Kumasi

{{Main|History of Kumasi}}

Kumasi derived from the Twi word Kumase, meaning 'under the kum tree' in which kum meant 'the tree' and ase means 'under'. The word was the name of an Okum tree in Kwaman, planted by Okomfo Anokye.

File:BOWDICH(1819) p344 PLATE 9 - COOMASSIE, PART OF ADAM STREET.jpg weaver on Adum Street in Kumasi, Ghana, 1819]]

Kumasi was founded in the 1680s by Asantehene Osei Kofi Tutu I as the capital of the Ashanti Empire.{{Cite book |last1=Eyoh|first1=Dickson|last2=Zeleza|first2=Paul Tiyambe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjolgQhpFtoC&dq=history+of+kumasi+1680&pg=PT471 |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History|publisher=Routledge |year=2005|isbn=978-1-134-56584-9}}{{Cite book |last1=Abaka|first1=Edmund |last2=Owusu-Ansah|first2= David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bi_2EAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+kumasi+1680&pg=PR37 |title=Historical Dictionary of Ghana|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2024|isbn=978-1-5381-4525-8}}{{Cite book |last1=Simpson|first1=Richard |last2=Zimmermann|first2= Monika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZl0z0f2AOEC&dq=kumasi+1680&pg=PA353 |title=The Economy of Green Cities: A World Compendium on the Green Urban Economy|publisher=Springer Netherlands|page=353|year=2012|isbn=978-94-007-1969-9}}{{Cite book |last=Bellegarde-Smith|first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk0ZQNcVpYAC&dq=kumasi+1680&pg=PA127 |title=Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World|publisher=University of Illinois Press|page=127|year=2005|isbn=978-0-252-02968-4}} Various accounts exist on the formation of the city. One states that Osei Tutu negotiated for the land under a Kum Tree, providing the origin of the name Kumasi. Other oral sources state it was Nana Oti Akenten who negotiated with the chief of Tafo for a plot of land under a Kum tree.{{harvp|Pescheux, Gérard|2003|p=92}} Other traditions indicate that Oti built Kwaman and it was his son Nana Obiri Yeboa who created Kumasi instead. The majority of oral sources attribute the choice of site to Okomfo Anokye who was said to have planted two Kum seeds; one in Kwaman and another in Kumawu as he decreed that the one which grew would be designated as the capital of Osei Tutu's empire.{{harvp|Pescheux, Gérard|2003|p=94}} Kumasi was built over the eastern slopes of a ridge, rising from the marshes of the Nsuben rivers.{{harvp|Ivor Wilks|1989|p=375}}

File:BOWDICH(1819) p364 PLATE 11 - SKETCH OF COOMASSIE.jpg's sketch of Kumasi {{circa|1817}}{{harvp|Ivor Wilks|1989|p=375–377}}]]

{{historical affiliations

|{{flag|Ashanti Empire}} (1701–1901)

|{{flag|Gold Coast}} (1901–1957)

|{{flag|Ghana}} (1957–present)

}}

The city rose to prominence in 1695, when it became the capital of the Ashanti Empire due to the activities of its ruler, Osei Tutu.{{Cite web |title=Kumasi {{!}} Ghana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumasi |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=Britannica |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215093723/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumasi |url-status=live }} The ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene, also served as the ruler of the empire. With their 1701 victory over Denkyira, the Ashanti empire became the primary state among the Ashantis.McCaskie, T. C. "Denkyira in the Making of Asante" in The Journal of African History vol. 48 (2007) no. 1, p. 1 In 1718–19, Aowin King Ebirimoro invaded Kumasi and sacked the capital.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=Ebrimoro+invade+Kumasi&pg=PA419 |title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |author=Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa |publisher=University of California Press |page=419 |isbn=978-0-435-94811-5 |date=1992 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701074454/https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=Ebrimoro+invade+Kumasi&pg=PA419 |url-status=live }} Asantehene Opoku Ware I was able to "beat back" this invasion.{{Cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Shillington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&dq=battle+of+feyiase&pg=PA60 |title=Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1 |date=2005 |page=60 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6 |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318125224/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&dq=battle+of+feyiase&pg=PA60 |url-status=live }}

European sources in the late 19th century mentioned the city's neatness such as the account of F. Boyle in 1874 who stated that Kumasi's smells "are never those of sewage" as well as Brackenbury, who wrote around 1873 that "the streets are generally very broad and clean, and ornamented with many beautiful banyan-trees affording grateful shade from the powerful rays of the sun."{{cite journal |last=Maier |first=D. |title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=63–81 |year=1979 |jstor=178452 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652 |pmid=11614369 |s2cid=19587869}} In contrast, William Butler described the city as 'a filthier, and far more blood-stained collection of mud and wattle hovels than any other village in the forest.'{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Ian |title=Wolseley and Ashanti |date=2009 |publisher=The History Press for the Army Records Society |isbn=978-0-7524-5180-0 |page=365}} Parts of the city, including the then royal residence, were burnt by the British in the Third Anglo-Ashanti War of 1874.David Owusu-Ansah, Historical Dictionary of Ghana, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2014, p. xliii

File:Burning of Coomassie (Kumasi).png]]

In 1888, R. Austin Freeman was disappointed with the ruins of Kumasi following the British destruction in 1874 and the Ashanti civil war before 1888.

