Kou Yang

Kou Yang was born in Sayaboury Province, Laos, circa 1954.{{cite news |last=Ashton |first=Adam |date=May 13, 2006 |title=Flight to freedom key into U.S. |url= |work=The Modesto Bee / Knight Ridder Tribune Business News |location=California/Washington |publisher=Tribune Content Agency LLC |access-date= |id={{ProQuest|459971104}}}} He was said to be 49 years old in 2006.{{cite web | last=Kaufman | first=Marc | title=American Odyssey | website=Smithsonian Magazine | date=August 31, 2004 | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/american-odyssey-180940687/ | access-date=March 17, 2025 | id={{Gale|A126121210}} | archive-date=December 23, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223221653/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/american-odyssey-180940687/ | url-status=live }} His eighteen member family lived in a rural highland Hmong village.

His formal education began when he was sent to the lowland school Sayaboury Elementary School (Group Scholaire de Sayaboury) in Sayaboury, where he completed up to sixth grade. He continued at College de Sayaboury, the province's junior high school, and graduated summer of 1974. Briefly he attended Lycee de Luang Phrabang and Ecole Normal de Luang Phrabang to prepare for post-secondary education, but was unable to complete his studies when the Laotian Civil War ended in 1975.

Yang fled to a refugee camp in Thailand. In 1976 at 21 years old, he and three brothers resettled in New Orleans, Louisiana. He became a permanent US resident five years later in 1981 and petitioned for relatives to get travel visas to the US.

Although he had been studying for post-secondary education in Laos, Yang's early employment in the US was as a dishwasher. While Yang could read, write, and speak the Hmong, Lao, Thai, and French languages, he struggled to reach competency in English, which was a barrier to employment and education.{{cite news |last=Vang |first=Seng Alex |date=June 2014 |title=Dr. Kou Retires: Hmong Pioneer, leader, mentor |url=https://issuu.com/sengalexvang/docs/hmongtribunejune2014 |work=Hmong Tribune |location=Fresno, California |publisher= |access-date=March 17, 2024 |pages=1 |via=Issuu |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619203418/https://issuu.com/sengalexvang/docs/hmongtribunejune2014 |url-status=live }}

Yang relocated to Long Beach, California in 1979 and earned his associates degree from Long Beach City College in 1982. The associates degree improved his English. Once in Fresno, he earned a bachelor's degree and master's degree in social work from California State University, Fresno in 1987 and 1991 respectively. He ultimately graduated Doctor of Education from the Joint Doctoral Program in Educational Leadership at California State University, Fresno and the University of California, Davis in 1995.{{cite web | title=Hmong Doctorates | website=LEARN HMONG LESSONS & TRADITIONS | date=March 16, 2025 | url=http://hmonglessons.com/the-hmong/hmong-leaders/hmong-doctorates/ | access-date=March 17, 2025}}

Kou Yang was an associate professor of Asian American studies at California State University, Stanislaus and joined the faculty fall semester 1998 as an assistant professor.{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=California State University, Stanislaus Catalog 2001-2003 |url=https://catalog.csustan.edu/mime/media/31/966/Catalog-01-03.pdf |location=Turlock, California |publisher=California State University, Stanislaus |page=364 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |quote=YANG, Kou (1998), Assistant Professor of Asian American Studies; B.A. 1987, California State University, Fresno; M.S.W. 1991, California State University, Fresno; Ed.D. 1995, California State University, Fresno, University of Davis |archive-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707221114/https://catalog.csustan.edu/mime/media/31/966/Catalog-01-03.pdf |url-status=live }} He was the first Hmong person to be part of an ethnic studies department and the second Hmong faculty member at CSU. Tony Vang was the only other Hmong faculty member at CSU. At the time, Yang was the sixth Hmong person to be hired by a US university.{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Ann-Gee |date=November 25, 1998 |title=Yang teaches and values different cultures |url=https://libdig.csustan.edu/serials/signal/Signal_19981125.pdf |work=The Signal |volume=54 |number=10 |location= |publisher=California State University, Stanislaus |access-date=March 16, 2025 |pages=4, 6 |jstor=community.34201401}}

