Kurigalzu I#The autobiography of Kurigalzu

When Ḫur-batila, possibly the successor of Tepti Ahar to the throne of Elam, began raiding the Babylonian Empire, he taunted Kurigalzu to do battle with him at Dūr-Šulgi. Kurigalzu launched a campaign which resulted in the abject defeat and capture of Ḫur-batila, who appears in no other inscriptions. He went on to conquer the eastern lands of Susiana and Elam, recorded in the Chronicle PChronicle P (ABC 22), tablet BM 92701, column 3 lines 10 through 19. out of sequence and credited to his later name-sake. This took his army to the Elamite capital, the city of Susa, which was sacked, celebrated in two inscriptions found there bearing his name. It is thought that he may have installed as his vassal, Ige-Halki, the founder of the new dynasty. A small agate tablet, bored lengthways to make a pendant, is engraved with nine lines of Sumerian on one side, the other side bearing an older dedication of the mother of king Šulgi of Ur (2029 – 1982 BC, short chronology) to Ninlil:

{{quote|text=Kurigalzu, the king of Karduniyas, conquered the palace of the city of Šaša in Elam and gave (this object) for the sake of his life as a gift to Ninlil, his lady.{{cite book |title=Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ss48JJIq9YEC |first=Mark W. |last=Chavalas |chapter=Inscription of Kurigalzu I |editor-first=Frans |editor-last=van Koppen |publisher=Wiley |date=July 21, 2006 |pages=140–141 |isbn=9780631235811}}|sign=Kurigalzu|source=tablet CBS 8598, University Museum, Philadelphia}}

The tablet was recovered from Elam during Kurigalzu’s campaign and discovered in a cache of votive inscriptions at Nippur, but was ascribed to Kurigalzu II by earlier historians.

File:Bead with cuneiform inscription of Kurigalzu I or II MET DP364276.jpg

Prior diplomatic correspondence is evident, from study of the Amarna letters and includes evidence of dialogue between Thutmose IV and Kurigalzu as attested to by Amenhotep III in his letter, designated EA 1 (EA for El Amarna), to Kadašman-Enlil. Tablet EA 1, “The Pharaoh complains to the Babylonian King,” BM 029784 in the British Museum, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270887 CDLI], [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/contrib/amarna/P270887/html ORACC Transliteration] line 62, “Regarding the words of my father, you wrote...” Burna-Buriaš II reminded Akhenaten in his letter, EA 11, that Kurigalzu had been sent gold by one of his ancestors, Tablet EA 11, “Proper escort for a betrothed princess,” VAT 151 in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P271037 CDLI], [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/contrib/amarna/P271037/html ORACC Transliteration] lines 19 to 20. and, in EA 9, reminded Tutankhamen that Kurigalzu had turned down a request from the Canaanites to form an alliance against Egypt. Tablet EA 9, “Ancient loyalties, new requests,” BM 29785 in the British Museum, London, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P270888 CDLI], [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/contrib/amarna/P270888/html ORACC Transliteration] lines 19 to 30.

He gave his daughter to Amenhotep III, who was a serial practitioner of diplomatic marriages with two Mitannite princesses and one from Arzawa in his harem, and who would even later go on to wed Kurigalzu's granddaughter, the daughter of Kadašman-Enlil.{{cite journal |title=Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom |first=Alan R. |last=Schulman |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |date=July 1979 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=183–184 |doi=10.1086/372739|s2cid=161228521 }}

