Ko Tao

Before being settled the island would be occasionally visited by fishermen from neighbouring islands looking for shelter in a storm or just resting before continuing on their journeys.

It would appear from old maps and descriptions that this island was known by European cartographers and mariners as "Pulo Bardia", indicating that it was first settled by Malayo-Polynesian peoples. The old maps show a chain of three islands aligned north–south and lying off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The most northerly and smallest of these islands is marked P. Bardia, the name it had until the early 1900s. The best map example is by John Thornton from The English Pilot, the Third Book, dated 1701, but the specific map of the Gulf of Siam is dated around 1677.{{cite web|last1=Thornton |first1=John |title=The English Pilot, the Third Book |website=Royal Museums Greenwich |url=http://prints.rmg.co.uk/image/795734/john-seller-john-thornton-william-fisher-john-colson-james-atkinson-a-chart-of-the-trading-part-of-the-east-indies-and-china-with-the-adjacent-islands-from-surrat-to-japan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503114658/http://prints.rmg.co.uk/image/795734/john-seller-john-thornton-william-fisher-john-colson-james-atkinson-a-chart-of-the-trading-part-of-the-east-indies-and-china-with-the-adjacent-islands-from-surrat-to-japan |archive-date=3 May 2012 }} Also see maps of the East Indies by William Dampier c.1697.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} By modern standards of accuracy, the islands are poorly placed on early maps. Seventeenth century marine navigation and cartography used the "backstaff" which, in this area, was accurate to one degree of longitude, or around 60 nautical miles.

The Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary published in 1827 also mentions the island and provides a geographical position.{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Gazetteer, or Geographical Dictionary:...|date=1827|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|location=London|page=383|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uea5f4qw4UC&q=%27The+Edinburgh+Gazetteer%27+bardia&pg=PA383|access-date=2015-01-04}} In his 1852 book titled Narrative of a Residence in Siam. by Frederick Arthur Neale, the author describes the people and wildlife of Bardia. According to the account there were farms and even cows in a village on the bay lying on the west side of the island. The book includes a fanciful illustration of "Bardia" showing huts and palm trees.{{cite book|last1=Neale|first1=Frederick Arthur|title=Narrative of a Residence in Siam.|date=1852|publisher=Office of the National Illustrated Library|location=London|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJsFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Pulo+Bardia%22&pg=PA120}}

Joseph Huddart in 1801 included these directions for navigating the islands, "To the N.W. by N are two islands of about the same height as Poolo Carnom [Ko Samui]; the first, called SANCORY [Ko Pha-ngan], is 7 leagues from Carnom; the other..., named BARDA, or Bardia [Ko Tao], is 7½ leagues from Sancory."{{cite book|last1=Huddart|first1=Joseph|title=The Oriental Navigator; or, New Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, New Holland, etc.,...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbwBAAAAYAAJ&q=bardia+siam&pg=PA459|date=1801|publisher=Robert Laurie and James Whittle|location=London|page=459|edition=2nd|access-date=2015-01-04}} (A league is approximately 3 nautical miles or 5.5 km.)

On 18 June 1899, King Chulalongkorn visited Ko Tao and left as evidence his monogram on a huge boulder at Jor Por Ror Bay next to Sairee Beach. This place is still worshiped today.

In 1933, the island started to be used as a political prison. In 1947 Khuang Abhaiwongse, prime minister at that time, pleaded and received a royal pardon for all prisoners on the island. Everybody was taken to the shore of Surat Thani and Ko Tao was abandoned again.

In the 1980s, overseas travellers began to visit Ko Tao and it quickly became a popular destination. In the 1990s the island became known as a diving site.

The island is an important breeding ground for hawksbill and green turtles. The development of tourism has negatively impacted the health of these grounds, but a breeding programme organised in 2004 by the Royal Thai Navy and KT-DOC, a coalition of local scuba diving centres, has reintroduced hundreds of juvenile turtles to the island's ecosystem.