{{Blockquote|Kumasi was a great disappointment to me, and my disappointment increased as I

walked round and examined the town. It was not merely that so little existed, but that so much had been destroyed. As it stands, or then stood, the town was nothing more than a large clearing in the forest, over which were scattered, somewhat irregularly, groups of houses. The paths were dirty and ill kept, and between the groups of houses large patches of waste ground intervened, and on these, amidst the tall, coarse grass that covered them, were to be seen the remains of houses that had once occupied them. These houses once stood in wide and regular streets, but since the destruction of the city in 1874 the natives do not seem to have had heart to rebuild them. Yet there remained some few vestiges to show what Kumasi had been in its palmy days... A few broad, well-kept streets still existed, lined by houses, [of] ... admirable construction, careful and artistic finish and excellent repair...|R. Austin Freeman.{{cite journal |last=Joseline Donkoh |first=Wilhelmina |title=Kumasi: Ambience of Urbanity and Modernity |journal=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana |issue=8 |pages=167–183 (169) |year=2004 |jstor=41406712 |s2cid=161253857 |issn=0855-3246}}}} Kumasi's population during the time of the Ashanti Empire varied. In the early 19th century, Ashanti sources estimated a populace of 100,000 while European sources gave a figure around 12–15,000. According to historian Ivor Wilks, the city may have had a population of 40,000 in the 1860s.{{harvp|Ivor Wilks|1989|p=374}}

Lady Mary Alice Hodgson, the first English lady to visit Ashanti, wrote "The Siege of Kumasi", an account of the siege of the fort by the nationals of Ashanti and of the subsequent march to the coast. (She was the daughter of Hon. W. A. G. Young, C.M.G., former governor of the Gold Coast, and the wife of Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, K.C.M.G., the governor of the Gold Coast in 1900.{{cite book |editor-last=Morgan |editor-first=Henry James |editor-link=Henry James Morgan |title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=Williams Briggs |date=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft/page/160 160]}})

File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-37-39.jpg

In 1926, following the return of the Ashanti King Prempeh I after 30-year in exile in Seychelles Island, Kumasi was vested with ceremonial control over the Ashanti sub-states. The full role of king was restored by the colonial administration in 1935. The city holds an important place in the history of the Ashanti people, as legend claims that it was here Okomfo Anokye received the golden stool, an embodiment of the soul of Ashanti nation.{{Cite web |date=2021-05-05 |title=Kumasi |website=Ashantibiz |url=https://www.ashantibiz.com/kumasi/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}

{{for|the modern history of Kumasi|History of Kumasi#Ghana (1957–Present)}}

File:ISS016-E-15122 - View of Ghana.jpg taken during ISS Expedition 16]]

Kumasi is located in the Kumasi Metropolitan, one of more than thirty districts in the Ashanti Region. It covers a land area of {{convert|214.3|sqkm|sqft|abbr=on}} and is elevated {{convert|250|to|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. The metropolitan borders the Kwabre East Municipal District and Afigya Kwabre North District to the north, the Atwima Kwanwoma District and Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal District to the west, the Ejisu Municipal District and Asokore Mampong Municipal District towards the east and the Bosomtwe District to the south.{{rp|1}}

Due to large amounts of encroachment, water pollution in the city is increasing, threatening rivers such as the Wiwi and the Subin. A 2024 report said that in the Kumasi Metropolitan, "more land alongside the rivers was being used for industrial, residential and commercial purposes than for green spaces." The researchers criticized that "city authorities were ineffective in controlling development in these areas" and recommended that "there should be a buffer of 100 feet (30 metres) along water bodies."{{cite news|last1=Takyi|first1=S.|last2=Amponsah|first2=O.|url=https://theconversation.com/ghana-kumasi-citys-unplanned-boom-is-destroying-two-rivers-sewage-heavy-metals-and-chemical-pollution-detected-220740|title=Ghana: Kumasi city's unplanned boom is destroying two rivers – sewage, heavy metals and chemical pollution detected|date=7 February 2024|publisher=The Conversation|access-date=18 September 2024}}

Kumasi has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with two distinct rainy seasons, major and minor. The major season usually occurs from March to July whilst the minor season is from September to November. The annual rainfall clocks in at around {{convert|1200|mm|ft|abbr=on}} while the relative humidity ranges around 53% to 93%. The average monthly mean temperatures are around {{convert|31|C|F}} while the monthly minimum temperatures are about {{convert|22|C|F}}.{{cite journal|last1=Bessah|first1=E.|last2=Amponsah|first2=W.|last3=Ansah|first3=S.|last4=Afrifa|first4=A.|display-authors=3|title=Climatic zoning of Ghana using selected meteorological variables for the period 1976–2018|date=23 February 2022|journal=Meteorological Applications|at=figure 2|volume=29|issue=1|doi=10.1002/met.2049|doi-access=free}}

{{Weather box

| location = Kumasi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1984–2020)

| single line = Yes

| metric first = Yes

| Jan record high C = 37.5

| Feb record high C = 38.9

| Mar record high C = 38.5

| Apr record high C = 36.4

| May record high C = 35.2

| Jun record high C = 33.9

| Jul record high C = 32.5

| Aug record high C = 32.6

| Sep record high C = 33.1

| Oct record high C = 33.9

| Nov record high C = 36.0

| Dec record high C = 36.5

| year record high C = 38.9

| Jan high C = 33.2

| Feb high C = 34.5

| Mar high C = 33.9

| Apr high C = 32.8

| May high C = 32.0

| Jun high C = 30.3

| Jul high C = 28.8

| Aug high C = 28.4

| Sep high C = 29.6

| Oct high C = 31.0

| Nov high C = 32.2

| Dec high C = 32.2

| year high C = 31.6

| Jan mean C = 27.4

| Feb mean C = 28.8

| Mar mean C = 28.5

| Apr mean C = 28.0

| May mean C = 27.5

| Jun mean C = 26.3

| Jul mean C = 25.3

| Aug mean C = 24.9

| Sep mean C = 25.8

| Oct mean C = 26.6

| Nov mean C = 27.4

| Dec mean C = 27.3

| year mean C = 27.0

| Jan low C = 21.7

| Feb low C = 23.1

| Mar low C = 23.2

| Apr low C = 23.1

| May low C = 23.0

| Jun low C = 22.3

| Jul low C = 21.8

| Aug low C = 21.5

| Sep low C = 21.9

| Oct low C = 22.2

| Nov low C = 22.6

| Dec low C = 22.3

| year low C = 22.4

| Jan record low C = 11.7

| Feb record low C = 13.3

| Mar record low C = 17.8

| Apr record low C = 18.8

| May record low C = 18.8

| Jun record low C = 18.2

| Jul record low C = 17.2

| Aug record low C = 16.1

| Sep record low C = 18.3

| Oct record low C = 15.6

| Nov record low C = 13.9

| Dec record low C = 10.6

| year record low C = 10.6

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 24.8

| Feb precipitation mm = 49.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 109.9