Dissatisfied with cuts to course offerings and delayed faculty recruitment, which was viewed as diluting the ethnic studies program, Yang was one of two ethnic studies faculty that announced in May 2013 they would resign at the end of the year.{{cite web | last=Rivera | first=Carla | title=Cal State's ethnic studies programs falter in changing times | website=Los Angeles Times | date=October 30, 2013 | url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-oct-30-la-me-college-ethnic-20131031-story.html | access-date=March 17, 2025}} He retired from teaching December 2014. During his tenure at CSU, Yang was the Chair of the Ethnic & Gender Studies Department and became Professor Emeritus of Ethnic Studies. He was also part of the editorial review board of Journal of Southeast Asian American Education & Advancement, published by National Association for the Education & Advancement of Cambodian, Laotian, and Vietnamese Americans (NAFEA).{{cite journal | last=Worra | first=Bryan Thao | author-link=Bryan Thao Worra | title=Four Poems: Snakehead Fish; Departures; Capitol; and Preparations for Southeast Asia | journal=Journal of Southeast Asian American Education and Advancement | volume=2 | issue=1 | date=January 1, 2007 | issn=2153-8999 | doi=10.7771/2153-8999.1090 | doi-access=free | url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1090&context=jsaaea | access-date=March 18, 2025}}

Yang Sao Xiong, Nengher N. Vang, and Chia Youyee Vang list Kou Yang as part of the "second wave" of ethnic Hmong scholars, along with scholars such as Zha Blong Xiong and Dia Cha.{{cite journal | last=Xiong | first=Yang Sao | last2=Vang | first2=Nengher N. | last3=Vang | first3=Chia Youyee | title=Charting New Paths for Critical Hmong American and Diaspora Studies | journal=Amerasia Journal | volume=44 | issue=2 | date=2018 | issn=0044-7471 | doi=10.17953/aj.44.2.ix-xxviii |page=xvii}}

In his work, Kou Yang proposed a framework that divides Hmong American history into three eras: the Refugee Years (1975–1991), the Turning Point (1992–1999), and the "Hmong American period" (2000–present). The Refugee Years are characterized by Hmong newly arriving in the United States in 1975 and interacting with social services. The election of Choua Lee to the Saint Paul, Minnesota Public Schools Board of Education in November 1991, who took office 1992, marked the beginning of the Turning Point, where Hmong became politically active and saw a wave of "secondary migration" from their original resettlement locations to one of several hubs of concentrated Hmong population in the US, particularly Saint Paul. Yang proposed the Hmong American Period from 2000 onward, and described it as sustained political success by Hmong candidates.{{cite web | last=Mock | first=Sean | title=From Refugees to Representatives: Exploring Hmong American Political Representation | website=DigitalCommons@Macalester College |publisher=Macalester College | date=October 3, 2017 | url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/poli_honors/69 | access-date=March 18, 2025}}

Yang argued that much of the early understanding of Hmong American history was inaccurate because of works that promoted unproven theories about Hmong history. Scholars whose work he criticised for inaccuracy include Jane Hamilton-Merritt and Anne Fadiman, who wrote the bestselling book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down.{{cite journal |last1=Klinge |first1=Joseph A |date=2012 |title=Hmong American Experience: The Definition of Success in America |url=https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/2012/ |journal=Journal of Undergraduate Research |publisher=University of Wisconsin–La Crosse |location=La Crosse, Wisconsin |volume=XV |issue= |page=3 |doi= |access-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926194034/https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/2012/ |url-status=live }}

Another focus of Yang's work was Hmong ancestry in China. He gained attention from Chinese academics that study Miao peoples in China for his written scholarship and research travel connecting Hmong Americans to Hmong in China, particularly his commentary on how the Belt and Road Initiative would affect the rural Hmong who occupy the borders between China, Laos, and Vietnam.{{cite journal |last1=欣 |first1=逄 |date=October 10, 2024 |title=“一带一路”背景下海外苗族纪实文学译介的学术价值与意义 |trans-title=The academic value and significance of translating overseas Miao documentary literature under the background of the "Belt and Road" initiative |url=https://m.fx361.cc/news/2024/1231/25666654.html |journal=新楚文化 |trans-journal=New Chu Culture |volume= |issue=25 |pages= |publisher=同方知网（北京）技术有限公司 |doi=10.20133/j.cnki.CN42-1932/G1.2024.25.013 |access-date=March 21, 2025 |language=zh}}{{cite web | last=Yineng | first=Cai | title=A New Perspective on Southeast Asia's Hmong | website=Sixth Tone | date=January 2, 2025 | url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1016442 | access-date=March 21, 2025}}

As a Lao Hmong American, Yang favored the United States normalizing trade relations with Laos, a controversial stance among Hmong refugees, many of whom sided with the United States during the Vietnam War and Laotian Civil War.{{cite web | title=Laotian, Hmong Americans Cautiously Optimistic Ahead of Obama's Laos Visit | website=NBC News | date=August 30, 2016 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/laotian-hmong-americans-cautiously-optimistic-ahead-obama-s-laos-visit-n640346 | access-date=March 18, 2025}}

