.Y.P.D. |location=New York |publisher=Delacorte Press}}
  • DeLattre, E. (5th ed. 2006) Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington DC: AEI Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8447-4217-5}}
  • Dershowitz, A. (1996). Reasonable Doubts. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Kania, R. & W. Mackey (1977). Police Violence as a Function of Community Characteristics. Criminology 15: 27-48.
  • Kappeler, V., R. Sluder & G. Alpert (1994). Forces of Deviance: Understanding the Dark Side of Policing. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Kleinig, J. (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Knapp Commission Records, [https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/c.php?g=288337&p=1922866 Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections], John Jay College of Criminal Justice (view upon appointment only)
  • Knapp Commission (1973). The Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption. New York: George Braziller. {{ISBN|978-0807606889}}
  • Sherman, L. (1974). Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.
  • Trautman, N. (1997). The Cutting Edge of Police Integrity. FL: Ethics Inst.

References

{{reflist}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20061014120152/http://www.frankserpico.com/ Official Frank Serpico website]
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070666/ |title=Serpico |publisher=IMDb}}
  • [https://guides.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/c.php?g=288337&p=1922866 Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections], John Jay College of Criminal Justice (houses Knapp Commission records, view upon appointment)
  • [https://www.wnyc.org/series/knapp-commission-hearings Audio from The Knapp Commission Hearings] [https://www.wnyc.org/series/archives-preservation at the WNYC Archives site courtesy of the Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collection at John Jay College of Criminal Justice.]

{{New York City Police Department}}

Category:New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct

Category:1970 establishments in New York City