| Apr precipitation mm = 163.6

| May precipitation mm = 174.0

| Jun precipitation mm = 227.3

| Jul precipitation mm = 125.6

| Aug precipitation mm = 68.8

| Sep precipitation mm = 175.1

| Oct precipitation mm = 175.6

| Nov precipitation mm = 50.1

| Dec precipitation mm = 27.6

| year precipitation mm = 1371.4

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 1.4

| Feb precipitation days = 3.7

| Mar precipitation days = 7.7

| Apr precipitation days = 9.5

| May precipitation days = 10.9

| Jun precipitation days = 12.3

| Jul precipitation days = 8.3

| Aug precipitation days = 6.9

| Sep precipitation days = 12.0

| Oct precipitation days = 13.2

| Nov precipitation days = 5.6

| Dec precipitation days = 2.2

| year precipitation days = 93.7

| Jan sun = 178.5

| Feb sun = 177.4

| Mar sun = 187.8

| Apr sun = 192.3

| May sun = 191.5

| Jun sun = 135.2

| Jul sun = 98.8

| Aug sun = 75.9

| Sep sun = 93.7

| Oct sun = 159.4

| Nov sun = 196.2

| Dec sun = 180.5

| year sun = 1867.2

| source 1 = NOAA{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230930030609/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Ghana/CSV/Kumasi_65442.csv

| archive-date = 30 September 2023

| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Ghana/CSV/Kumasi_65442.csv

| title = Kumasi Normals 1991–2020

| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = 30 September 2023}}

| source 2 = Sistema de Classification Bioclimática Mundial (extremes 1984–1990){{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/gh-kumas.htm |title=Ghana–Kumasi |publisher=Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas |access-date=14 June 2015 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201015118/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/gh-kumas.htm |url-status=live }}

}}

File:Halabi house in Kumasi - panoramio.jpg house in Kumasi]]

Historically, the city was planned based on traditional land settlement patterns and land use systems of the Asante Empire. Although the city was not 'formally' planned, it was considered to be well-organized with physical structures complying to the local culture and architecture. Some areas of Kumasi were declared as sacred.{{cite journal|last=Fosu|first=A.|url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/AJLP-GS/article/view/31547|title=Urban Planning, Institutional Pluralism, and Indigenous Belief Systems in Peri-Urban Ghana in the Era of Land Commoditisation|journal=African Journal on Land Policy and Geospatial Sciences|date=2022|volume=5|issue=2|doi=10.48346/IMIST.PRSM/ajlp-gs.v5i2.31547|doi-access=free|page=273|access-date=30 October 2024}} At the time of Bowdich's visit in 1817, Kumasi was documented to have contained 27 streets. Another source in the mid-1880s identified 50 streets.{{harvp|Ivor Wilks|1989|p=374}} In the present time, Kumasi is described as having unregulated informal activities, overdevelopment of slums, rapid urban growth, and poor services.{{cite journal|last1=Cobbinah|first1=P.|last2=Gaisie|first2=E.|display-authors=1|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275119317731|title=Kumasi: Towards a sustainable and resilient cityscape|journal=Cities|volume=97|date=2020|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2019.102567|access-date=22 September 2024|url-access=subscription}}{{rp|5}}

{{pie chart

|caption = Housing types occupied by households in Kumasi (2010){{rp|12}}

|thumb = left

|radius = 90

|label1 = Compound

|value1 = 54.9

|label2 = Detached

|value2 = 16.4

|label3 = Semi-detached

|value3 = 8.7

|label4 = Apartment

|value4 = 12.9

|other = yes

}}

Compound houses are the most popular style of housing in Kumasi, being able to house 8 to 15 households on average. A typical compound house is usually a one-storey building containing single rooms surrounding a square courtyard. They are usually built using low-cost construction materials and by local labour.{{cite news|last1=Asante|first1=Lewis Abedi|last2=Ehwi|first2=Richmond Juvenile|url=https://theconversation.com/ghana-has-a-housing-crisis-what-we-found-in-kumasi-and-what-needs-to-change-147801|title=Ghana has a housing crisis: what we found in Kumasi, and what needs to change|date=29 October 2020|work=The Conversation|access-date=4 December 2024}} A 1996 study found that approximately 20% of home owners actually own their homes and more than 60% are migrants, either foreign or from other parts of Ghana.{{cite journal|last=Sinai|first=I.|title=Using the home for income-generation: The case of Kumasi, Ghana|journal=Cities|volume=15|issue=6|date=1998|doi=10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00037-7|doi-access=free}}

Aside from compounds, non-compound housing tends to be in the form of either bungalows or two-storey buildings set in substantially spacious plots or of apartment buildings. Additionally, there is also a small government sector of relatively small, single household dwellings. These non-compound types only constitute around 43% of houses. In 1986, only 12% of households (close to all of which were in non-compound housing) had toilets which was not shared with other households and 30% had no access to a toilet in the house. Owners have tended to have much better access to services that other tenure groups, where 46% have exclusive use of a toilet while only 14% has none.{{cite journal|last1=Tipple|first1=G.|last2=Korboe|first2=D.|last3=Garrod|first3=G.|last4=Willis|first4=K.|title=Housing supply in Ghana: a study of Accra, Kumasi and Berekum|journal=Progress in Planning|volume=51|issue=4|date=May 1999|at=sec. 1.1.2|doi=10.1016/S0305-9006(99)00002-1}}