A Neo-Babylonian copy of a literary text which takes the form of a letter,Tablet VAT 17020, “the Berlin Letter”, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P347210 CDLI] now located in the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berlin, is addressed to the Kassite court by an Elamite King and details the genealogy of the Elamite royalty of this period. Apparently, he married his sister to the Elamite king Paḫir-iššan, the son of Ige-Halki, and a daughter to his successor, Ḫumban-numena. This may have been Mishim-ruh, who is cited in royal inscriptions. The princess went on to bear Untash-Napirisha, the next king who subsequently married Burna-Buriaš’ daughter. The author of the letter is thought to be Shutruk-Nahhunte, ca. 1190-1155 BC, who claims descent from Kurigalzu’s eldest daughter and also wed the eldest daughter of Meli-Šipak, the 33rd Kassite king. Unfortunately the letter inserts Nabu-apla-iddina (888 – 855 BC) “an abomination, son of a Hittite”, into the narrative in the place one might have supposed that Marduk-apla-iddina I was to appear, the substitution of ^dAMAR.UTU by ^dAG being an unlikely slip of the stylus, making a chronological conundrum and this may be the purpose of the “letter”, to denigrate the later king through the tongue of the earlier one.{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=July 29, 1999 |pages=206–208 |isbn=9780521564960}}

Kurigalzu’s construction efforts are attested to at no less than eleven Babylonian cities.{{cite book | title = Mesopotamian Dark Age Revisited | chapter = Babylonian chronology of the second half of the second millennium BC | author = Leonhard Sassmannshausen |editor=Hermann Hunger |editor2=Regine Pruzsinszky | location = Vienna | year = 2004 | pages = 61–70 }} He was responsible for rebuilding the Ningal Temple at Ur, incorporating fragments of the Ur-Nammu Stela in buildings on the ziggurat terrace, the Edublal-Maḫ of Sîn buildings, or “house for hanging up the exalted tablets”, and the building of the gateway.{{cite book | title = The Ur-Nammu Stela | first= Jeanny Vorys|last= Canby|author-link=Jeanny Canby | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology | location = Philadelphia | year = 2001 | page = 6 }}

File:Door socket from Dur-Kurikalzu.JPG

He was the first king to build a royal residence bearing his name,{{cite book | title = History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. | chapter = The Kassite Period 1500 – 700 BC | author = Georges Roux | editor = Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani | publisher = Routledge | year = 1996 | page = 484 }} a new capital city founded over an older settlement and built around 1390 BC, named Dur-Kurigalzu, or 'fortress of Kurigalzu', in the far north of Babylonia (modern ‘Aqar Qūf).{{cite journal | title = Kurigalzu I and the restoration of Babylon | author = T Clayden | journal = Iraq | volume = 58 | pages = 109–121 | publisher = British Institute for the Study of Iraq | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1017/S0021088900003211 | jstor = 4200423 | s2cid = 194075108 }} It was positioned to protect an important trade route that led east across the Iranian plateau to Afghanistan, the source of lapis lazuli.{{cite book | title = Ancient Mesopotamia: new perspectives | author = Jane McIntosh | publisher = ABC-CLIO, Inc. | year = 2005 | page = 91 }} The 170-foot-high ziggurat of Enlil can still be seen on the western outskirts of Baghdad, with its reinforcing layers of reed matting and bitumen and the remains of three temples at its foot. Rawlinson first identified the site in 1861 from the brick inscriptions. Excavated in 1942–45 by Seton Lloyd and Taha Baqir, the city covered 225 hectares and included the Egal-kišarra, or “Palace of the Whole World”, a vast palatial and administrative complex.{{cite book | title = Dictionary of the ancient Near East | editor = Piotr Bienkowski, Alan Ralph Millard | publisher = British Museum | year = 2000 | pages = 22–23 }}

In an adoption contract which sternly warns the adoptee, “If [Il]i-ippašra says, ‘you are not my father’, they shall shave his head, bind him and sell him for silver,”{{cite book | title = General studies and excavations at Nuzi 9/1 | chapter = Two Documents from the Diverse Collections in Istanbul | author = Veysel Donbaz |editor=Martha A. Morrison |editor2=David I. Owen | publisher = Eisenbrauns | year = 1987 | page = 73 }} the date formula used, “in the month of Šabatu, the 19th day, the year Kurigalzu, the king, built the Ekurigibara,” predates that which was introduced during the reign of Kadašman-Enlil I and that had become de rigueur by the later reign of Kurigalzu II.{{cite journal | title = Mesopotamia | author = Università di Torino, Centro scavi di Torino per il medio oriente e l'Asia | volume = 28 | publisher = Giappichelli | year = 1993 | page = 42 }} The Ekurigibara of Enlil was a temple in Nippur.