Yang died at Kaiser Hospital in Modesto, California February 6, 2021 of natural causes. He was buried at Turlock Memorial Park in Turlock, California during a private service owing to COVID-19 restrictions.{{cite web | title=Kou Yang Obituary | website=Turlock Memorial Park & Funeral Home | date=February 19, 2021 | url=https://www.turlockfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Kou-Yang/#!/Obituary | access-date=March 17, 2025}}

• {{cite book |editor-last1=Pfeifer | editor-first1=Mark Edward |editor-last2=Chiu |editor-first2=Monica |editor-last3=Yang |editor-first3=Kou | title=Diversity in Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the Twenty-First Century | url=https://archive.org/details/diversityindiasp0000unse/ | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | date=January 31, 2013 | isbn=978-0-8248-3597-2 | doi=10.21313/hawaii/9780824835972.001.0001 | id={{Project MUSE|21545}}}}
• {{cite book | last=Yang | first=Kou | title=The Making of Hmong America: Forty Years After the Secret War | publisher=Lexington Books | publication-place=Lanham, Maryland | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-4985-4645-4 | oclc=990266491}} {{Google Books|title=Diversity in Diaspora|id=fh_HDwAAQBAJ}}
• {{cite book | author-last1=Yang | author-first1=Kou |author-last2=Lee | author-first2=Serge |display-authors=1| title=Hmong 2000 Census Publication: Data & Analysis | publisher=Hmong National Development; Hmong Cultural Center | publication-place=Washington, DC | year=2004 | oclc=56978316|url=https://www.uwgb.edu/UWGBCMS/media/hmong-studies/files/2000HmongCensusPublication.pdf}} {{Google Books|id=51clAQAAMAAJ|title=Hmong 2000 Census Publication: Data & Analysis}}. {{HathiTrust |htid=wu.89081644957 |title=Hmong 2000 Census Publication: Data & Analysis}}
• {{cite book | author-last1=Duffy | author-first1=John | author-last2=Ranard | author-first2=Donald A. | author-last3=Yang | author-first3=Kou |author-last4=Harmon |author-first4=Roger | display-authors=3 | title=The Hmong: An Introduction to Their History and Culture | publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics, Cultural Orientation Resource Center | url=http://www.culturalorientation.net/content/download/1373/7978/version/1/file/The%20Hmong,%20Culture%20Profile.pdf | publication-place=Washington, D.C. | date=June 2004 | oclc=56138399}}
• {{cite book | last1=Yang | first1=Kou | last2=Hartwick | first2=Douglas A. | title=Laos and Its Expatriates in the United States: A Memoir of an American Professor | publisher=PublishAmerica | publication-place=Baltimore, MD | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4626-9305-4 | oclc=855903711}}
• {{cite book | last=Yang | first=Kou | title=Sayaboury: The Land of a Million Elephants | publisher=HER Publisher | publication-place=Saint Paul, MN | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-64410-003-5 | oclc=1090415670}}
• {{cite book | last=Yang | first=Kou | title=The Hmong & Their Odyssey: A Roots-Searching Journey of an American Professor | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-692-75670-6 | oclc=971497321}}
• {{cite book | last=Yang | first=Kou | author2=Church World Service | author3=Asian Pacific Family Outreach, Inc | title=Khaws kwutxhiaj hmoob | publisher=Hmong Acculturation Classes | publication-place=Long Beach, CA | year=1980 | oclc=952500877 | language=hmn}}