Chumpon Pinnacle, a dive site to the west of the island has a reputation for divers in search of both whale sharks and bull sharks. However, because of warmer water temperatures over the last year a great number of bull sharks have migrated to cooler waters. The island is host to over 130 species of hard corals, and over 223 species of reef fishes belonging to 53 families.{{cite journal|last=Scaps|first=Patrick |author2=Chad M. Scott |title=An update to the list of coral reef fishes from Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand|journal=Check List|volume=10|issue=5|pages=1123–1133|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1141900|doi=10.15560/10.5.1123|year=2014 |doi-access=free}}

File:Ko Tao 2015, febr. - panoramio (9).jpg

Diving conditions have improved dramatically in the past few years with the continuing education of locals by the dive community. El Niño weather patterns caused a warming of the waters which resulted in the loss of a great deal of the shallow corals near the island. Since then, the recovery has been swift and dramatic. Ko Tao now offers some of the best scuba diving in the Gulf of Thailand.{{cite web|title=About Koh Tao|url=https://www.tourismthailand.org/About-Thailand/Destination/Ko-Tao|website=Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT)|access-date=2018-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422140840/https://www.tourismthailand.org/About-Thailand/Destination/Ko-Tao|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=dead}} And with help by the island conservation group, Save Koh Tao, the island's environmental outlook is improving.{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Chad M.|author2=Wayne Phillips|title=A Sustainable Model for Resource Management and Protection Achievable through Empowering Local Communities and Businesses|journal=Ramkhamhaeng University International Research Conference 2010|volume=1|pages=25–28|url=http://www.newheavendiveschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Scott_2010_RUIRC_ResourceManagementthroughLocalCommunity.pdf|access-date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173600/http://www.newheavendiveschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Scott_2010_RUIRC_ResourceManagementthroughLocalCommunity.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

As one of the world's most popular diving destinations, more attention is being focused on the negative effects of diving on coral reef health around Ko Tao.{{cite journal|last=Lamb|first=Joleah |author2=James D. True |author3=Srisakul Piromvaragorn|author4=Bette L. Willis|title=Scuba diving damage and intensity of tourist activities increases coral disease prevalence|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=178|pages=88–96|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264557713|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.027|year=2014 |bibcode=2014BCons.178...88L }} Natural factors combined with over-use of some areas has led to an increase in the abundance of corallivores such as Drupella snails{{cite journal|last=Hoeksema|first=Bert W. |author2=Chad M. Scott |author3=James D. True|title=Dietary shift in corallivorous Drupella snails following a major bleaching event at Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand|journal=Coral Reefs|volume=32|issue=2|pages=423–428|doi=10.1007/s00338-012-1005-x|year=2013 |bibcode=2013CorRe..32..423H |s2cid=17232016 }} and the crown-of-thorns starfish{{cite journal|last=Scott|first=Chad M. |author2=Rahul Mehrotra |author3=Pau Urgell |title=Spawning observation of Acanthaster planci in the Gulf of Thailand |journal=Marine Biodiversity |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=1–2|doi=10.1007/s12526-014-0300-x|year=2015 |bibcode=2015MarBd..45..621S |s2cid=33626561 }} around the island in recent years. In 2012, a Marine Zoning and Regulations Master Plan was developed for the island and subsequently become local law, but the positive effects of increased management have yet to be realized.{{cite journal|last=Hein|first=Margaux |author2=Joleah B. Lamb|author3=Chad M. Scott |author4=Bette L. Willis |title=Assessing baseline levels of coral health in a newly established marine protected area in a global scuba diving hotspot |journal=Marine Environmental Research|volume=103|pages=56–65|doi=10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.11.008|pmid=25460062 |year=2015 |bibcode=2015MarER.103...56H }}

Tourism and development on the island has grown steadily for the last several decades, with public infrastructure often lagging far behind. Shortages of electricity and fresh water{{cite journal|last=Larpnun|first=Radda|author2=Chad M. Scott|author3=Pinsak Surasawadi|title=เที่ยวไทยไปไหนดี ที่เที่ยวยอดฮิตในไทย ที่เที่ยวยอดนิยม รีวิวที่เที่ยวทั่วไทย |url=https://hongrietourisme.com/.|journal=Catchment Management and Coral Reef Conservation: A Practical Guide for Coastal Resource Managers to Reduce Damage from Catchment Areas...|volume=178|pages=88–89}} are common, and both solid and liquid waste management is inadequate.{{cite news|last1=Charuvastra|first1=Teeranai|title=Koh Tao Alarmed by Growing Trash Pile|url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/environment/2016/11/21/koh-tao-alarmed-growing-trash-pile/|access-date=21 November 2016|work=Khaosod English|date=21 November 2016}} About 42,000 tonnes of solid waste are produced annually on the island, resulting in a 45,000 tonne garbage mountain while the island's waste incinerator sits idle.{{cite news|last1=Chaolan|first1=Supapong|title=Big stink seals fate of Koh Tao eyesore|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1393574/big-stink-seals-fate-of-koh-tao-eyesore|access-date=11 January 2018|work=Bangkok Post|date=11 January 2018}}

File:Wat Ko Tao.jpg

{{See also|Koh Tao murders}}

File:Koh tao sk.jpg

File:Blue spotted stingray.jpg photographed in the waters around Ko Tao]]

Ko Tao is one of Thailand's most popular tourist spots. The Bangkok Post has cited its annual visitor count as 132,000{{cite news|last1=Chaolan|first1=Supapong|last2=Wipatayotin|first2=Apinya|title=Islands seek clean break from trail of tourist trash|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1442782/islands-seek-clean-break-from-trail-of-tourist-trash|access-date=9 April 2018|work=Bangkok Post|date=8 April 2018}} and three million.

