Kula language

{{Short description|Language spoken in Indonesia}}

{{distinguish|Kula language (Bantu)|Kula language (Australian)|Kula language (Vanuatu)}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Kula

|nativename=Tanglapui

|states=Indonesia

|region=Alor Island

|speakers=5,000

|date=1997

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=Trans–New Guinea ?

|fam2=West Bomberai ?

|fam3=Timor–Alor–Pantar

|fam4=Alor–Pantar

|fam5=Alor

|fam6=East

|fam7=Tanglapui

|iso3=tpg

|glotto=kula1280

|glottorefname=Kula (Indonesia)

}}

Kula (Kola) or Lamtoka (Lantoka), also known as Tanglapui, is a Papuan language spoken in villages on the north coast, south coast and mountainous interior of Alor Island in Indonesia. Dialects are Kula proper, Kulatela, Watena, Kula Watena, Iramang, Larena, Sumang, and Arumaka. Most settlements where Kula is spoken are "new villages" that have only been inhabited since the 1960s. Due to this recent resettlement, and since usage of the language is discouraged in schools, Kula is an endangered language.{{cite book |author1=Williams, Nicholas J. |editor1-last=Schapper |editor1-first=Antoinette |title=The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 2 |date=2017 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=185–266 |chapter=Kula}}

Phonology

The data in this section are taken from Williams (2017). Phonemes in brackets are "marginal phonemes".

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes

! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" | Labial

! rowspan="2" | Alveolar

! rowspan="2" | Palatal

! colspan="2" | Velar

{{small|plain}}

! {{small|labial}}

colspan="2" | Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|ng}}

|

rowspan="2" | Plosive

! {{small|voiceless}}

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| ({{IPA link|kʷ}}) {{grapheme|kw}}

{{small|voiced}}

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

|

| {{IPA link|g}}

| ({{IPA link|gʷ}}) {{grapheme|gw}}

colspan="2" | Affricate

|

|

| ({{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}) {{grapheme|j}}

|

|

colspan="2" | Fricative

| ({{IPA link|β}}) {{grapheme|w}}

| {{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|

rowspan="2" | Liquid

! {{small|trill}}

|

| ({{IPA link|r}})

|

|

|

{{small|lateral}}

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" | Semivowel

|

|

| {{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|y}}

|

| {{IPA link|w}}

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!

! Front

! Central

! Back

rowspan="2" | High

| {{IPA link|i}}

|

| {{IPA link|u}}

{{IPA link|ɪ}} {{grapheme|í}}

|

|

Mid

| {{IPA link|e}}

|

| {{IPA link|o}}

rowspan="2" |Low

|

| {{IPA link|ɐ}} {{grapheme|á}}

|

| {{IPA link|a}}

|

References

{{Reflist}}