Although Kumasi does not have a mayor on its own, the metropolitan it is located in and administrated by has a mayor–council form of government. The mayor (executive chief) is appointed president of Ghana and approved by the city council, the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.{{cite book|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10487.pdf|title=A Guide to District Assemblies in Ghana|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Ghana|pages=37, 38|date=2010|isbn=978-9988-572-13-6|access-date=23 August 2024}} As of 2021, the current mayor of the metropolitan is Samuel Pyne.{{cite news|last=Arhinful|first=E.|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/09/akufo-addo-nominates-npps-ashanti-regional-secretary-sam-pyne-as-kumasi-mayor/|title=Akufo-Addo nominates NPP's Ashanti Regional Secretary, Sam Pyne as Kumasi Mayor|date=19 September 2021|publisher=Citi Newsroom|access-date=22 September 2024}}

The metro is split up into 10 sub-metropolitan areas: Manhyia, Tafo, Suame, Asokwa, Oforikrom, Asawase, Bantama, Kwadaso, Nhyiaeso and Subin. The metro is also split up into 5 health districts: Asokwa, Subin, Bantama, Manhyia North and Manhyia South.{{cite web|url=http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/millennium-cities/kumasi-ghana/kumasi-maps-and-population-data/|title=Kumasi Maps|publisher=Columbia University|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190621222002/http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/millennium-cities/kumasi-ghana/kumasi-maps-and-population-data/|archive-date=21 June 2019|access-date=27 September 2024}}

{{historical population

|source = Ghana Statistical Service.{{efn|Sources: 2000 census,{{cite report|url=https://www2.statsghana.gov.gh/nada/index.php/catalog/3|title="Population of Regions and Districts Report (2000)|publisher=Ghana Statistical Service|volume=1|page=126|access-date=20 July 2024}} 2010 census,{{cite report|url=https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/storage/img/marqueeupdater/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|title=Population of Regions and Districts Report (2010)|publisher=Ghana Statistical Service|page=107|access-date=12 July 2024}} 2021 estimate}}

|1970|346,336

|1984|496,628

|2000|1,170,270

|2010|2,035,064

|2021|3,490,030*

|footnote = *estimate
Note: This does not count for the city of Kumasi, rather the metropolitan as a whole.

}}

The population of the city of Kumasi is 443,981 people while the population of the metropolitan area is 3,490,030 people. One out of every five people in Kumasi are Christian, followed by Islam and traditional African religions. The largest ethnic group in the city is the Asante, followed by the Mole-Dagbon and Ewe people. Most of the population was born outside of the municipality, with about half being born outside the region.{{rp|36,5,28}}

{{hatnote|This section is about modern Ashanti culture. For information on pre-colonial Ashanti culture, see Culture of the Ashanti Empire.}}

{{see also|Asante people#Culture and traditions}}

File:Otumfuo Osei Tutu II 20th anniversary celebration 3.jpg 20th anniversary celebration]]

Kumasi is the centre of Asante culture, helping it to be nicknamed "Osei-Krom" or simply "Oseikrom". Kumasi is also known for its traditional textile, kente, usually always made using traditional practices. It is home to the largest market in West Africa, the Kejetia Market, home to over 10,000 stores and stalls.{{cite web|last=Shaikh|first=F.|url=https://ghana.uoregon.edu/2024/08/05/akoma-embracing-the-symbol-of-love-in-kumasi/|title=Akoma: Embracing the Symbol of Love in Kumasi|publisher=University of Oregon|date=5 August 2024|access-date=24 September 2024}} Places with cultural background(s) in the city include Fort Kumasi (built by in 1896 to replace an Asante fort and now a museum) and the Nurom Hat Museum. Royal Asante attractions include the Centre for National Culture (including the Prempeh II Jubilee Museum with Asante regalia with a reproduction of the golden stool), the Okomfo Anokye Sword, the Asantehene's Palace (built in 1972), and the Manhyia Palace, dating from 1925, now a museum.{{Cite web |title=Kumasi Fort and Military Museum |url=https://www.ghanamuseums.org/kumasi-fort-millitary-museum.php |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Ghana Museums & Monuments Board }}

Media in Kumasi is regulated by the Public Relations Unit of the Kumasi Metropolitan. In total, there are 36 media outlets in the metro, of this are 4 television organizations, 20 FM stations, and 13 print media organizations.{{cite web|url=http://kma.gov.gh/kma/?public-relations-unit&page=5319|title=Public Relations Unit|publisher=Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212211852/http://kma.gov.gh/kma/?public-relations-unit&page=5319|archive-date=12 February 2024|access-date=27 September 2024|url-status=live}}

{{further|Cinema of Ghana}}

Film in Kumasi, Kumawood, is a rapidly growing industry appealing to those who lack access to education but have a passion for acting. The industry mainly focuses on local storylines, along with being set in village surroundings usually on a low budget ranging from $6,860 to $11,440, sharing similarities with Wakaliwood. The films are spoken in the local language, which is Twi.{{cite news|last=Hayden|first=S.|author-link=Sally Hayden|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/africa/2022/07/11/ghanas-shoestring-film-industry-struggles-in-a-post-covid-post-dvd-world/|title=Ghana's shoestring film industry struggles in a post-Covid, post-DVD world|publisher=The Irish Times|date=18 July 2022|access-date=27 September 2024}}{{cite news|last=Knott|first=S.|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/hooray-kumawood-ghanas-fastest-filmmakers-030311503.html?guccounter=1|title=Hooray for... Kumawood! Ghana's fastest filmmakers|publisher=Agence France-Presse|date=7 June 2017|access-date=27 September 2024|via=Yahoo News}}

The first documented movie theatre to open in Kumasi was the Rex cinema, constructed in 1938. It was located at the Prempeh Assembly Hall, which was at the time one of the largest gathering places in the city. A second one was built in 1951, housed about 1,500 seats. These theatres were owned by the West African Picture Company, a Lebanese-owned business which operated in the Gold Coast, Nigeria, and London. Hindi films were popular among residents, more notably the Muslim populations.{{cite web|last=McFeely|first=G.|url=https://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/15684|title="Gone Are The Days": a social and business history of cinema-going in Gold Coast/Ghana, 1910-1982|date=2015|publisher=Boston University|hdl=2144/15684|pages=35,270|access-date=26 September 2024}}