The island is well known for scuba diving and snorkeling, as well as hiking, rock climbing, and bouldering. The most popular place for tourists is Sairee on the west coast, which has a white sandy beach of 1.7 km interrupted only by a few huge boulders and a scattering of medium budget resorts and restaurants. Chalok Baan Khao, to the south of the island, is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative for those wishing to escape the crowds. A great many granite boulders, both in the forests and on the beaches of Ko Tao, attract a growing number of climbers. Ko Tao has a little over 25 dive sites to explore.

A series of tourist deaths – including murder and alleged suicide – particularly since 2014, has prompted some to advise that tourists avoid visiting Ko Tao,{{cite news|last1=Dickinson|first1=Elaine|title=Thailand's Dark Side: Why You Really Shouldn't Visit Koh Tao|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/koh-tao-thailand-dark-side-car-crash-murders-mafia-suspicious-deaths-a7824171.html|access-date=8 October 2017|work=The Independent|date=5 July 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Promchertchoo|first1=Pichayada|title=Thailand's beauty 'very dangerous trap': Sister of Koh Tao victim|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/author/7576756|access-date=8 October 2017|work=Channel NewsAsia|date=12 January 2016}}{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Matt|title=Families of murdered tourists on Koh Tao, dubbed Death Island, warn tourists to stay away|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/warnings/families-of-murdered-tourists-on-koh-tao-dubbed-death-island-warn-tourists-to-stay-away/news-story/b078e937a7510db09e174aa61be54f24|access-date=23 March 2018|work=News.com.au|date=2018-03-24}} with some British tabloids labelling it as "Death Island".{{Cite news|last1=Paddock|first1=Richard C.|last2=Suhartono|first2=Muktita|date=2018-11-03|title=Thai Paradise Gains Reputation as 'Death Island'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/thailand-koh-tao-death-island.html|access-date=2021-01-28|issn=0362-4331}} Although tourist arrivals to the island dropped in the months immediately following the murders in 2014, there was little lasting effect.{{Cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Erik|date=2016-09-01|title=Contesting narratives: the Koh Tao tourists murders|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478X.2016.1204021|journal=Asian Anthropology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=207–224|doi=10.1080/1683478X.2016.1204021|s2cid=151946538|issn=1683-478X|url-access=subscription}}

File:Dive Sites of Ko Tao.png

To serve the tourist population, some 3,000–5,000 Burmese workers staff the island.{{cite magazine|last1=Campbell|first1=Charlie|title=This Septic Isle: Backpackers, Bloodshed and the Secretive World of Koh Tao|url=https://time.com/3955081/thailand-koh-tao-murder-david-miller-hannah-witheridge-zaw-lin-wai-phyo-burma-myanmar/|access-date=8 October 2017|magazine=Time|date=17 July 2015}} There is a dominant Thai family on the island that owns several dive schools, resorts, and bars.{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Koh Tao's dark side: dangers of island where Britons were murdered|author= Peter Walker |date=24 November 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/23/briton-thailand-murder-hannah-witheridge-david-miller-mystery-mafia-fear}}

File:KoTaoMainStreet.JPG

Motorbikes are the main form of transport and the main cause of injury to tourists in the area.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Ferry companies Lomprayah, Seatran, and Songserm serve Ko Tao from:

• Surat Thani (4 hours day boat, 9 hours on overnight boat)
• Chumphon (1.5–3 hours, 7 hours on overnight boat)
• Ko Samui (approximately 2.5 hours)
• Ko Pha-ngan (approximately 1.5–2 hours).

All ferries dock at Ban Mae Haad. Journey times vary due to the different boats used by the various ferry companies.

Ko Tao has no airport, but connections to high speed catamarans and ferries are available at three airports.

• Chumphon Airport (CJM)
• Ko Samui Airport (USM)
• Surat Thani Airport (URT)

Train services are available to Chumphon where ferries are available.

• List of islands of Thailand

{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Ko Tao}}

• {{Wikivoyage inline|Ko Tao}}

{{Recreational dive sites|reereg}}

Tao

Category:Geography of Surat Thani province

Category:Islands of the Gulf of Thailand

Category:Underwater diving sites in Thailand