Kublai Khan's campaigns
{{Short description|Mongol military efforts}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Kublai Khan's Campaigns
| partof = Mongol invasions and conquests
| image = File:Yuen Dynasty 1294 - Goryeo as vassal.png
| caption = The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan after the conquest of the Southern Song dynasty.
| date = 1266–1293
| place = South China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, Burma, Java
| casus =
| territory = Southern China, Korea and Upper Burma added into the Yuan dynasty
| result = {{ublist|Kublai Khan's conquest of China proper, Parts of Burma, and Korea}}
- Rise of the Yuan dynasty and Shan States
- Fall of the Southern Song dynasty and Bagan Kingdom
- Defeat of Sambyeolcho Rebels
- Victory for the Kamakura shogunate, Majapahit, Đại Việt, and Champa
- Yuan tributary status for Đại Việt and Champa
| combatant1 = Yuan dynasty
| combatant2 = 19px Kamakura shogunate
Song dynasty
Đại Việt (Trần dynasty)
Champa
Sambyeolcho rebels
Bagan Kingdom
{{Flagicon image|Majapahit fictitious flag.svg}} Majapahit
{{flagicon image|Royal flag of Goryeo (Bong-gi).svg|border=no}} Goryeo
| commander1 = {{Unbulleted list
| Kublai Khan (Emperor Shizu of Yuan)
}}
| commander2 = {{Unbulleted list
| 23pxFile:Japanese Crest mitu Uroko.svg Hōjō Tokimune
| Zhao Bing{{KIA}}
| Pae Chung-son{{KIA}}
| Kim T'ong-jŏng{{KIA}}
| Yanda Pyissi{{KIA}}
| {{Flagicon image|Majapahit fictitious flag.svg}} Raden Wijaya
| {{flagicon image|Royal flag of Goryeo (Bong-gi).svg|border=no}} King Wonjong of Goryeo
}}
| strength1 = Total: 581,000+{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}{{unbulleted list
| 450,000 Mongols
| 100,000 Chinese
| 40,000 Koreans
}}
| strength2 = Total: 1,610,000+{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} {{unbulleted list
| 1,500,000+ Chinese
| 120,000+ Japanese
}}|
| casualties1 = Total: 250,000+ dead{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
| casualties2 = Total: Over 10,000,000 including Chinese civilians killed{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
}}
Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty, led several campaigns during the Mongol invasions and conquests. These included the Mongol invasions of Japan, First Mongol invasion of Burma, Mongol invasion of Java, second and third Mongol invasions of Vietnam, Mongol invasion of Champa and putting down the Sambyeolcho Rebellion.
Campaigns against Song dynasty
{{main|Mongol conquest of Song China}}
File:Mongol warrior of Genghis Khan.jpg
The campaign for Kublai Khan to conquer southern China under the Southern Song dynasty were specified under the years between 1266 and 1276. This included the declaration of Kublai Khan as the new emperor of China in the year 1271{{cite web|last1=Kallie|first1=Szczepanski|title=Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281|url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/a/Mongolinvasion.htm|website=abouteducation|accessdate=2014-10-11|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016144355/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/a/Mongolinvasion.htm|url-status=dead}} This was the start of the Yuan dynasty that was a rule incorporated with elements of both Han and Mongol influences.{{cite web|title=Kublai Khan|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kublai_Khan.aspx|website=Encyclopedia.com|publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography|accessdate=2014-10-11}} After successfully eliminating all resistance to the new Yuan dynasty, Kublai Khan wanted to expand his empire by attacking Japan and built around 300-600 vessels in preparation for the assault on Japan.
Campaign against Korea
{{main|Kublai Khan#Kublai's annexation of Goryeo}}
{{further|Mongol invasions of Korea}}
{{empty section|date=March 2021}}
Campaigns against Japan
{{main|Mongol invasions of Japan}}
Kublai Khan's armada in 1274 made a tactical mistake by sailing into open seas that became targets for the Japanese cannons. Suffering heavy losses, the remaining fleet retreated and prepared for next assault again on 1281. Again on 1281, the Japanese samurais were more than prepared to hold off an invasion attempt by the Kublai Khan's fleet, and which they did so with great success.Winters, Harold et al. (2001). {{Google books|ZgUvVb0XXG8C|Battling the Elements, p. 14.|page=14}} Even though the campaign failed in the end due to stiff Japanese resistance, Kublai Khan's campaigns saw the development of gunpowder as a form of weaponry.{{cite book|author=Stephen Turnbull|title=The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo4amAg_ygIC&pg=PT41|accessdate=16 April 2013|date=19 February 2013|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0045-9|pages=41–42}}
Campaigns against Burma, Java and Vietnam
{{main|First Mongol invasion of Burma|Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol invasions of Vietnam}}
Besides the Song dynasty and Japan, Kublai Khan also launched campaigns against Burma, Java and Vietnam. A series of military conflicts between the Yuan dynasty and the Pagan Empire took place between 1277 and 1287, collectively known as the First Mongol invasion of Burma. The invasion toppled the 250-year-old Pagan Empire and the Yuan dynasty annexed Upper Burma. However, Yuan invasions of both Java and Vietnam resulted in failure. Nevertheless, both the Trần dynasty (Đại Việt) and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty in order to avoid further conflicts.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Yuan dynasty topics}}
Category:13th century in China
Category:13th century in Japan
Category:13th-century conflicts
Category:Mongol conquest of China
Category:Wars involving Myanmar
Category:Wars involving Vietnam
Category:Wars involving the Yuan dynasty