The following is a selected list of radio stations and TV stations in Kumasi:{{cite web|url=https://nca.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/LIST-OF-AUTHORISED-TV-STATIONS_Q2-20192711.pdf|title=List of authorised tv broadcasting stations in ghana|publisher=National Communications Authority|date=2019|access-date=24 September 2024}}{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Implement Asamang-Tamfoe community mining plan — Youth group |url=https://joynewsplus.com/implement-asamang-tamfoe-community-mining-plan-youth-group/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Joynewsplus.com |language=en-US |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208153135/https://joynewsplus.com/implement-asamang-tamfoe-community-mining-plan-youth-group/ }}{{Cite web|last=Ndetei|first=Chris|date=2018-07-19|title=List of radio stations in Kumasi|url=https://yen.com.gh/112746-list-radio-stations-kumasi.html|access-date=2023-09-14|website=yen.com.gh|language=en}}

;AM

{{small|Note: The numbers in front of the tv station indicates the logical channel number (LCN)}}

• 29 Angel TV Kumasi (Angel Broadcasting Services Limited)
• 23 Light TV Santasi (Smart Multimedia)
• 44 Royal TV Kumasi (Royal Image Broadcasting Limited)

;FM

• Adehye FM
• Nhyira FM
• Kessben FM
• Luv FM
• Metro FM
• OTEC FM
• Angel FM

{{main|Economy of Ashanti}}

File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-46-55-1-001.jpg]]

The Ashanti Region accounted for 21% of total national output of Ghana in 2014, of which 48% was situated in the city of Kumasi alone. This makes the city an economic centre in the country.{{rp|9}} Much of the city's wealth is derived from being the middle point of many of Ghana's main roads, along with cacao farming in the hinterland. The main occupations in Kumasi are professional, such as services and manufacturing.

Since the 1960s the city has been home to many businesses, big and small, contributing to the city's economic growth. In fact, two-thirds of all non-household businesses in Ashanti was in Kumasi. Kaase and Suame are known as heavily industrialized areas, being the home for many mechanic shops and businesses, such as Guinness Ghana Breweries and a Coca-Cola Bottling Company United branch.{{rp|9|at=para. 2,3}}

Nine out of every ten households are connected to the national

electricity grid. Solar panels are prevalent in Kumasi and throughout the Ashanti region. Solar energy technology is a major energy source and contributor to electricity generation in the city. Other popular forms of power include flashlights, candles, gas lamps, and kerosene lamps.{{rp|12,13}}{{rp|63,74}}

Much of the shopping and trading activity in the city takes place at Kumasi's shopping streets, in and around Kejetia Market and Adum. These two areas border each other. There is also heavy economic activities at Bantama and Asafo. Asafo in particular is the printing hub of Kumasi. Most of the printing done in Kumasi and Ashanti Region as a whole is done at Asafo. Kumasi's Ahwiaa (a sub-town in Kumasi) is also well noted for its wood carvings and arts.{{rp|9|at=para. 3}}

Street hawking is a popular and ever-increasing economic employer in Kumasi, with a 2013 report finding that it appealed to people who lack formal education or the proper financial status to go into other economic activities. Common things that traders sell include water, bread, chocolate, plantain chips, chewing gum, books,puppies and many more.{{cite journal|title=Women making ends meet: street hawking in Kumasi, challenges and constraints|journal=Michigan Sociological Review|date=2013|volume=27|pages=7, 13|jstor=43150987 |last1=Akuoko |first1=Kofi Osei |last2=Ofori-Dua |first2=Kwadwo |last3=Forkuo |first3=John Boulard }}

File:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) – Side view of the College of Architecture and Planning.JPG]]

There are a total of 2545 educational institutions in Kumasi, consisting of 919 pre-schools, 967 primary schools, 597 junior high schools, 52 senior high schools and 10 tertiary (post-secondary education) institutions as of the 2010 census.{{rp|6}}

After Ghana's got its independence in 1957, education surrounding teaching and research in Kumasi improved as a result of the nation's visions for the future. When the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology first opened as the College of Technology in Kumasi in 1952, it did not comprise with a school of architecture. The initial idea to create a school of architecture came from the United Nations-related "Report on Housing in the Gold Coast."{{cite magazine|last=Stanek|first=L.|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/post-colonial-education-in-kumasi|title=Post-colonial education in Kumasi|date=20 September 2022|magazine=The Architectural Review|accessdate=12 January 2025}}

Advice was given by Robert Gardner-Medwin, professor of architecture at the University of Liverpool and Louis Matheson, professor of engineering at the University of Manchester to put in place two-year common course for all three departments of the envisioned faculty: Architecture, Building Technology, and Planning. Following their advice, the Department of Architecture in Kumasi admitted its first students in 1958. KNUST transitioned from a college to a university in 1961. Notable educators in Kumasi included John Owusu Addo and Austin Tetteh, both are architects.

{{see also|List of senior secondary schools in Ashanti Region|l1=List of senior secondary schools in Ashanti}}

There are elite all-boys and all-girls senior high schools such as Prempeh College, Kumasi High School, T I Ahmadiyya School, Opoku Ware School, Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School and St. Louis Senior High School in Kumasi. There are also many elite mixed senior high schools such as Kumasi Academy and Anglican Senior High School, and a host of other public secondary schools, as well as their private counterparts in the city.The following is a list of high schools and tertiary institutions in Ghana: {{cite web|url=https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SHSTVET_SCHOOLS.pdf|title=Senior high and technical vocational schools|publisher=Ghana Education Service|access-date=21 September 2024}}

The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (formerly the Kumasi College of Technology) is the biggest university in the Ashanti Region and the first biggest in Ghana followed by the University of Ghana. Former Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan attended this institution.{{rp|6}}{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|title=The MIT 150: 150 Ideas, Inventions, and Innovators that Helped Shape Our World|work=The Boston Globe|date=15 May 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519002514/http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/mitlist/?page=full|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}} A number of other public and private universities and tertiary institutions have since been founded in Kumasi, some of which are listed below.