• {{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Kou | title=Research Note: The Hmong in America: Twenty-Five Years after the U.S. Secret War in Laos | journal=Journal of Asian American Studies |volume=4 |number=2| date=June 2001 | pages=165–174 |doi=10.1353/jaas.2001.0019 | oclc=4639277328 |id={{Project MUSE|14629}}|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}
• {{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Kou |author-mask=2 | title=Becoming American: The Hmong American Experience | year=2001 | oclc=8163593437|doi=10.1525/esr.2001.24.1.58|issn=1555-1881|journal=Ethnic Studies Review|volume=24|number=2| pages=58–84 |publisher=University of California Press}}
• {{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Kou |author-mask=2 | title=Hmong Diaspora of the Post-War Period | date=September 2003 | oclc=5722289321 | issn= 0117-1968 | doi=10.1177/011719680301200302|journal=Asian and Pacific Migration Journal|volume=12|issue=3| pages=271–300 |publisher=Scalabrini Migration Center}} addtl. {{OCLC|5796016530}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2009 |title=Commentary: Challenges and Complexity in the Re-Construction of Hmong History |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-10-2009.html |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=10 |issue= |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |oclc=7180060764|issn= 1091-1774}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2008 |title=A Visit to the Hmong of Asia: Globalization and Ethnicity at the Dawn of the 21st Century |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-9-2008.html |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=9 |issue= |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |pages= |doi= |access-date=|oclc=8349071868|issn=1091-1774|id={{ProQuest|193881800}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2012 |title=Commentary: Mis-Education in K-12 Teaching about Hmong Culture, Identity, History and Religion |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-1312012.html |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |pages= |doi= |access-date=|oclc=8286270352|issn=1091-1774}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2007 |title=An Assessment of the Hmong American New Year and Its Implications for Hmong-American Culture |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-8-2007.html |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=8 |issue= |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |pages= |doi= |access-date=|oclc=8349115044|issn=1091-1774}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2003 |title=Hmong Americans: A Review of Felt Needs, Problems, and Community Development |url=https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-4-2003.html |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=4 |issue= |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |pages= |doi= |access-date=|oclc=7179653609|issn=1091-1774}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=2005 |title=Research Notes from the Field: Tracing the Path of The Ancestors - A Visit to the Hmong in China |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/220384285 |journal=Hmong Studies Journal |volume=6 |issue= |pages= |publisher=Mark E. Pfeifer |doi= |issn=1553-3972 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |id={{ProQuest|220384285}}}}
• {{cite book |author-last1=Pfeifer |author-first1=Mark E. |author-last2=Sullivan |author-first2=John |author-last3=Yang |author-first3=Kou |author-last4=Yang |author-first4=Wayne |date=2013 |title=The State of the Hmong American Community 2013 |chapter=Hmong Population and Demographic Trends in the 2010 Census & 2010 American Community Survey |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53e440b6e4b0f970aac3569a/t/598dd462197aeaaefca355db/1502467176336/HND_AR_2013_WEB.pdf#page=8 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Hmong National Development, Hmong American Partnership |page=8 |oclc=854682252}}
• {{cite book | author-last1=Yang |author-first1=Kou |author-mask=2 | editor-last=Howard | editor-first=Katsuyo K. | chapter=From Indochina to Fresno: A Brief Look at the Plight of Indochinese in Fresno | title=Passages: An Anthology of the Southeast Asian Refugee Experience | url=https://archive.org/details/passagesantholog0000unse | publisher=Southeast Asian Student Services, California State University, Fresno | publication-place=Fresno, California | date=1990 | isbn=0-9627103-0-X |oclc=22419272 |pages=xix–xxv}} {{Google Books|id=rhF2AAAAMAAJ|title=Passages}}. {{HathiTrust|id=mdp.39015061143619|title=Passages}}

• {{cite news | last=Yang | first=Kou | title=Prof. Kou Yang: The deadly, horrible mess we made still plagues Indochina | website=Modesto Bee | publisher=McClatchy Media Network | date=April 4, 2015 | url=https://www.modbee.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/community-columns/article17237951.html | location=Modesto, California | access-date=February 6, 2025}}
• {{cite news |last=Yang |first=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=November 23, 2016 |title=XIONG YANG, PH.D. (PRAYATH NANTASIN): The First Hmong Scientist To Do Research In Antarctica |url= |work=Hmong Times |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |publisher= |access-date= |pages=1, 8–9 |id={{ProQuest|1848788222}}}}
• {{cite web | last=Yang | first=Kou |author-mask=2 | title=The Passing Of Prince Sauryavong Savang, The Youngest And Last Child Of King Sisavanbg Vatthana | website=Hmong Times | date=January 25, 2018 | url=https://hmongtimes.com/the-passing-of-prince-sauryavong-savang-the-youngest-and-last-child-of-king-sisavanbg-vatthana/2328/ | access-date=March 17, 2025}}
• {{cite news |last=Yang |first=Kou |author-mask=2 |date=Winter 2002 |title=Hmong Vision: The Future of Hmong Americans |url=https://issuu.com/sengalexvang/docs/hm_01_winter2002 |work=Hmong Movement: Emergence of the Hmong Student Coalition |volume=1|issue=1|location=Turlock, California |publisher=Hmong Students Inter-Collegiate Coalition |pages=8–10}}
• {{cite news |last=Yang |first=Kou | author-last2=Cha | author-first2=Dia | author-link2=Dia Cha | author-mask=2 |date=August 2014 |title=A Visit to the Hmong of Vietnam |url=https://issuu.com/sengalexvang/docs/hmong_tribune_8-2014__1_ |work=Hmong Tribune |location=Fresno, California |publisher= |pages=1, 7}}
• Part two printed as: {{cite news |last=Yang |first=Kou | author-last2=Cha | author-first2=Dia | author-mask=2 |date=September 2014 |title=A Visit to the Hmong of Vietnam |url=https://issuu.com/sengalexvang/docs/hmong_tribune_8-2014__1_ |work=Hmong Tribune |location=Fresno, California |publisher= |pages=1, 7}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Yang |first=Kou | author-mask=2 |date=March–April 2013 |title=Sayaboury: The Province of a Million Elephants |volume=2|number=8|url=https://issuu.com/sabaidee-magazine/docs/pdf_sabaidee_8/50 |magazine=Sabaidee Magazine |location= |publisher= |pages=50–52}}
• {{cite web | last=Yang | first=Kou |author-mask=2 | title=Editorial: President Obama’s Historic Visit to Laos Comes At the Perfect Time | website=Laotian Times | date=August 24, 2016 | url=https://laotiantimes.com/2016/08/24/editorial-president-obamas-historic-visit-to-laos-comes-at-the-perfect-time/}}