During the excavation of Dur-Kurigalzu 5 fragments of a larger than life size statue were discovered. They contain the longest yet found Kassite Sumerian inscriptions.Kramer, S. N.; Baqir, T.; and Levy, S. J., "Fragments of a Diorite Statue of Kurigalzu in the Iraq Museum.", Sumer, vol. 4, pp. 1–38, 1948[https://melc.berkeley.edu/Web_Veldhuis/articles/Veldhuis-JCS60-Kurigalzu.pdf] Niek Veldhuis, "Kurigalzu's Statue Inscription", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 60, pp. 25-52, 2008

File:Autobiography of Kurigalzu.jpg

A neo-Babylonian copy of a text recording the endowment by Kurigalzu, son of Kadašman-Ḫarbe, of a temple of Ištar with an estate situated on the Euphrates near Nippur, is known as the autobiography of Kurigalzu and comes in the form of a small hexagonal prismPrism BM 108982 in the British Museum, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P345491 CDLI]. of light-yellow baked clay{{cite book | title = Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in the British Museum | author = C. J. Gadd | volume = XXXVI | year = 1921 | pages = 7, 16 and 17 }} Plates 6 and 7 show a sketch of the obverse and reverse of this prism. and a fragmentary cylinder.Cylinder NBC 2503 in the James B. Nies Collection, Yale University, [http://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P297256 CDLI]. In it, he takes credit for being the

{{quote|…finisher of the wall, kišuru, and the one who completed the Ekur, provider for Ur and Uruk, the one that assures the integrity of the rites of Eridu, the constructor of the temple of An and Inanna, the one who ensures the integrity of the Sattukku (food allowance) offerings of the great gods.|Autobiography of Kurigalzu|Prism BM 108982 and Cylinder NBC 2503}}

He “caused Anu the father of the great gods to dwell in his exalted sanctuary”, which is suggested to be referring to the restoration of the Anu cult. The text lacks the linguistic features and script characteristics which would bring one to suppose it is a genuine copy of an ancient inscription and was probably created in late Babylonian times to enhance the prestige of the Ištar cult. The extent to which it preserves tradition from the actual events of the reign of Kurigalzu cannot as yet be determined.Susanne Paulus. “Fraud, Forgery, and Fiction: Is There Still Hope for Agum-Kakrime?” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, 2018, pp. 115–66

Kurigalzu is mentioned in a hieroglyphic inscription on a carnelian cylinder seal that was found in a tomb at Metsamor in the Ararat valley of Armenia, providing evidence for the extent of Kassite influence during his reign. Metsamor was an important Hurrian center for metal forging.{{cite journal | title = A Cylinder Seal with Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Inscription from the Metsamor Gravesite | author = E. V. KhanzadIan and B. B. Piotrovskii | journal = Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | date = Spring 1992 | pages = 67–74 | doi=10.2753/aae1061-1959300467}}

A seal is inscribed nur-[^d]-x, son of Kurigalzu, and claims the title NU.ÈŠ [^d]en.líl, nišakku-priest, which is shared with others, including three governors of Nippur and other princes. He rewarded an individual with this title in a dedicatory cone known as the Enlil-bānī land grant kudurru. The precise meaning of this title and the identity of the Kurigalzu, I or II, are uncertain.{{cite journal | title = Review: Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia, Reviewed work(s): Beiträge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit by Leonhard Sassmannshausen | author = J. A. Brinkman | journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume = 124 | issue = 2 | date = Apr–Jun 2004 | pages = 283–304 | doi=10.2307/4132216| jstor = 4132216 }}

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