File:Kumasi900.JPG]]

The local football team, the Asante Kotoko, has won several national and continental trophies and awards, and serves as a rival to the Accra-based Hearts of Oak. Their Kumasi Sports Stadium, also known as Baba Yara Stadium, was built in 1959, renovated in 1978, and again in 2007 with a seating capacity of 40,000.{{Cite web |last=Amoah |first=G.|date=27 June 2007 |title=Baba Yara stadium ready in October |url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=3938§ion=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071827/http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=3938§ion=3 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=thestatesmanonline.com}} The city is also the home of the King Faisal Football Club, a premier division side. There is the Royal Golf Club which has the Asantehene as president. Former Leeds United and Ghana national football team footballer Tony Yeboah and professional wrestler Kofi Kingston were born in Kumasi, by the real name Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah. The parents of Israeli Olympic sprinter, and 2022 World U20 Champion, Blessing Afrifah are from Kumasi.{{cite news |language=he |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/sport/other/2022-07-28/ty-article-magazine/00000182-4088-d9f7-a9e6-d0bbd7770000 |title=הוא שובר שוב ושוב את שיאי ישראל, אך עדיין חולם על אזרחות למשפחתו |trans-title=He repeatedly breaks Israel's records, but still dreams of citizenship for his family |last=Rakovsky |first=Ido |date=28 July 2022 |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=16 July 2023}}{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/sports/article-714561 |title=Afrifah a true blessing for Israeli sprinting |last=Halickman |first=Joshua |date=12 August 2022 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=16 July 2023}}

{{see also|List of hospitals in Ashanti}}

{{further|Healthcare in Ghana}}

File:Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.jpg]]

The city is home to 136 health facilities, most of which are privately owned.{{rp|6}} The biggest hospital in Kumasi is the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, which is located on a hill that overlooks the city. It is a 750-bed facility and is the second largest hospital in the country. The hospital opened in 1954 and was initially named Kumasi Central hospital. Nurses Training College and the Midwifery Training School, both built around the 40s and 50s, became a part of the hospital upon its completion, eventually becoming the Kumasi Nurses and Midwifery Training School.{{cite web|last1=Govindaraj|first1=R.|last2=Obuobi|first2=A.|last3=Enyimayew|first3=N.|last4=Antwi|first4=P.|last5=Ofosu-Amaah|first5=S.|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1989/2020/04/No-41.pdf|title=Hospital Autonomy in Ghana: The Experience of Korle Bu and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospitals|publisher=Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|date=1996|page=27|access-date=21 September 2024}} The city is also home to a hospital, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, which started construction in 2008 and was completed in 2023.{{cite news|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/06/knust-vice-chancellor-inaugurates-teaching-hospital-project-implementation-committee/|title=KNUST Vice-Chancellor inaugurates Teaching Hospital Project Implementation Committee|publisher=Ghana News Agency|date=25 June 2023|access-date=21 September 2024}}

File:St Peter's Cathedral Basilica Kumasi (4).jpg]]

The majority of the places of worship in Kumasi are Christian churches and temples. Places of worship in the city are as follow: Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Church of the Province of West Africa, (Anglican Communion), Seventh-day Adventist Church Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Christ Apostolic Church International (which was the first Pentecostal church in Ghana) Ghana Baptist Convention (Baptist World Alliance), Lighthouse Chapel International, Church of Pentecost, Assemblies of God, and Catholic Church Archdiocese of Kumasi (Catholic Church).{{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J.|last2=Baumann|first2=M.|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2010|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3}} There are also Muslim mosques which include: Kumasi Central Mosque, Ahmadiyya mosque, Alhaj mosque, Kaase-Nhyiaeso mosque and Rahman mosque.{{Citation |last= William A. Shack, Elliott P. Skinner|year=1979|title= Strangers in African Societies |page=186 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03812-7}}

Kumasi is one of the few African cities to adopt the Howard's Garden City Model. This is because in 1945, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew designed the city's first ever development plan based on the ideals of Howard. The plan in questioned focus on the creation of green belts around the city and the proposals of the developments of many parks and urban green spaces in order to stop excessive sprawling and lower air pollutants.{{cite journal|last1=Narh|first1=S.|last2=Takyi|first2=S.|last3=Asibey|first3=M.|last4=Amponsah|first4=O.|title=Garden city without parks: an assessment of the availability and conditions of parks in Kumasi|journal=Urban Forestry and Urban Greening|volume=55|date=21 August 2020|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126819}}{{rp|pp=1, 2}} Although, studies showed that by 2003, a great proportion of greens spaces created in Kumasi has been converted to residential uses, due to urbanization and relatively weak land control in the city.{{rp|p=3}}

The city is also home to numerous recreational parks and gardens which are open to the public, with the per capita green spaces around {{convert|4.7|sqm|sqft}}.{{cite journal|url=https://www.jurareview.ro/resources/pdf/volume_18__the_state_of_green_spaces_in_kumasi_city_%28ghana%29:_lessons_for_other_african_cities_abstract.pdf|title=The state of green spaces in Kumasi City (Ghana): lessons for other African cities|journal=Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis|date=2016|volume=8|issue=2|publisher=Bucharest University Press|access-date=21 September 2024}}{{rp|7}} Some major parks are Abbey's Park, Jackson's Park, Hero's Park, located on the same premises as the Baba Yara Sports Stadium, and Rattray Park. Although, the state of most of these parks are poor at best and are barely maintained.{{rp|8}} The city is also home to the Kumasi Zoo, also known as the Kumasi Zoological Garden, located at the heart of the city. It is operated by the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission of Ghana. The conditions of the zoo's facilities are poor and are in despair need for repair, according to locals.{{rp|10,13,12}}