• {{cite thesis |last=Yang |first=Kou |date=1995 |title=The Hmong in Fresno: a study of Hmong welfare participation and self-sufficiency |url=https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/1r66j8240 |hdl=20.500.12680/1r66j8240 | url-access=limited | degree=Doctor of Education |chapter= |publisher=California State University, Fresno |docket= |oclc=36986286 |isbn=9798208111727 |access-date=February 6, 2025 | id=[https://www.proquest.com/openview/1510b51c6211bceee8459f889c9501a1/1 ProQuest UMI Microform number 9627756]}}

• {{cite book | last1=Yang | first1=Kou | last2=Yang | first2=Vungping | last3=Vue | first3=Yinkong | title=Nuj Yob : the Hmong jungle book | publisher=HER Publisher | publication-place=Saint Paul, MN | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-64410-006-6 | oclc=1112365623}}

• {{citation | last1=Yang | first1=Lang | last2=Yang | first2=Kou | title=Sab nyob tom tsev | publisher=Lang Yang | publication-place=Nebo, NC | year=1991 | oclc=43786570 | language=hmn}}
• {{citation | last=Yang | first=Kou | author2=Liaj Dawb Home Entertainment | author3=Hmong International Filmmaker Organization | title=Vim kuv yog hmoob = Because I am Hmong | publisher=Liaj Dawb Home Entertainment | publication-place=St. Paul, MN | year=2010 | oclc=689033309 | language=hmn}}

• History of the Hmong in Fresno, California
• Mai Na Lee, another early Hmong academic
• Mark Pfeifer, academic who studied Hmong

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite AV media |people=Padee Yang; Kou Yang |last= |first= |date=April 10, 2018 |title=3 HMONG NEWS: 7th International Conference on Hmong Studies at Concordia University |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8qG_09hNlg&t=310 |time=5:10 |format=newscast |work=3 HMONG NEWS |type= |language=hmn |location=Saint Paul, Minnesota |publisher=3HMONGTV, HBC TELEVISION, Twin Cities Hmong Television |access-date=February 5, 2025}}
• {{cite AV media |people=tomorrow hmong, Ger Vang |date=June 17, 2020 |title=JOURNEY TO AMERICA: KOU YANG, ED.D., MSW |series=HmongPedia |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYE6f1Asfic |trans-title= |format=video |work= |type= |location= |publisher= |access-date=|lang=hmn|via=YouTube}}
• {{cite web | last=ປະຖັມມະວົງ | first=ກິ່ງສະຫວັນ | title=ສຳພາດ ດຣ. Kou Yang ນັກ ສັງ ຄົມ ສົງ ເຄາະ ແລະສາດສະດາຈານ ຄົ້ນຄວ້າ ວັດທະນາທຳລາວ | trans-title=Interview with Dr. Kou Yang, a social worker and professor of Lao culture | website=ສຽງອາເມຣິກາ - ວີໂອເອ | trans-website=Voice of America - VOA | date=February 25, 2016 | url=https://lao.voanews.com/a/interview-dr-kou-yong-american-lao-hmong-educator/3204495.html | language=lo | access-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117040210/https://lao.voanews.com/a/interview-dr-kou-yong-american-lao-hmong-educator/3204495.html |url-status=live|archive-date=January 17, 2025}}

• [https://hmongstudies.library.wisc.edu/?q=%22yang%2C+kou%22 Yang, Kou citations] at Hmong Studies Citations database by University of Wisconsin–Madison

{{Authority control}}

Category:American writers of Hmong descent

Category:California State University, Stanislaus faculty

Category:American academics of Hmong descent

Category:Asian studies

Category:Long Beach City College alumni

Category:University of California, Davis alumni

Category:California State University, Fresno alumni

Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California