An interesting fact about recreational parks in Kumasi is that a 2014 study by B.B. Amasa found that about 34% of the city's residents does not visit parks at all and does not understand the importance of parks. Furthermore, an additional study from 2014 by the same researcher found that 39% of its residents believed that parks were not necessary and should therefore be converted to other uses.{{rp|p=10}}

File:Kumasi international airport.jpg]]

Kumasi is served by the Prempeh I International Airport. As of May 2020, two airlines offered regularly scheduled flights to Accra. Airlines servicing the airport included Africa World Airlines and Passion Air. In 2013, the Government of Ghana approved expansion plans to the Kumasi Airport to service international flights into the region. The airport was renovated and completed by October 2022.{{cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=New terminal for Kumasi International Airport to be ready in October 2022 |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/new-terminal-for-kumasi-international-airport-to-be-ready-in-october-2022-2/2021/ |access-date=1 January 2022 |publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101183257/https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/new-terminal-for-kumasi-international-airport-to-be-ready-in-october-2022-2/2021/ |url-status=live }}

The city is home to the Asokwa Interchange, an project which was a part of the Urban Environmental Sanitation Project Phase II.{{efn|The Second Urban Environmental Sanitation Project is one of two projects in Ghana which started in 2004, closely connected to the World Bank's agenda to addressed needs of upgrading infrastructure and services in “developing countries”.{{cite report|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/982441467992820204/pdf/105746-PPAR-SecM2016-0170-Box394889B-OUO-9.pdf|title=Ghana – Second Urban Environmental Sanitation and Second Phase of Small Towns Water and Sanitation Projects|lang=English|publisher=World Bank|location=Ghana|page=ix|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210111109/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/982441467992820204/pdf/105746-PPAR-SecM2016-0170-Box394889B-OUO-9.pdf|archive-date=10 February 2023|access-date=21 September 2024}}}} The by-pass is one of three interchanges in Kumasi.{{cite journal|last1=Poku-Boansi|first1=M.|last2=Bosu|first2=P.|last3=Amoako|first3=C.|last4=Asibey|first4=M.|last5=Adom-Asamoah|first5=G.|display-authors=3|title=Transport investments and the changing space economy in Kumasi, Ghana|journal=Case Studies on Transport Policy|date=2024|volume=5|page=3|doi=10.1016/j.cstp.2024.101162|doi-access=free}} In 2021, the Government of Ghana announced the construction of a four level stack interchange in Suame. It is currently on its first phase, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2024.{{cite news|last=Ola-Morris|first=J.|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/5-interchanges-to-be-constructed-in-greater-kumasi-metro-area-ken-ofori-atta/|title=5 interchanges to be constructed in Greater Kumasi Metro Area – Ken Ofori-Atta|website=myjoyonline.com|date=17 November 2021|access-date=22 September 2024}}{{cite news|url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/07/president-akufo-addo-inspects-suame-interchange-project/|title=President Akufo-Addo inspects Suame Interchange Project|publisher=Ghana News Agency|date=15 July 2024|access-date=22 September 2024}}

File:WLA27.jpg cruising on a road in Kumasi]]

There is public transportation from Kumasi to major cities such as Accra; Tamale, Mim, Ahafo; Cape Coast, Sunyani; Takoradi; Tema; Ho; Wa; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, Techiman.

Public transport in the city is provided by transit buses, a mix of privately owned mini-buses known as tro-tros, taxicabs and buses. Tro-tros are usually converted mini-buses that run regular, well-known routes. Some taxis also run regular routes, which cost more but provide for a more comfortable ride.{{rp|6}}

In 2002, the city introduced the metro bus services, a rapid transit system for public road transport in Kumasi (MetroMass).{{cite web |title=Ashanti Region |url=http://metromass.com/ashanti.htm |publisher=Metro Mass Transit Ltd |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110073712/http://metromass.com/ashanti.htm |url-status=live }} This was to reduce congestion on roads and to make a larger and more organized bus routine system in the city.{{cite web |title=Bus Rapid Transit System |url=http://metromass.com/transit_system.htm |publisher=Metro Mass Transit Ltd |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220015322/http://metromass.com/transit_system.htm |url-status=live }} In 2017, Uber introduced services in Kumasi, a year after a successful introduction in Accra.{{cite news|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2018/May-4th/we-will-not-adjust-25-service-fee-uber.php|title=We will not adjust 25% service fee – Uber|date=4 May 2018|website=myjoyonline.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504193417/https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2018/May-4th/we-will-not-adjust-25-service-fee-uber.php|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=21 September 2024}}

File:Railway Station Kumasi 2005.jpg

Kumasi is served by the railway lines to Sekondi-Takoradi and Accra. The train service has been suspended for several years because of damaged track, bridges and locomotives. Currently, no trains run to and from Kumasi due to the collapse of the railway corporation. A $6 billion project to upgrade the railways was due to get underway in 2011.{{cite web |title=Ghana, China signs railway contract |url=http://www.ghananewslink.com/index.php?id=10515 |publisher=Ghana News Link |access-date=1 December 2011 |date=30 November 2010 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611162453/http://www.ghananewslink.com/index.php?id=10515 |url-status=live}}

Kumasi is located near the Boankra Inland Port, an inland port situated in the Ejisu Municipality. Construction at the port is situated into two phases, with phase one scheduled to be completed by the end of 2024. Once finish, over 7,000 people are expected to be employed at the port, boosting overall productivity of the local economy.{{cite news|last=Bampoe|first=D.|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/boankra-inland-port-project-progresses/|title=Boankra Inland Port Project Progresses|publisher=Daily Guide Network|date=7 August 2024|access-date=30 October 2024}}

{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa#Ghana}}

The following is a list of settlements Kumasi is twinned with:

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

• Abidjan/Treichville, Ivory Coast (2004){{cite news|last=Owusu-Mensah|first=K|date=18 June 2004|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/57269/1/ivorians-commend-president-kufuor-and-ghanaians.html|title=Ivorians commend President Kufuor and Ghanaians|publisher=Ghana News Agency|via=Modern Ghana|access-date=17 September 2024}}
• Atlanta, United States (2010){{cite web|url=https://www.georgia.org/sister-cities-international-alliances|title=Sister Cities International Alliances|publisher=Georgia Department of Economic Development|access-date=7 July 2024}}
• Almere, Netherlands (2001){{cite web|url=https://www.gfmd.org/pfp/ppd/migration-trade-and-investments?page=7|title=Migration, Trade and Investments|publisher=Global Forum on Migration and Development|access-date=7 July 2024}}
• Charlotte, United States (1996){{cite web|title=International Relations|url=https://charlottenc.gov/international-relations/intlgovtrelations/Pages/Sister-Cities.aspx|publisher=City of Charlotte|access-date=2021-05-07}}
• Columbus, United States (2008){{cite web|url=https://www.thelantern.com/2008/04/columbus-adds-three-new-sister-cities/|title=Colombus adds three new sister cities|publisher=The Lantern|access-date=7 July 2024}}
• Newark, United States (1999){{cite web |title=K'si, Newark Establish Sister-City Relations|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/675723/ksi-newark-establish-sister-city-relations.html|publisher=Modern Ghana|date=2016-02-18|access-date=2021-05-07}}
• Winston-Salem, United States (2001){{cite web |title=Kumasi, Ghana|url=http://winstonsalemsistercities.org/kumasi/|publisher=Winston-Salem Sister Cities|access-date=2021-05-07}}
• Wenzhou, China (2016){{cite web |title=African city partners with China's Wenzhou city for better development|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-06/21/content_25785895.htm|publisher=China Daily|date=2016-06-21|access-date=2021-05-07}}}}

{{main|Category:People from Kumasi|l1=List of people from Kumasi}}

• Amerado, musician{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/ghanaian-artist-uses-failed-football-aspiration-to-power-his-way-into-music/7736797.html|title=Ghanaian artist uses failed football aspiration to power his way into music|date=2024-08-10 |language=en|access-date=17 September 2024|type=interview|via=voaafrica.com}}
• Kofi Annan, United Nations secretary-general (1997–2006) and co-recipient of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize{{Cite web |date=2018-08-19 |title=Biography |url=https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/kofi-annan/biography/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |publisher=Kofi Annan Foundation |language=en-GB}}
• Kofi Kingston, Ghanaian-American professional wrestler, currently signed to WWE, born in Kumasi{{cite web|url=https://www.nola.com/festivals/2014/02/wwe_superstar_kofi_kingston_sp.html|title=WWE superstar Kofi Kingston spent part of his youth in New Orleans|work=The Times-Picayune|first=Gene|last=Guillot|date=February 6, 2014|access-date=17 September 2024}}
• Shak Mohammed, footballer{{cite web |last=Sigal |first=Jonathan |title=Recruiting: Millbrook star Shakur Mohammed verbally commits to Duke |url=https://www.nesoccerjournal.com/recruiting-millbrook-star-shakur-mohammed-verbally-commits-to-duke/|website=New England Soccer Journal|date=30 July 2020|access-date=17 September 2024}}
• Mohammed Muntari, footballer{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/artikel.php?ID=340205|title=Ghana loses hugely talented striker Mohammed Muntari to Qatar|publisher=ghanaweb.com|date=23 December 2014|access-date=17 September 2024}}
• Mohammed Salisu, footballer{{Cite news|last=Afadzinu|first=Nene|date=11 August 2020|title=Mohammed Salisu: Ghana's next defensive stalwart?|url=https://3news.com/mohammed-salisu-ghanas-next-defensive-stalwart/|access-date=17 September 2024|website=3news.com}}
• Philomena Nyarko, statistician{{cite news |title=Mrs Philomina Nyarko, wife of another prominent personality goes missing in Kumasi |url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/mrs-philomina-nyarko-wife-of-another-prominent-personality-goes-missing-in-kumasi/?expand_article=1 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=MyNewsGh |date=24 November 2021}}
• Otumfuo Nana Osei Tutu II, monarch, current Asantehene of Asante{{Cite web|title=Meet Asantehene, his wife and children|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Asantehene-his-wife-and-children-740139|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422144741/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Asantehene-his-wife-and-children-740139|archive-date=2019-04-22|access-date=17 September 2024|website=ghanaweb.com|language=en}}
• Kwame Baah, music manager{{Cite news|last=Asare|first=S.|date=2023-05-11|title=Kwame Baah: The young music entrepreneur making great strides with innovative platforms|url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/05/kwame-baah-the-young-music-entrepreneur-making-great-strides-with-innovative-platforms/|access-date=17 September 2024|publisher=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}

• List of cities in Ghana
• Adabraka (Kumasi)

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |author=Pescheux, Gérard |title=Le royaume asante (Ghana): parenté, pouvoir, histoire, XVIIe-XXe siècles |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |location=Paris |year=2003 |page=582 |isbn=2-84586-422-1|language=french}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSs4AAAAIAAJ |title=Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order |author=Ivor Wilks |author-link=Ivor Wilks |publisher=CUP Archive |via=Books.google.com |access-date=2020-12-29 |isbn=978-0-521-37994-6 |date=1989}}

{{refend}}

{{main|History of Kumasi#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Kumasi}}

• [http://www.kma.gov.gh Official website]
• {{EB1911|noprescript=1|wstitle=Kumasi}}

{{geographic location

|Centre = Kumasi

|E = Ejisu

|N = Kodie

|NE = Aboaso

|NW = Barekese

|W = Afari

|SW = Twedie

|S = Afrancho

|SE = Kuntanase

}}

{{GhanaLargestCities|state=collapsed}}

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Category:Kumasi

Category:Populated places in the Ashanti Region

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